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FOWLERITE, mineral, XVI. 417. FOWLING-PIECE, gun, XI. 279; XXI. 832.

FOWNES, George, English chemist, IX. 493.

Fox, carnivorous mammal, IX. 493; XV. 438; Arctic, colour of, XVI. 343; skins of, IX. 838.

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Charles James, English statesman, IX. 494; VIII. 358; Burke's dissension with, IV. 548; his relations with Pitt, XIX. 137.

George, founder of the Quakers, IX. 500; XVII. 135; XX. 147, 152; friend of Penn, XVIII. 496.

FRA GIOCONDO, Veronese architect,

XXIV. 154, 172.

FRAGMENS PHILOSOPHIQUES, Cousin's
work, VI. 522.

FRÄHN, Christian Martin, German nu-
mismatist and Orientalist, IX. 504.
FRA LUCA (Marco della Robbia), Floren-

tine sculptor, XX. 591.
FRAMBOESIA, disease, XXIV. 732.
FRAMES, for bridges, IV. 315.
FRAMING, in joinery, IV. 490, 493.
FRAMLINGHAM, town, England, IX.
505; castle, XXII. 622.

FRANÇAIS, of Nantes, Count, French
politician and writer, IX. 505.

-, Henry Richard Vassall, Lord FRANCAVILLA, town, Italy, IX. 505.
Holland, XII. 99.

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Sir Stephen, English Royalist, IX. 494.

BAT, or Flying Fox, bat, IX. 352. FOXDALE MINES, silver and lead, Isle of Man, XV. 451.

FOXE, John, English martyrologist, IX.
502.

FOXGLOVE, plant, VII. 237.
FOXHOUNDS, VII. 329; XII. 314.

FOX ISLANDS, Aleutian Islands, North
Pacific, 1. 480.

FOX-SHARK, fish, XXI. 777.
FOX-TALBOT, William H., photographic
discoverer, XXIII. 27; XVIII. 824.
Foy, Maximilien Sébastien, French
general and politician, IX. 503.
FOYLE, river, Ireland, VII. 361.
FRA AMBROGIO (Paolo della Robbia),

Florentine sculptor, XX. 591.
FRA ANGELICO (Fiesole, or Guido di
Vicchio), Italian painter, IX. 148, 772;
XXI. 434, 435, 442.

FRAAS, Karl Nikolas, German botanist,

IX. 504.

FRA BARTOLOMMEO (Baccio della
Porta), Italian painter, III. 194; XXI.
442.
FRACASTORIO, Hieronymo, Italian phy-
sician and poet, IX. 504.
FRACTIONS, in algebra, 1. 529, 558; in
arithmetic, II. 529; decimal, use of, by
Napier, XVII. 185; by Stevinus, XXII.
546; vulgar, tables of, XXIII. 8, 13.
FRACTURE, in surgery, XXII. 681.

of materials, by tension or compression, XXII. 601.

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Templars in, XXIII. 164; government
of Louis Philippe, XI. 269; in
time of Mazarin, XV. 652; under
Napoleon I., XVII. 192; under Napo-
leon III., XVII. 228; relations to
Normandy, XVII. 539; to the papacy,
VI. 241; Reformation in, XX. 334;
Renaissance period, XX. 390; wars
with Russia, XXI. 100, 102; connexion
with Tong-King, XXIII. 440; relations
with the United States, XXIII. 733,
742, 744, 755, 782.
FRANCE, Institute of, XIII. 160.

Isle of, or Mauritius, XV. 639.
The twelve peers of, XVIII. 468.
FRANCESCA, Piero de', Italian painter,
XIX. 82; XXI. 435.

DA RIMINI, daughter of Malatesta,
XX. 556.

FRANCESCHI, or Francesca, Piero de',
Italian painter, XIX. 82; XXI. 435.
FRANCESCHINI, Baldassare,
|
Italian

painter, IX. 687.

FRANCESCO I., grand-duke of Tuscany,
XV. 791.

DA BARBERINO, mediæval Italian poet, XIII. 501.

DI PUGLIA, Fra, his challenge to
Savonarola, XXI. 337.

FRANCEVILLE, station, West Africa,
XVII. 733.

FRANCHE COMTÉ, province, France, IX.
687.

FRANCE, IX. 505 (including geography
and statistics, 505; history, 527, see
below; language, 629; literature, 657;
index, 687); academies in, 1. 70, 71,
77; architecture, II. 429, 441; army, II.
600; arsenals, II. 634; artillery, II. 658,
660, 665; Bank of, III. 337; institution
of banks in, IV. 367; birds, XVIII. 17;
citizenship in, I. 576; coalfields, VI.
55; Code Napoléon, VI. 105; coins,
XVII. 655; colonies, VI. 159; drama,
VII.423; drama in time of Corneille, vi.
420; fisheries, IX. 268; forests, IX. 402;
foundling hospitals, IX. 482; govern-
ment, XI. 14; history, IX. 527, see
below; irrigation works, XIII. 369;
Jansenist controversies in, XIII. 566;
Jews in, XIII. 682; language, IX. 629; | FRANCHINA, Descartes's automaton, XV.
land laws, XIV. 262; form of land
tenure, I. 415; libraries, XIV. 513,
524, 545; literature, IX. 637; mines,
XVI. 467; national debt, XVII. 246;
navy, XVII. 298; newspapers, XVII.
423; nobility, xXVII. 530; XVIII. 468;
observatories, XVII. 712; opium culti-
vation, XVII. 792; oyster culture, XVIII.
107; periodicals, XVIII. 539; police
system, XIX. 342; post office, XIX. 580;
Presbyterian Church, XIX. 693; prison
system, XIX. 759; railways, XX. 250;
settlements in India, II. 702; XII. 799,
800, 804; settlement at New Orleans,
U.S.A., XVII. 403; technical schools,
XXIII. 108; university of, XXIII. 851;
wine industry, XXIV. 604.

History of, IX. 527; conquest of Algeria by, I. 566; colonization of North America, IV. 766; protectorship of Annam, XXIII. 440; war with Austria, III. 130; the Carbonari in, v. 89; Colbert's financial reforms, VI. 121; war in the East (1799), xxIII. 648; Hundred Years' war with England, VIII. 318; Fouché's police administration, IX. 476; Huguenots, XII. 337; invasion of Italy by (1492), XIII. 481; of Prussia (1806), XX. 11; invasion of, by the Arabs, XVI. 576; II. 258; by William I. of Prussia (1870), XXIV. 582; Inquisition established in I. 487; suppression of Knights

208.

FRANCHISE, in law, IX. 688; parliamen-
tary, British, xx. 344.
FRANCIA (Francesco Raibolini), Italian
painter, IX. 688; XXI. 437.

José Gaspar Rodriguez, dictator of
Paraguay, IX. 688.
FRANCIABIGIO (Francesco di Cristofano),
Italian painter, IX. 689.

FRANCIS, St, of Assisi, founder of Fran-
ciscan order, IX. 692; XIII. 500; XVI.
710; stigmatization of, XXII. 549.

-, St, of Paola, founder of order of Minims, IX. 695; XVI. 711.

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St, of Sales, devotional writer, IX. 695, 654.

I., emperor, IX. 691; X. 503.
II. (Francis I. of Austria), emperor,
IX. 691; his character, III. 136.

I., emperor of Austria, IX. 691; III. 136.

I., king of France, IX. 689, 555; his relations with Henry VIII. of England, XI. 663; his rule in Italy, XIII. 482; his attitude towards the Reformation, XX. 328, 334.

II., of France, IX. 691, 559.
duke of Guise, XI. 266.
Alban, English Benedictine monk,
XVII. 444.

Francis, on fly fishing, II. 37.

Sir Philip, English politician and writer, IX. 696; his alleged identity

with Junius, XIII. 776; his relations | FRANKFORT - ON-THE-ODER, town, | FRAUENFELD, town, Switzerland, IX. with Burke, IV. 547. FRANCIS-ARMAND, abbot of La Trappe,

XXIII. 524.

FRANCIS BORGIA, St, general of the
Jesuits, IX. 694.
FRANCISCA, Frankish battle-axe, II.
555.

FRANCISCANS, monastic order, IX. 698;
XVI. 710; their revolt against Pope
John XXII., XVII. 717.
FRANCISQUE (Jean François Millet),
French painter, IX. 700.
FRANCK, Gabriel, Flemish painter, IX.
701.

—, Johann, German hymn-writer, XII.
587.

Prussia, IX. 708; university, XXIII.
843, 848.

FRANKINCENSE, gum-resin, IX. 709;
XII. 718.

FRANKLAND, or Land of the Franks, its
relations to the popedom, XIX. 494.
FRANKLIN, State of (now part of Ten-
nessee), U.S.A., XXIII. 178.

2 Benjamin, American statesman and
philosopher, IX. 711; ambassador to
France, XXIII. 743; his connexion with
American journalism, XVII. 433; with
Philadelphia, XVIII. 740; his electrical
researches, VIII. 6; his postal improve-
ments, XIX. 566; as political economist,
XIX. 384; as writer, I. 720; Wedder-
burn's charge against him, XXIV. 475.

Sir John, Arctic explorer, IX. 719;
X. 195; XIX. 319; his observations
on the aurora, III. 95; search for, by
Kane, XIII. 837.

727; XXII. 778; XXIII. 331. FRAUENLOB (Heinrich von Meissen), German poet, IX. 727. FRAUENSTÄDT, C. M. J., friend and expositor of Schopenhauer, XXI. 454. FRAUNHOFER, Joseph von, German optician, IX. 727; XVII. 26; his filar micrometer, XVI. 245; on radiation, XX. 215; his telescopes, XXIII. 139, 141.

FRAUSTADT, town, Prussia, IX. 728.
FRAY BENTOS, town, Uruguay, XXIV.
15.

FRAY GERUNDIO, Isla's book, XIII. 387.
FRAYSSINOUS, Denis Antoine Luc,
Comte de, French ecclesiastic and
politician, IX. 728.

FRAZER, or Fraser, river, British
Columbia, VI. 169; XVIII. 116.
FREDEGOND, early French queen, IX.
530.

Sebastian, German writer, IX. 701; XVII. 134. FRANCKE, August Hermann, German philanthropist and theologian, IX. 701; VII. 675; X. 532; XIX. 83; his influence on the university of Halle, XXIII. FRANKLINITE, mineral, XVI. 386; XIII. FREDERICI, German pianoforte maker, 847. 287; XXIV. 784. XIX. 71. FRANCKEN, family of Flemish painters, FRANKMARRIAGE, in English law, XXI. IX. 702.

694

FRANCO of Cologne, musical writer, FRANKS, Germanic people, IX. 722; XX.
XVII. 81.

FRANCO-GALLIA, Hotman's treatise, XII.

309.

FRANCO-GERMAN WAR (1870), X. 512;
XX. 13.

FRANÇOIS DE NEUFCHÂTEAU, Nicolas
Louis, Count, French statesman and
poet, IX. 703.

776, 785; empire of the, V. 402; their laws, V. 73; XXI. 212; in Gaul, IX. 528; in Germany, X. 476; in Italy, XIII. 468; in Roman empire, XX. 776, 780; their invasion of Spain, XXII. 307; their weapons, II. 555. FRANKTENEMENT, land tenure, xx.

305.

FRANÇOIS DE PARIS, Jansenist, XIII. FRANZ, Robert, his edition of Bach's

567.

FRANCOLIN, bird, XVIII. 333.

FRANCONIA, territorial division, Ger

many, IX. 703; III. 453; XXIII. 331. FRANCUS, or Franck, Sebastian, German writer, IX. 701; XVII. 134.

works, III. 195.

FRANZÉN, Frans Michael, Swedish poet,
IX. 724; XXII. 757.
FRANZENSBAD, watering-place, Bohe-
mia, IX. 724; mineral water of, XVI.
434, 435.

FRANEKER, town, Holland, IX. 704; FRANZENSFESTE, fort, Tyrol, Austria, university of, XXIII. 850.

IV. 356.

FRANK, Jacob, leader of Jewish sect, FRANZ-JOSEF LAND, Arctic Regions, its
XIII. 681.

discovery, XIX. 324.

, John Peter, German physician, FRANZSTADT, part of Budapest, Hun

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or Franck, Sebastian, German writer, IX. 701; XVII. 134. FRANKALMOIGN, feudal tenure of land, England, XX. 305, 307. FRANKENBERG, town, Saxony, IX. 704. FRANKENHAUSEN, town, Germany, IX. 704; XXI. 461.

FRANKENSTEIN, town, Prussia, IX. 704.
FRANKENTHAL, town, Bavaria, IX. 704.
FRANKFORT, town, Kentucky, U.S.A.,
IX. 704.

FRANKFORT-ON-THE-MAIN, town, Ger-
many, IX. 704; XX. 16; cathedral
sculptures, XXI. 565; libraries, XIV.
546; newspapers, XVII. 428; assembly
(1848), X. 506; treaty of (1871), IX.
627.

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Cesare de, Venetian traveller, XVII.

857. FREDERICIA, town, Denmark, IX. 728. FREDERICK, the name, IX. 729.

I., Barbarossa, emperor and German king, IX. 729; X. 489; XX. 793; his homage to Pope Alexander III., I. 486; in Italy, XIII. 472; his patronage of Bologna university, XXIII. 833.

II., emperor and German king, IX. 731; X. 491; XX. 795; his attitude towards the crusades, VI. 630; as king of Italy, XIII. 474; his relations to the popedom, XIX. 500; to Sicily, XXII. 27; his quarrels with the Templars, XXIII. 162.

III., emperor (IV. of Germany), IX. 733; X. 496.

prince of Augustenburg, VII. 88. king of Bohemia (V. as elector palatine), IX. 742; X. 500.

494.

I., elector of Brandenburg, XX. 4.
II., of Brandenburg, XX. 4.

III., German king, IX. 733; X.

IV., German king (emperor Frederick III.), IX. 733; X. 496.

I., king of Prussia, IX. 734; XX. 8.

II., the Great, of Prussia, IX. 735; X. 503; XX. 9; his army, II. 593; his battles, III. 444; his influence on France, IX. 585; influence on German literature, X. 532; his contest with Russia, XXI. 99; Rauch's statue of, XX. 294; Voltaire at court of, XXIV. 288. I., elector and duke of Saxony, IX. 740; XXI. 353.

II., of Saxony, IX. 741.

III., of Saxony, IX. 741; XXI. 353; Spalatin's relations with, XXII. 366. king of Sicily, XXII. 28.

I., king of Sweden, XXII. 751.
I., king of Würtemberg, XXIV. 702.
XXV.

- 22

FREDERICK I.-II., electors palatine, IX. 741.

742.

FREEMAN'S JOURNAL, Dublin news- | FRENCH, Nicholas, Irish pamphleteer, paper, XVII. 423.

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I. 596.

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AUGUSTUS III., elector (I. as king) FREE SPIRIT, Brethren of the, mediæval of Saxony, IX. 741; XXI. 355

AUGUSTUS I., king of Saxony, IX.

741; XXI. 355.

AUGUSTUS II., king of Saxony, IX. 741; XXI. 356.

HENRY, of Orange-Nassau, stadtholder of Holland, XII. 79.

WILLIAM, elector of Brandenburg, IX. 733; XX. 6.

WILLIAM I., king of Prussia, IX. 735; XX. 8.

WILLIAM II., of Prussia, IX. 739;

XX. II.

WILLIAM III., of Prussia, IX. 739; XX. II; his relations with Stein, XXII. 530.

sect, III. 507; XVII. 132. FREETHINKING, Anthony Collins on, VI. 147.

FREETOWN, town, Sierra Leone, West
Africa, IX. 752; I. 269; XXII. 44.
FREE TRADE, IX. 752; its effect on
commerce, VI. 205; List's theory of,
XIX. 389; Paterson's advocacy of,
XVIII. 360; Sir Robert Peel's measures,
VIII. 366; XVIII. 456.
FREE-WILL, in ethics, VIII. 608; in re-
lation to predestination, XIX. 670;
Cudworth's theory, VI. 691; St Paul's
doctrine, XVIII. 427.
FREEWILL BAPTISTS, IX. 762.
FREEZING-POINT, VIII. 731; XII. 611.

WILLIAM IV., of Prussia, IX. 740; FREGATA, genus of birds, IX. 786.

XX. 12.

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FREDRIKSHALL, Norway, Charles XII. killed at, V. 422.

FREDRO, Count Alexander, Polish comedian, XIX. 303.

FREE CHURCH OF SCOTLAND, IX. 742; XXI. 538; Chalmers's relations to, v. 377.

FREEDMAN, Roman, XXII. 133. FREEDOM OF CONTRACT, XIX. 360. FREEDOM OF THE WILL, Jonathan Edwards's work on the, VII. 690. See also Free-Will below.

FREE GRACE, Melanchthon's doctrine of, XV. 834.

FREEHOLD, in English law, IX. 746; VI.
355; XIV. 264; XX. 305.
FREE IMPERIAL CITIES, of Germany,
IX. 747.

FREE LIBRARIES, in England, XIV. 520,
542.
FREEMAN, Edward Augustus, on chiv-
alry, XIV. 126; on the origin of trial
by jury, XIII. 784.

FREGELLE (Pontecorvo), ancient town, Italy, XIX. 454.

FREGGA, Frigg, or Freya, in Teutonic mythology, IX. 777; I. 209, 211. FREIBERG, town, Saxony, IX. 763; mining school of, XXIV. 502. FREIBURG (Freiburg in the Breisgau), town, Baden, Germany, IX. 764; cathedral sculptures, XXI. 564; uni- | versity, XXIII. 842.

town, Prussian Silesia, IX. 765. -, canton, Switzerland, IX. 763; XXII. 778; town, IX. 764; XXII. 778, 788. FREIDANK, or Freigedank, German poet, IX. 765.

IX. 768.

ACADEMY, I. 74, 75; dictionary of, VIII. 194.

167.

BEAN, vegetable, XII. 283.
DRAMA, VII. 423.

GUIANA, South America, XI. 253.
HORN, musical instrument, XII.

LANGUAGE, IX. 629; XIV. 340; dictionaries of, VII. 184.

LITERATURE, IX. 637; Renaissance period, XX. 391; early romances, XX. 659; Rabelais's influence on, XX. 197; Rousseau's, XXI. 27.

REVOLUTION (1789), IX. 596; xx. 602; views of, in England, XIX. 143; its influence on the popedom, XIX. 508; on Spain, XXII. 342; in Switzerland, XXII. 793.

REVOLUTION, Reflections on the, Burke's, IV. 546. FRENTANI, ancient Italian people, XXI. 128, 248.

FRENZELITE, mineral, XVI. 394. FRÉQUENTE COMMUNION, De la, Arnauld's work, II. 620.

FRERE, John Hookham, English diplomatist and writer, IX. 768. FRÈRES DE SAINT-YON, religious brotherhood, XII. 700.

FRÉRET, Nicolas, French scholar, IX.768. FRÉRON, Élie Catherine, French critic and controversialist, IX. 769.

Louis Stanislas, French Revolutionist, IX. 769. FRÉROTS, or Fratricelli, mediæval sect, IX. 725.

FRESCO, IX. 769; XVII. 42; XXIII. 158; a secco, XXIII. 157; ceilings, in ancient burial-chapels, V. 214; Raphael's frescos, XX. 279.

FRESCOBALDI, Girolamo, Italian musical composer, IX. 776; XVII. 90. FRESE, Jacob, Swedish poet, XXII. 755.

FREILIGRATH, Ferdinand, German poet, FRESHWATER, town, Isle of Wight,

IX. 766; X. 546.

FREIND, John, English physician and author, IX. 767; xv. 811. FREIRE, Francisco Joze, Portuguese historian and philologist, IX. 767. FREISCHÜTZ, in German folklore, IX. 767.

Weber's opera, XXIV. 468. FREISING, town, Bavaria, IX. 767. FREIWALDAU, town, Austrian Silesia, IX. 767.

FRÉJUS, town, France, IX. 767. FREMONT, town, Ohio, U.S.A., IX. 767.

John Charles, his operations in California, IV. 695; candidate for presidency of United States, XXIII.

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England, XXIV. 562.

HERRING, fish, XXI. 224. FRESNEL, Augustin Jean, French physicist, IX. 776; his improvements in lighting apparatus, XIV. 619, 620. FRESNILLO, town, Mexico, IX. 776; XXIV. 761.

FRESNOY, Charles Alphonse du, French painter and writer, IX. 776. FRESNY, Rivière du, French journalist,

XVII. 424.

FRET, in heraldry, XI. 697.

PATTERNS, in Japanese art, XIII.

590. FREUDENSTADT, town, Würtemberg, Germany, IX. 776. FREUDENTHAL, town, Austrian Silesia, IX. 777.

FREY, in northern mythology, I. 210. FREYA, or Fregga, in Teutonic mythology, IX. 777; I. 209, 211.

FREYBERG, or Freiberg, town, Saxony, | FRIES, Elias Magnus, Swedish botanist,

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I. 751; egg of, XX. 418; hibernation of, XI. 789; p. rasites of, XVIII. 259; XXIII. 539. FROG-FISH, IX. 269.

FROGMORE, Berkshire, England, Mausoleum at, I. 453.

FREYSING, or Freising, town, Bavaria, FRIESLAND, province, Holland, IX. 785; | FROGS, The, Aristophanes's comedy, II.

IX. 767.

FREYTAG, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, German Orientalist, IX. 777.

Gustav, German novelist, X. 545. FREZZI, Federigo, Italian writer, XIII. 505. FRIAR, member of mendicant order, IX. 777; V. 116; VII. 354; IX. 698; XVI. 710; in England, 13th century, VIII. 316.

FRIAR-BIRD, XII. 139.

FRIAR'S CAP, plant, I. 98.

XII. 98.

FRIESLEBENITE, mineral, XVI. 394.
FRIEZE, in architecture, II. 464.
FRIGATE-BIRD, IX. 786.

FRIKELL, Wiljalba, conjurer, XIV. 415.
FRINGILLA, genus of birds, XIV. 675;
XXII. 369.

509.

FRÖHLICH, Abraham Emanuel, GermanSwiss poet, IX. 797.

FROISSART, Jean, French chronicler, IX. 797, 646.

FROME, town, England, IX. 802; XXII. 258.

FRINIATES, Ligurian tribe, Italy, XIII. FROMENTIN, Eugène, French painter,

447; XIV. 640.

FRISCH, J. L., on birds, XVIII. 8.

FRISCHE HAFF, lagoon, Prussia, XX.

20.

FRIAR WILLIAM (Rubruquis), Oriental FRISCHLIN, Nicodemus, German scholar traveller, XXI. 46.

FRIBOURG (Freiburg), canton, Switzerland, IX. 763; XXII. 778; town, IX. 764; XXII. 778, 788. FRICHOT, Alexandre, French musical instrument maker, XVII. 778. FRICKER, Edith, first wife of Robert Southey, XXII. 290.

FRICTION, in physics, IX. 777; XV. 702, 731,765; expenditure of energy on, VIII. 208; of gases, XVI. 618; of liquids, XII. 482; XIX. 247; influence of lubricants on, xv. 35; stability of, XV. 751; tidal, XXIII. 360, 374. FRICTIONAL ELECTRICITY, VIII. 99. FRIDA, Emil Bohus, Bohemian poet, XXII. 152.

FRIDERICIA, or Fredericia, town, Denmark, IX. 728.

FRIEDELITE, mineral, XVI. 424. FRIEDLAND, town, Bohemia, IX. 778. -, town, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Germany, IX. 778.

-, town, Prussia, IX. 779; battle of (1807), XVII. 210.

Duke of (Wallenstein), general, XXIV. 328.

Valentin (Trotzendorf), German educationist, XXIII. 588.

and poet, IX. 786.

FRISI, Paolo, Italian mathematician and astronomer, IX. 787.

FRISIA, ancient region of Europe, IX. 787; ancient law code of, XXI. 215. FRISIAN LANGUAGE, IX. 788; XII. 84; dictionaries of, VII. 187. FRISIAN LITERATURE, IX. 788. FRISIANS, ancient Teutonic people, IX. 787; St Willibrord's mission to, XXIV. 587.

FRISIUS, Gemma, on navigation, XVII. 251.

FRIT FLY, wheat pest, XXIV. 535. FRITH, John, early English Reformer, IX. 789.

IX. 802.

FROMME, C., his experiments in magnetism, XV. 258.

FRONDE, War of the, in France, IX.

572; XIV. 867; Conde's connexion with, VI. 246; Mazarin's, xv. 652; Louise d'Orléans's, XVI. 793; Retz's, XX. 488.

FRONSAC, town, France, XIV. 509.
FRONT, St, early French missionary,
XVIII. 535.
FRONTINUS, Justinus (Justin), Latin
historian, XIII. 791.

Sextus Julius, Roman soldier and writer, IX. 803; inspector of Roman aqueducts, XII. 435; his language and style, XIV. 337.

FRONTO, Marcus Cornelius, Roman grammarian, IX. 803; his language and style, XIV. 338. FROSINONE, town, Italy, IX. 803.

FRITH-GUILDS, associations for mutual FROST, Geological action of, X. 265, 280.

defence, XI. 260.

FRITHIGERN, Gothic chief, x. 848, 849; XXIII. 258, 720.

William Edward, English painter, IX. 803.

FROST-BITE, XVI. 849; XXII. 683.

FRITHIOFS SAGA, Tegnér's poem, XXIII. FROTTÉ, Louis de, French royalist, XVII.

IIO.

FRITILLARIA, genus of Tunicata, XXIII. 615; XXIV. 186.

FRITSLAR, Herbert von, romancist, XX. 639.

FRITZLAR, town, Prussia, IX. 790. Hermann von, German mystic, XVII. 133.

FRIEDRICH (Frederick, q.v.), German FRIULI, district, Austria and Italy, IX.
name, IX. 729.
790.

LUDWIG, prince of Hohenlohe, Prussian general, XII. 51. FRIEDRICHSHALL, spa, Saxe-Meiningen, Germany, XVI. 436.

FRIENDLY ISLANDS, South Pacific, IX. 779.

FRIENDLY SOCIETIES, IX. 780; registration of, XX. 344.

FRIENDS, Society of (Quakers), XX. 147; founder of, IX. 500.

IN COUNCIL, Helps's work, XI. 639.

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FRIZON (Gemma Frisius), on naviga- FRUGONI, Carlo Innocenzo, Italian poet, tion, XVII. 251.

FROBEN, or Frobenius, Joannes, German printer and scholar, IX. 791; his relations with Erasmus, VIII. 514. FROBERGER, Johann Jacob German musician, XVII. 90.

FROBISHER, Sir Martin, English navigator, IX. 791; X. 184; his Arctic explorations, XIX. 316.

IX. 804; XIII. 511.

FRUIT, of plants, IV. 148; formation of, XX. 429; culture of, I. 384; II. 322; dried, XIX. 707; garden, XII. 268. FRUMENTIUS, early Christian missionary and first bishop of Abyssinia, IX. 804; I. 65. FRUSINUM, or Frusino (Frosinone), ancient town, Italy, IX. 803.

FRODOART (Flodoard), French chro- FRUYTIERS, Philip, Flemish painter, IX. nicler, IX. 328.

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804.

FRY, of fish, as article of food, XXIV. 550.

Elizabeth, English philanthropist, IX. 804; on prison discipline, XIX. 749.

FRYING, of meat, VI. 333.

FRYTH, or Frith, John, early English Reformer, IX. 789.

FRYXELL, Anders, Swedish historian, XXII. 758.

F's, The Three, in Irish land tenure, XIV. 277.

FUAD PASHA, Mehmed, Turkish statesman and author, IX. 805. FUCHITE, mineral, XVI. 413. FUCHS (Fux), Johann Joseph, Austrian musical composer, IX. 855; XVII. 90. Johann Nepomuk von, German chemist and mineralogist, IX. 805. - Leonhard, German physician and botanist, IX. 806.

FUCHSIA, plant, IX. 806; XII. 263. FUCINUS (Fucino), lake, Italy, v. 286; XIII. 440; drainage tunnel at, XXIII. 623.

FUEGIA, islands, Tierra del Fuego, South America, XXIII. 384. FUEGIANS, races of Indians, XII. 829. FUEL, IX. 807; composition of various kinds of, VI. 47; for blast furnaces, XIII. 292, 315; gas as, Siemens's experiments with, XXII. 37; petroleum as, XVIII. 720; for smelting ores, XVI. 60; | in relation to smoke abatement, XXII. 182; for steam boilers, XXII. 500, 519.

FUENTE DE CANTOS, town, Spain, IX. 810.

FULFORD, England, Battle of (1066), XI. 485.

FULGENTIUS, Gottschalk, German theologian, X. 855.

FULGINIUM (Foligno), ancient town, Italy, IX. 356.

FULGORA, genus of insects, XIV. 290. FULHAM, suburb of London, IX. 813; XIV. 822.

FULIGNO, or Foligno, town, Italy, IX. 356.

FULIGULA, genus of birds, XIX. 252; XXI. 378.

FULK, count of Anjou, Knight Templar, XXIII. 160.

FITZWARIN, romance, XX. 658. FULLER, Andrew, English Baptist divine, IX. 813.

reproduction of, IV. 162; XX. 423, 430; vegetative organs of, IV. 107; edible species, XVII. 74; parasitic species, XVIII. 266; for the herbarium, XI. 718; phosphorescence in, XVIII. 813; in vine diseases, XXIV. 240.

FUR, IX. 836; of ermine, VIII. 526; of seals, XXI. 583; Canadian, IV. 775; yield in Siberia, XXII. 9.

in heraldry, XI. 691.

group of Negroes, Africa, VI. 825; XVII. 319. FURETIÈRE, Antoine, French lexicographer, IX.839; his French dictionary, VII. 185; his dispute with La Fontaine, XIV. 205; ana of, I. 784.

FURIES (the Greek Erinyes), in Latin mythology, IX. 840; VIII. 524.

Sarah Margaret, Marchioness Ossoli, FURLANIANS, ancient people of Friuli,
American writer, XVIII. 57.
Italy, IX. 790.

Thomas, English divine and his- FURNACE, IX.840; method of measuring torian, IX. 814.

FULLER'S EARTH, IX. 816; XVI. 424. FULLING, in wool manufacture, XXIV. 661.

FULLONICA, fuller's shop, at Pompeii,
XIX. 449.
FULMAR, bird, IX. 817.
FULMINATES, explosives, VIII. 808.
FULTON, Robert, American engineer,
IX. 817; his invention of a steamboat,
III. 542.

FUMARIA, genus of plants, IX. 817.

FUENTE DEL MAESTRE, town, Spain, FUMIGATION, Religious, with incense,
IX. 810.

XII. 718, 721.

FUENTERRABIA (Fontarabia), town, FUMITORY, plant, IX. 817.
Spain, IX. 810.

FUENTES, Manuel A., Peruvian writer,
XVIII. 676.

temperature of, XX. 132; for assaying, II. 725; for the garden, XII. 228; for glass-making, x. 657; for iron and steel making, XIII. 293, 349; for lead smelting, XIV. 375; for minting operations, XVI. 486; Siemens's regenerative, XXII. 37; for smelting ores, XVI. 60; for steam-boilers, XXII. 496. FURNEAUX, Captain, his explorations of Australian coasts, III. 104. FURNESS ABBEY, Lancashire, England, III. 396; XIV. 254. FURNITURE, IX. 847.

FURREEDKOTE (Faridkot), state, India, IX. 33.

(Faridpur), district,

British India, IX. 33.

FUNARIA HYGROMETRICA, species of FURREEDPORE
mosses, XVII. 71, 72.
FUNCHAL, town, Madeira, xv. 179.

FUERO, Spanish legal charter and code, FUNCTION, in mathematical analysis, IX.
IX. 810.

818; XIII. 13; XV. 630; XXIV. 71.

FUERTEVENTURA, island, Canaries, IV. FUNCTIONS, Analytical, Theory of, La

800.

FUGGER, Swabian family, Germany, IX. 811.

FUGITIVE SLAVE LAWS, in United
States, IX. 165; XXIII. 768.
FUGUE, in music, XVII. 82.
FUH-CHOW, or Fuh-Chow Foo (Foo

Chow), town, China, IX. 812; v. 636. FUH-KEEN, province, China, v. 636. FÜHRICH, Joseph von, Austrian painter, IX. 812.

FUJI-SAN, or Fuji, volcano, Japan, XIII.

571; pilgrimages to, XIX. 92. FULAHS, or Foulahs, Negro race, Africa,

I. 263; XVII. 319; XXII. 248, 278, 279. FULBERT, Canon, uncle of Heloise, 1. 34.

scholastic philosopher, XXI. 421. FULBROKE PARK, Warwickshire, England, XXI. 753.

grange's work, XIV. 209.

-, Elliptic, Legendre's researches on, XIV. 413; Henry J. S. Smith's papers on, XXII. 173.

FUNDI (Fondi), ancient town, Italy, IX. 361.

FUNDS, national debt, XVII. 245. FUNDY, Bay of, North America, XVII. 373, 601.

FUNEN, island, Denmark, VII. 80, 83. FUNERAL RITES, IX. 824; III. 398; their origin and meaning, II. 56; dances, VI. 799; feasts, IX. 113; in primitive church, V. 211; XXI. 155; in relation to totemism, XXIII. 470; Egyptian, VII. 722, 728; XVII. 20; ancient Mexican, XVI. 213; Parsee, XVIII. 326; Phoenician, XVIII.810; Scythian, XXI. 576; Tibetan, XXIII. 344.

FULCHER, Geoffrey, Knight Templar, FÜNFHAUS, suburb of Vienna, IX. 827.
XXIII. 161.

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FÜNFKIRCHEN, town, Hungary, IX. 827; university of, XXIII. 840. FUNGUS, FUNGI, division of vegetable kingdom, IX. 827; XXIV. 127; relations to Algæ, III. 692; XXIV. 128;

FURRUCKABAD (Farrakhabad), district, India, IX. 42.

FURSEY, abbot of Lagny, Celtic reformer, XVI. 707.

FÜRST, German title, XIX. 739.

—, Julius, German Orientalist, IX. 850.

FÜRSTENBERG, two noble German families, IX. 851.

FÜRSTENBUND, league of German princes, XX. II. FÜRSTENWALDE, town, Prussia, IX. 851.

FÜRTH, town, Bavaria, IX. 851. FURTUM, or Theft, Law of, XXIII. 231.

FURZE, shrub, IX. 851.

FUSANUS, genus of trees, XXI. 255. FUSE, in pyrotechny, XX. 135; safety, for mining, XVI. 445; for ammunition shells, 1. 745; XI. 305. FUSEE, match, XV. 626.

of

a watch, XXIV. 394. FUSELI, Henry, Swiss painter and writer, IX. 852.

FUSEL OIL, IX. 853.

FUSIBILITY OF METALS, Table showing the, XVI. 66.

FUSIL, in heraldry, XI. 697.

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