as Ishmael himself, down to the present times, ib. Consider them- selves entitled to seize and appro- priate to their own use whatever they find in the desert, 162. They form no connection with neighbour- ing states, ib. Live in a state of continual hostility with the rest of the world, ib. The tent, their dwelling; the circular camp, their city, ib. They subsist on the spon- taneous produce of the soil, some- times augmented by a little patch of corn, ib. Mounted on their fa- vourite horses they scour the waste in search of plunder, with surpri- sing velocity, ib. They levy con- tributions on all that fall in their way, not excepting their own coun- trymen, ib. They make incursions also into the territories of their neighbours, ib. Robbery is their trade, the business of their life, 163. They have been often invaded, but never conquered, ib. ARABIAN, females, Dr. Clarke's de- scription of, iii. 40, 41. ARAM, the youngest son of Shem, where settled, i. 80. ARARAT, mountains of, i. 23. Great extent, 25. Form the angle of an immense chain of mountains, 31. Its summits inaccessible, 32. ARK rested on the Gordicean moun- tains, i. 27. Near the sources of the Tigris, 25. Within the limits of Armenia, 35. Built of Cypress wood, 33.
Volney's account of an oriental army, ib. The soldiers compose but a very small part of an Asiatic army, 347. Military exercises of the Hebrews, 348. Swiftness of foot greatly valued in the east, ib. ARMOUR of an illustrious foe, brought by the Hebrew soldier as a free-will offering into the treasury of his God, iii. 449. The same custom ob- served by other nations, ib. When the Hebrew retired to the bosom of his family, he frequently hung up his arms in the temple, 450. ARMOUR-bearer, whose office it was to carry the great massy buckler before the warrior, iii. 368. ARPHAXAD; his settlements, i. 83. ARROWS, usually made of light wood, with a head of brass or iron, com- monly barbed, iii. 377. The heads sometimes dipped in poison, ib. The slightest wound by such poi- soned arrows occasioned almost in- stant death, 378. Circumstance mentioned by Mr. Park, ib. Heads of the arrows sometimes surround- ed with combustible matter and set on fire, when they were launched against the hostile army, 379. Em- blems of lightning and other me- teors, ib. ARVADITE, a Canaanitish family, occupied an island at the mouth of the river Eleutheros, and part of the neighbouring continent, i. 136. ASHDOD, city and lordship of, north of Askelon, between Gaza and Jop- pa, i. 138. Famous for the temple of Dagon, 139. ASHKENAZ, Gomer's eldest son, ob- tained the Lesser Phrygia, i. 61. Passed into Germany, Gaul, and Britain, 64.
ARKITE, a Canaanitish family, set- tled in Lebanon, i. 136. ARMIES of Israel no better than a raw undisciplined militia, till the reign of David, iii. 341. Those of surrounding states neither more courageous nor more skilful, 342. In Greece too they consisted chief- ly of free citizens, 343. Israelitish soldiers selected from the mass of the people, ib. Nearly the same forms used by the Romans during the republic, ib. Armies of Israel often extremely numerous, 344. Numbers in the armies of Bajazet and Tamerlane, 345. In those of the Cham of Crim Tartary, 346. | Asr, the, a species of serpent, i. 428.
ASHUR, the founder of the Assyrian empire, i. 82. Not the same with the kingdom of Nimrod, ib. Lay in western Assyria; and its capital was Nineveh, ib. Ashur was dri- ven from his original possessions by Nimrod, 109.
ASKELON, city and lord ship of, si- tuated on the sea shore, now a heap of ruins, i. 138.
In preparing to strike, it coils it- self up, and raises it head from the middle of the orb, ib. For this reason its name denotes a shield al- so, ib. Its venom the most subtile of all; is incurable, and followed by speedy destruction, 429. Το tread upon the asp, or give it the smallest disturbance, attended with extreme danger, ib. Glory of the last days, 430. Taming the aspic, 431. This art very ancient, 431, 432.
Various methods of charm- ing serpents, ib. The power of music in charming serpents, 432, 433, 434, 535. While the charm continues, the serpent is sometimes deprived of its fangs, 436. On some serpents these charms seem to have no power, 436. How the serpent prevents the charm, ib. Various ways of accounting for this, 437. Charmer supposed to be exposed to great danger, if he fail, 438.
ASPHALTITES, or the Salt Sea: co- vers the vale of Sodom, i. 205. Its length and breadth, 209. Cha- racter of its water, ib. called the Dead Sea, 210. Its ex- halations not destructive to life, ib. The water bears up the body in swimming with uncommon force, ib. The shores encrusted with salt, 211. Lavoisier's analysis of the water, ib. Black combustible peb- bles found on the shore, 212. Apples of Sodom, fabulous, 213. Volney's theory of its saltness re.. futed, 214-216. The Dead Sea, not the crater of a volcano, 218. The rugged mountains and spaci- ous caverns on its south-west shore, a secure retreat to the oppressed, 218, 219.
Ass, two varieties of this animal, tame and wild, i. 536. Names by which he is known in Scripture, ib. Qualities of the tame ass, 536, 537. The breed greatly encour- aged by the Patriarchs, ib. Highly valued in ancient times, ib. In David's reign, a prince in Israel appointed to take care of them, ib. Not unworthy of this care, 538.
Long used for the saddle, ib. Saddle- asses descended from onagers, 539. Their price, ib. Very handsome and extremely swift, 538, 539. Their dispositions, 539. This race confined to the great, ib. To ride on an ass was in the days of the Judges a mark of distinction, 540. Gradually fell into disrepute, 541. The saddle-ass apt to become res- tive, ib. The Shunamite, 541, 542. Bridle necessary to guide the ass, 543. He disregards the whip, ib. Young ass preferred for the saddle, 543, 544. Saddle-asses sometimes adorned with rich and splendid trappings, 544. The weal- thy Israelites rode white asses, 545. The female ass more highly valued by the orientals, than the male, 546. The ass in some countries employ- ed in war, ib. Occasionally yoked to the chariot, 547, 548. Never flees before an enemy, 547. Of con- siderable value as a beast of bur- then, 548. Often employed by the orientals in the carriage of goods, 549. Powerful to sustain, and patient under an unequal load, 549. 550. He laboured with the ox in the same field, and under the same yoke, 550, 551. A single ass is oc- casionally seen drawing the plough in Syria and Egypt, 552. The Israelite forbidden to plough with an ox and an ass together, 552, 553. Some faint traces of this law among the heathen, 553. The ass assisted in gathering in the crop, and then was sent to drive the mill- stone, 544. The variety and num ber of his services, 554, 555. These never sufficient to save him from abuse, 555. Laws of Moses pro- viding for his safety and comfort, 555, 556. The ass grateful to his benefactor, 556. Considered by the Jews as an unclean animal, 557. In cases of extreme want, the law was disregarded, ib. Neglect and contempt which followed this ani- mal through life, did not forsake him even in death, 558, 559. ATHLETE or combatants, in the Grecian games; how trained, iii.
25. Preparatory exercises, when | they proposed to contend in the Olympian games, 326. The laws most strictly enforced, ib. Cha- racters of those permitted to con- tend, ib. Disencumbered them- selves of their clothes, 329. AUGUSTUS, the Roman emperor, so terrified when it thundered, that he hid himself in some secret corner till the storm ceased, ii. 170. AVIMS, probably descendants from Cush, i. 137. Extent of their settlements, ib. Driven out by the Philistines, descendants of Miz- raim, ib.
AWNINGS, large, spread upon lofty pillars, and attached by cords of various colours, to screen the com- pany at an entertainment from the sun, iii. 114. Some of them be- longing to the Indian emperors, very costly, and distinguished by various names, ib.
BABYLON, city of; built by Nim- rod, i. 98. Its walls of brick, ib. Its twenty-five gates of solid brass, 99. Its bridge adorned at each end with a splendid palace, ib. Its pensile gardens, 100. Temple of Belas, ib. Very strong both by nature and art, 101. Its site now unknown, 105.
city and tower of, i. 38. Built near the scene of the first transgression, within the limits of Eden, ib. Design of the tower, 41, 42. The most stupendous work ever attempted by man, 52. Long remembered in the east, 53. BABYLONIA, the province of, an- ciently called the land of Nimrod, i. 114. BACK-HOUSE, annexed to the prin- cipal dwelling in the east, ii. 540. Description of it, 541. A lodging for strangers, and place of retire- ment, ib. How furnished, ib. Eglon's summer parlour, ib. Com- municated with the street by a pri- vate staircase, 542. Upper and inner chambers, structures of the same kind, 542.
BADGER, the; mentioned in Scrip- ture only on account of its skin, ii. 211. Badgers' skins formed the exterior covering of the tabernacle and its furniture, ib. Shoes for ladies of the highest rank, made of them, ib. The subject involved by contradictory statements in doubt and uncertainty, 212. No evidence that the term rendered badger de- notes an animal at all, 212–214. Denotes merely a colour, 214. Most probably red or purple, 215. BAG or Scrip, used by shepherds in the east to carry their provisions, ii. 392.
BAGREACH; a sort of pancakes, how made, iii. 55. BAKEHOUSES, public; introduced into Judea long before the captivity, iii. 59. The dough how received and carried to the bakehouses, 60. A piece of bread given to the baker for his trouble, ib. BALISTA, a military engine for cast- ing arrows, darts and stones of a large size, iii, 422.
BALSAM, a native of Judea, so pre-
cious that it sold for double its weight in silver, iii. 97, note. Description of the plant, ib. Me- thod of extracting the juice, ib. Character and medicinal virtues of the balm, ib. BALSAM-TREES, i. 372. Liquid essence made of these sweet scented trees, 374.
BANQUET; the feast being over, and the tables withdrawn, the ancient Romans put down their wine, iii. 112. In Persia the time for drink- ing wine was at the beginning of the feast, ib. "Banquet of wine," meaning of the phrase, ib. Often spread beneath the shade of a tree on the margin of a brook, 113.
BARDACHS, a sort of earthen vessels in which the orientals cool their water, iii. 192. BARLEY, bread made of; used in
Palestine only in times of scarcity and distress, iii. 46. In some re- gions of Persia, commonly used by the lower orders, ib. Barley, the
first corn used in making bread, ib. Soldiers who had been guilty of any offence, in the Roman camp, fed with barley bread, 47. BARZILLAI; meaning of David's charge concerning his sons, iii 105. BASHAN, a celebrated pastoral dis- trict of Canaan, i. 190. A rough mountainous tract, lying between the hills of Gilead and the river Jordan, 191. The oaks of Bashan, held in high estimation; the extent and luxuriance of its pastures, and the superior breed of its flocks and herds, 193. BASILISK or Cockatrice, i. 439. Description of, 440. Its hissing puts all other serpents to flight, ib. Its breath fatal to those that inhale it, ib. This dreadful snake abounds in Fgypt, 440. Is oviparous, 441. When the egg is broken, the young basilisk leaps out, puts itself into an attitude of attack, ready to spring on whatever comes in its way, ib. Argument against inebriety, 441, 442. The basilsik's power of fas- cination, 443. The symbol of a powerful monarch, 443, 444. Sometimes the symbol of a good king, sometimes of a bad one, 445. BASKETS, Covered with skin, in which
the Arabs put their bowls and dishes, ii. 406.
BASONS of pure gold, used in some parts of the east for washing the feet of kings and princes, iii. 100. Vessels of silver, earthen ware, or wood, for persons of inferior station, ib. The bason employed by the Saviour, ib.
BASTARD in ancient Greece, despis-
ed and exposed to public scorn, iii. 159. Jewish father paid no atten- tion to the education of his natural children, ib. In Persia never placed on a footing with legitimate off- spring, ib. A bastard stigmatized in the law of Moses till the tenth generation, 159.
BAT, the; winged quadruped, ii. 215. Description of, ib. The Ternate bat described, ib. Carries on the work of destruction by open force, 216. Its dwelling, 216. Their
stench intolerable, ib. What is meant by the idolater's casting his idols to the moles and the bats, 217.
BATTERING-RAM, description of, iii. 421. Three kinds mentioned by Potter, ib. Vespasian's ram, 422.
BATTLE, order of, among the an- cient Greeks, iii. 406. Among the Romans, ib. Among the Is- raelites, ib. How they commenced their attack, 412. BATTLE-AXE, often used by the pri- mitive Greeks, iii. 375. BEACONS in which fires are lighted to direct the march of eastern cara- vans, iii. 395, 396. BEAR, the; sometimes associated with the lion in Scripture, ii. 108. Different species of bears, ib. De- scription of them, 109. Particular description of the red bear, 109, 110. Peculiar form of his anterior feet; resembling the human hand 111. His voice, a grumbling, mournful sound, 112. More in- clined to rage than to complain, ib. When excited to rage, extremely formidable, ib. The manner in which he combats his enemy, 113. King David's exploit, ib., 114. The bear remarkable for his cun- ning and deceit, 114. Subsists dur- ing the winter by sucking his paws, 115. When he first goes abroad after the winter, he attacks his prey with open violence and terrible rage, ib. Does not always put his vic- tims instantly to death, ib. The cruel oppressor compared to the bear, ib. The female bear, when rearing her young, still more fierce and terrible than the male, 116. Her passions most furious when she happens ro be deprived of her young, 117. To steal them a des- perate attempt, ib. To meet a fool in his folly still more dreadful than to meet a bereaved bear, 118. Al- lusion of the prophet to these facts, 119. The she bears at Bethel, 120, 121, 122. The bear symbo- lizes the empire of the Medes and Persians, 122, 123, 124.
BEARD, cutting off; a mark of con- tempt or dislike, iii. 240, 241. BEDS, from which the orientals feast- ed, iii. 92. Placed round the tables, one to each table, ib. Formed of matresses and supported on frames of wood, ib. Beds of silver and gold, meaning of the phrase, ib. Manner of reclining on these beds, 93. Those who spoke raised them- selves almost upright, ib. When they ate they raised themselves on their elbow, and used the right hand, ib. The Greeks and Ro- mans sometimes used both hands, ib. BEE, a gregarious insect, subject to a regular government, i. 391. Different opinions about the mode of their propagation, ib. A very cleanly creature, 392. By no means destitute of hearing, 393. A vexatious and even formidable adversary, 394. Easily provoked; fierce and persevering in their at- tack, 395. Assails with fearless intrepidity, the largest and most ferocious animal, 395. Renowned for singular industry, strict disci- pline, and valuable products, ib. Often lent its name to females of various ranks in society, ib. BEHEMOTH, an amphibious ani- mal, i. 475. The same as the hippopotamus, 475, 476. Argu- ments in support of this opinion, ib. &c. In size, equal to an ox, 476. Eats grass like an ox, 477. In the form of his head and feet, not less than in the size and stature of his body, bears a considerable resemblance to the ox, ib. His body protected by an impenetrable skin, 478, 479. His tail that of a tortoise, but incomparably thicker, 479. Is of a tapering conical shape; remarkable for its smoothness, thick- ness, and strength, 480. His pro- digious strength, ib. His bones ex- tremely hard, 481. His teeth very long, cylindrical and chamfered, ib. Crocked like a scythe, for reaping his food, 483. Measurements of his body, 481, 482. His mouth, a vast opening, his voracity por- tentous, 482. Lives with equal
ease in the sea, on the land, or at the bottom of the Nile, ib. Not less remarkable for his sagacity, ib. Instances of it, ib. Though he lives for the most part in the water, yet he seeks his food more frequently on the land, 484. His habitual gentleness, 485. The reeds are the chosen haunt of the hippopotamus, ib. These his co- vert, his food, and his medicine, 486. Various cries of the hippo- potamus, 486, 487. He walks deliberately into the deepest floods, 489. Method of taking him, ib., 490.
BELLS, little, fastened to the an- kle rings in the east, which make a tinkling as they walk, iii. 40. Worn also on the feet and toes, and placed in the tresses of their hair ; suspended round their necks, and to the golden rings which they wore on their fingers, ib.
put about the necks and on the legs of the war-horse, iii. 352, 353. Mr. Burder traces the cus- tom to the worship of the sun, 353. Anciently signs or symbols of vic- tory or dominion, ib. BESIEGING; Hebrew manner of, iii. 382.
BETROTHING, twelve months com- monly intervened between the es- pousals and the marriage, iii. 137. During this interval the wife con- tinued with her parents, 138. Bridegroom permitted to visit her in her father's house, ib. Neither of the parties left their own abode during eight days before the mar- riage, ib.
; several forms of, used in Greece, iii. 136. Jewish virgin, legally betrothed, consider- ed as a lawful wife, 137. If she proved unfaithful she was punished as an adulteress, ib. BIER, a sort of bed upon which the
Greeks laid out the bodies of their dead, iii. 249. Orientals carried out their dead to burial upon it, 252.
BISCUITS, which the Mahometan pilgrims carry from Egypt to
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