189; in England, VIII. 280, 300, 310, ARCHITRAVE, in architecture, II. 459; ARCHIVES, II. 476; of Belgium, III. 521; ARCHLUTE, musical instrument, XV. 71. ARCHON, Athenian magistrate, II. 476; | ARDELAN, province, Persia, II. 479. Mary, Shakespeare's mother, XXI. ARDENNES, department, France, II. 479. ARDGLASS, town, Ireland, II. 480. ARETIN, J. C. F. von, writer on mne- AREZZO, town, Italy, 11. 486; XXII. 41; ARFVEDSONITE, mineral, XVI. 418. ARDMORE, Ireland, round tower and ARGALI, kind of sheep, XXI. 785. 833. ARDOCH, parish, Scotland, II. 480; ARGAN, tree and fruit, Morocco, XVI. AREA, Mensuration of, XVI. 13. ARECA, genus of palms, III. 616; xvIII. ARCOS DE LA FRONTERA, town, Spain, ARED, province, Arabia, II. 240, 254. II. 477. combs, V. 209, 210. ARCOT, districts, India, II. 477. XX. 190. ARELATE (Arles), ancient town, France, town, India, II. 478; siege of AREM, Flood of, in Arabia, II. 255. (1751), VI. 9; XII. 800. ARCS, Circular, graduation of, XI. 28. ARCTIC EXPLORATIONS, X. 190, 192; XIX. 315; Franklin's, IX. 721. AREMBERG, town, Prussia, II. 481. Dukes of, II. 481. ARENA, in the amphitheatre, 1. 775. ARENARIÆ, sandpits used as catacombs, V. 212. ARENAS GORDAS, district, Spain, XXII. ARCTOMYS, genus of rodent mammals, ARENDAL, town, Norway, II. 481. XV. 417, 418, 559. ARCTONYX, genus of carnivorous mam- ARCUEIL, France, aqueduct at, II. 222. ARDAHAN, town, Transcaucasia, Russia, ARDAKAN, town, Persia, XVIII. 628. II., of Persia, XVIII. 610. ARDATOFF, town, Russia, XXII. 77. XIV. 343. -, genus of birds, XI. 760. ARDEBIL, town, Persia, II. 479. ARDÈCHE, department, France, II. 479; river, XX. 528. ARENDALITE, mineral, II. 481. Milton's work, XVI. 330. ARGAND, Aimé, his burner for lamps, X. 98; XIV. 245; his anticipation of quaternions, XX. 161. ARGAUM (Argam), village, India, II. ARGELANDER, Friedrich W. A., Ger- Lupercio Leonardo, Spanish dramatist, II. 486; XXII. 356. ARGENTAN, town, France, II. 487; xviii. ARGENTEUIL, town, France, II. 487; ARGENTIERA (Cimolos), island, Ægean ARGENTINA, genus of Salmonidæ, XXI. 221, 224. ARGENTINE REPUBLIC, II. 487; I. 712; debt, XVII. 247; libraries, XIV. 536, 551; newspapers, XVII. 437; observatory at Cordova, XVII. 716. ARGENTITE, mineral, XVI. 392. ARGENTORATUM (Strasburg), Roman station, Germany, XXII. 589. ARGHAND-AB, river, Afghanistan, I. 229. ARGHOUL, musical instrument, XVII. 707. ARGIOPE, genus of Brachiopoda, XIX. 44I. AREQUIPA, department and town, Peru, ARGIPPÆI, ancient nomadic race, XXI. II. 484; XVIII. 674. ARES, Greek god (the Roman Mars), II. ÅRESKUTAN, mountain, Sweden, XXII. ARESON, Jon, Icelandic poet, 11. 485. ARETHUSA, fountain, Syracuse, II. 485; ancient town, Macedonia, II. 486. ARGONNE, plateau, France, II. 497. ARISTEUS, in Greek legend, II. 504. ARISTANDER, Greek soothsayer, II. 504. ARGOSTOLI, town, Cephalonia, Greece, ARISTARCHUS of Samos, astronomer, II. II. 497; V. 344. ARGOSY, ship, named from Ragusa, XII. 710; XX. 221. —, magazine, XXIV. 644. ARGUS, in Greek legend, II. 498. ARGYLL, Earls and dukes of, II. 498; ARGYRO-CASTRO, town, Albania, II. 504, 748. of Samothrace, grammarian, II. of Thebes, Greek painter, II. 506. ARISTILLUS, Alexandrian astronomer, the mysteries, XVII. 126; on physiognomy, XIX. 3; on reptiles, XX. 432; his rhetoric, XX. 510; on slavery, XXII. 131; on the Tethyum, one of the Tunicata, XXIII. 609; commentaries on, by Albertus Magnus, I. 454; by Alexander of Aphrodisias, I. 486; edition of his works by Brandis, IV. 215; translations of his works by Boetius, III. 856. ARISTOXENUS, Greek writer on music and philosopher, II. 524; XVII. 78; XVIII. 545. ARITHMETIC, II. 524; Cardan's work on, V. 90; contributions to, by Leonardo of Pisa, XIX. 125; by Napier, XVIL 184; by the Pythagoreans, XX. 140 tables of, XXIII. 7. ARISTOCRACY, XVII. 524; XVIII. 458; ARISTOLOCHIA, genus of plants, XI. 228. theory of numbers, ARIUS, theologian of Alexandria, II. 537; at council of Nicæa, VI. 560. -, genus of fishes, XXII. 68. ARIZONA, Territory, U.S.A., II. 538; XXIII. 802. ARJUN MAL, Sikh ruler, India, xx. 110. ARK, of Noah, II. 539; VII. 55. of the Covenant, II. 539; XIII. 398. ARKANSAS, State, U.S.A., II. 539; XXIII. 802; river, II. 540; XVI. 518. ARKANSITE, mineral, XVI. 387. ARKLET, Loch, Scotland, XXII. 553. ARKLOW, town, Ireland, II. 540; XXIV. 557. ARKSUTITE, mineral, XVI. 384. ARKWRIGHT, Sir Richard, English in ventor, II. 540; VI. 490; XVII. 600. ARLBERG TUNNEL, Alps, XXIII. 624. mime, XVIII. 215. ARLES, town, France, II. 543. of Byzantium, Alexandrian critic, ARLECCHINO (Harlequin), of the pantoII. 510. ARISTOTELIANISM, or Aristotelian Philosophy, its different epochs, II. 523; Abelard's resuscitation of, I. 35; Ramus's opposition to, XX. 268; relation of, to scholasticism, XXI. 417, 426; Trendelenburg's revival of, XXIII. 542. ARIÉGE, department, France, II. 502. XXI. 577. ARIOBARZANES I., II., kings of Cappadocia, v. 76. Persian general, XVIII. 559. ARION, Greek poet, II. 502. ARIOVISTUS, German leader, X. 474. ARISTÆNETUS, Greek letter-writer, XX. 636. ARLON, town, Belgium, II. 543. ARM, Human, anatomy of, 1. 827, 839. ARMADILLO, family of Edentata, II. 544; , town, Ireland, II. 546; library, XIV. 524; observatory, XVII. 710. Archbishop of, II. 370. Alexander the Great, I. 480; founder 412. Book of, Irish MS., XVIII. 158, ARMAGNAC, district, France, II. 546. XI. 124. ARMLET, bracelet, IV. 187. ARMOUR-PLATING, of sea fortresses, ARMS, of the British army, II. 588; AND ARMOUR, II. 553. ARMY, II. 559; employment of, in war, Turkish, XXIII. 655; United States, | ARNOTT, Neil, physicist, II. 627. XXII. 227. ARMY ACT, English (1881), XVI. 296. DE VILLA NOVA, alchemist, II. ARNSTADT, town, Germany, 11. 628; ARNULF, king of Germany, X. 481. -, archbishop of Rheims, XXII. 75. 620. Antoine, French theologian, II. Jacqueline Marie, abbess of Port AROUET, François Marie, real name of ARNAUT DANIEL, Provençal poet, XIX. ARQUA, town, Italy, II. 628. ARQUERITE, mineral, XVI. 382. ARNDT, Ernst Moritz, German writer, ARQUES, town, France, II. 628; forest, John, German Protestant theolo- ARNHEIM, town, Netherlands, II. 623. Johan Georg, Baron von, German general, II. 624. XXI. 626. ARRABBIATI, Florentine faction, XXI. ARRACHEL, Arabian mathematician, ARRACK, spirituous liquor, II. 628; VI. ARNHEM (Arnheim), town, Netherlands, ARRAIGNMENT, in law, II. 628. II. 623. LAND, Australia, III. 107. Johan Georg, Baron von, German Karl Otto Ludwig von, German -, Ludwig Achim von, German poet ARNO, river, Italy, II. 624; XIII. 438. ARRAN, island, Scotland, II. 628. Earl of, regent of Scotland, XXI. 499. ARRAS, town, France, II. 629; XVIII. ARREBO, Anders, Danish poet, VII. 90. ARRESTMENT, in Scots law, II. 630. ARRIA, wife of Cæcina Pætus, 11. 630. ARROE, island, Denmark, I. 184. ARRONDISSEMENT, administrative division, France, IX. 509. —, the Younger, Biblical commentator, AR-RIYASHI, Arabian historian, XXIII. 3. II. 625. ARNOLD, town, England, XVII. 598. German hymn-writer, XII. 587. of Brescia, forerunner of the Reformation, II. 625; XIII. 472; XX. 792. Benedict, American adventurer, XXIII. 744, 787. ARROW, Lough, Ireland, XXII. 159. POISONS, XXII. 608. ARROWROOT, II. 631; Brazilian, v. 182; ARROWSMITH, family of geographers, II. DE TORROGE, grand-master of ARROYO, river, Cochin-China, XXI. 152. II. 620. ARSACES I., king of Parthia, XV. 143; II., of Parthia, XVIII. 589. WARD (Charles Farrar Browne), American humorist, IV. 389; I. 727. ARSENIC, chemical element, II. 634; V. Methyl, XVI. 197. ARSENIOSIDERITE, mineral, XVI. 406. ARSINOE, wife of Lysimachus, XV. 120. ancient town, Egypt, XXII. 620. Spring of, Greece, XVI. 52. mammals, XV. 429. ARTISAN LABOUR, XIV. 166. ARTISTS, Greek and Roman, II. 368. ARTOIS, ancient province, France, II. 670. 412. Count of (Charles X. of France), v. House of, its connexion with Capet family, V. 55. ART POÉTIQUE, of Boileau, III. 863. ARTS, Faculty of, in universities, XXIII. 833. The Fine, IX. 194. ARSISSA PALUS (Lake Van), Asia ARTHÉNICE (Marquise de Rambouillet), ARTUS (Arthur), British hero, II. 649. 518. ARSON, in law, II. 635; in relation to ARTHRITIS, Rheumatoid, disease, XX. ARTA, town, Albania, 11. 639; river, II. 640. Gulf of, Ionian Sea, II. 640. ARTABA, Egyptian measure, XXIV. 485. ARTABANUS I., king of Parthia, XVIII. 594. II., of Parthia, XVIII. 595. murderer of Xerxes I., XVIII. 573. ARTABAZUS, Persian satrap, negotiates with Pausanias, XVIII. 573. Persian satrap, his revolt under Artaxerxes, XVIII. 580. ARTAMUS, genus of birds, XXII. 730. ART AND PART, in Scots law, II. 639. ARTAPHERNES, Persian general, XVIII. 571. ARTAXERXES, kings of Persia, II. 640; tombs of, XVIII. 558. I., Longimanus, XVIII. 573. IV., Bessus, XVIII. 582. ARTEMIDORUS, of Ephesus, writer on dreams, II. 642. ARTEMIS, Greek goddess (the Roman Diana), II. 643; VII. 167; XVII. 154; ARTHROBACTERIACEÆ, family of Schizomycetes, XXI. 405. ARTHROPODA, group of animals, II. 647; XIII. 141; XVII. 115; in Lankester's classification, XXIV. 813; embryology of, XX. 419; histology of, XII. 7; reproduction of, XX. 409; skeletal structure of, XXII. 106; their touch-organs, XXIII. 478. ARTHROSPOREE, group of Schizomycetes, XXI. 405. ARTHUR, early British king and hero of romance, II. 649; VIII. 271; romances and legends of, V. 322; VIII. 309, 407; IX. 639; X. 172; XX. 642, 647, 649; his connexion with Caerleon, IV. 632. of Brittany, nephew of John, king of England, VIII. 306; IX. 541; XIII. 713. ARTUSI, Giovanni Battista, Italian musician, XVII. 87. ARTVIN, town, Transcaucasia, Russia, XXIII. 514. ARUBA, island, West Indies, XXIV. 510. ARU ISLANDS, Moluccas, II. 670; XII. 815. ARUKH, Talmudic lexicon, XXIII. 37. ARUN, river, Sussex, England, XXII. 723. ARUN-BARUN BASIN, Tibet, XXIII. 341. ARUNDEL, town, England, II. 670; XXII. 724. - Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, II. 670; his Constitutiones against heresy, XIV. 812. MSS. AND LIBRARY, XXI. 38; music in, XVII. 83. ARUNDELIAN MARBLES, II. 671; Parian Chronicle in, XVIII. 273. XVIII. 483. Chester Alan, president of the ARUNDO, ancient writing implement, United States, XXIII. 787. ARTHUS DE BRETAGNE, romance of, XX. 648. ARUSHA (Eros), in Vedic mythology, VIII. 527. Africa, XXIV. 764. the Congo, ARVAL BROTHERS, priesthood, ancient Rome, II. 671. ARTIBEUS PLANIROSTRIS, species of bat, ARUWIMI, affluent of Jerusalem, vegetable, I. 369; XII. 283. ARTICLES, The Thirty-Nine, of the Church of England, II. 653; VIII. 338, 377, 379. OF WAR, English, VI. 517; XVI. 296. ARTICULATA, division of animals, II. 654, 271; VI. 633; XIII. 141. ARTICULATION, or Joint, in anatomy, I. 832. of sounds, in teaching deaf-mutes, VII. 8; loss of the function in aphasia, II. 171. ARVE, river, France and Switzerland, 11. 672; XX. 527; XXI. 332. ARVICOLA, genus of rodent mammals, XV. 419; XXIV. 277. ARWADH, Syriac writer, XXII. 828. ARYABHATA, Indian astronomer, I. 517; XXIII. 561. ARYAN LANGUAGES, II. 672; XVIII. 771, 778, 781; in Europe, VIII. 699, forms of grammar in, XI. 39. ARYAN RACES, II. 674, 697, 698; in India, XII. 779; native home of, XVIII. 102; their cosmogony, 447; early worship, IV. 202. VI. ARYBALLUS, ancient Greek vase, XIX. 614. Arzamas, town, Russia, II. 632; XVII. 501. ASCHERSLEBEN, town, Prussia, II. 679; | Asher, Rabbenu (Rosh), German rabbi, ASCHMEDAI (Asmodeus, q.v.), evil demon, ASHERA, or Asherah (“grove"), Canaan- ARZANENE, ancient district, Asia, XIV. ASCIDIA, genus of Tunicata, early stages 159. ARZEN-REDHWAN, affluent of the Tigris, XXIII. 387. As, ancient Roman coin and weight, II. 675; XVII. 652. ASADI, Ali b. Ahmad al, Persian writer, XVIII. 656. ASAFI, town, Morocco, XXI. 145. of, XXIII. 613; XXIV. 170; development of, XXIII. 610, 613. ASCIDIACEA, order of Tunicata, XXIII. 616. ASCIDIANS, Simple and Compound, XXIII. 609. ASHFORD, town, England, 11. 682. ASHIK PASHA, Ottoman poet, XXIII. 656. ASHKENAZIM, division of the Jews, XIII. 683. ASHLAR, in building, II. 460; IV. 471. ASCLEPIADES of Prusa, Greek physician, ASHLEY, Lord (first earl of Shaftesbury), ASAFŒTIDA, gum resin, II. 675; I. 232, ASCLEPIADS, descendants of Esculapius, ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM, Oxford, XVIII. ASAMA-YAMA, volcano, Japan, XIII. ASCLEPIUS, Greek god of medicine 571. ASAMONÆUS, or Asmoneus, ancestor of ASBEN, oasis, Central Africa, I. 429; (the Roman Esculapius), XV. 799; worship of, at Pergamum, XVIII. 527. ASCOLI, town, Italy, II. 679. 95. ASHREF, town, Persia, VIII. 543. ASHTARKHANIDES, dynasty, Bokhara, IV. 3. ASHTAROTH, plural of Ashtoreth, III. 176. ASHTON, John, English Lollard, XIV. 811. Girolamo de (Pope Nicholas IV.), ASCON, type of sponges, XXII. 413. ASCONIUS PEDIANUS, Quintus, Roman writer, II. 679. ASCOPODARIA, genus of Polyzoa, XIX. 438. ASCOT RACES, England, XII. 202. PARK, town, New Jersey, U.S.A., ASCUE, Anne, English martyr, II. 713. XVII. 397. ASBUZI, town, Asia Minor, XV. 320. ASCALON, town of the Philistines, II. 676; XVIII. 755. ASCULUM PICENUM (Ascoli), ancient Roman city, II. 679. ASCUTNEY, mountain, Vermont, U.S.A., XXIII. 792. ASCANIAN LINE, rulers of Brandenburg, ASELLI, or Asellius, Gasparo, Italian XX. 2. ASCANIUS, son of Æneas, 1. 182. ASCARIS, genus of nematode worms, XVII. 325; parasitic forms, XXIV. 205, 206; spermatozoon of, XX. 411. ASCENSION, island, Atlantic Ocean, II. 676; I. 272. physician, II. 679; I. 811. ASELLUS, genus of Crustacea, VI. 646. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION, in animals, XX. 407; vegetable, XX. 424. ASGAR, plateau, Sahara, Africa, XXI. 149. ASGARD, in Norse mythology, II. 679. -, Right, in astronomy, II. 765; VI. ASGILL, John, English writer, II. 680. ASH, tree, II. 680, 317; weeping, II. 320; in United States, XXIII. 808; strength of wood, XXII. 603. ASHTORETH, or Astarte (q.v.), Phoenician goddess, II. 735; III. 176; XVIII. 756; festival of, at Aphaca, XIX. 91. ASHWANIPI, river, Labrador, XIV. 175. ASH-WEDNESDAY, II. 680. ASIA, II. 683 (index, 702); coalfields of, VI. 58; distribution of fauna ɔf, VII. 269, 271; distribution of flora, VII. 287; forests, IX. 404; gold, X. 743; languages, XVIII. 779; dictionaries of languages, VII. 192; in Ptolemy's geography, XX. 95. Central, explorations in, X. 194; XXIII. 338. MINOR, II. 703 (index, 713), 656; coins of, XVII. 644; conquest of, by Alexander, 1. 481; effects of Macedonian conquest on, XV. 143; under the Seljuks, XXI. 636; modern Turkish provinces of, XXIII. 653. ASIATIC TURKEY, XXIII. 653. ASIDEANS (Assideans), Jewish party, II. 729; XIII. 421, 422. product of combustion, VI. 47; ASIDO (Jerez or Medina Sidonia), ancient XIX. 49; volcanic, X. 242. ASCENSIUS (Badius), Belgian printer, III. ASHA, Arabic poet, XVI. 537. 228. ASCETICS, Early Christian, XVI. 699. ASCH, town, Bohemia, II. 677. ASCHAM, Roger, English scholar, II. ASCHE, Rabbi (Rab Ashe), editor of ASHANTEE, country, West Africa, II. Lord, English lawyer, VII. 544. ASHDOD (Azotus), town, Palestine, III. 172; XVIII. 755; language of, XXI. 645. ASHE (Asche), Rabbi, editor of Talmud, Roman town, Spain, XIII. 629; XV. 819. ASIENTO, clause in treaty of Utrecht (1713), XXIII. 734. D'AMBATO, town, Ecuador, 1. 659. ASKABAD, town, Transcaspian Region, |