lated distances, that is about the depth of the buckets; over these wheels work a connexion of buckets FF: these buckets, are united by metal joints and pins, as shewn in Fig. 9. I the metal joint. HH the end of a bucket in large. Two or more of these joints (according to the length of the buckets or strength required) are screwed to the back at proper distances. These joints have each of them two mortises, though only one is in use at a time; the other is made to lighten the metal and to form a change, should they wear; and the joints admit also of a further change, for the mortices being at true distances they may be turned contrary ends. These mortises are at distances when united corresponding with the cogs or stumps on the wheels DD with which they act, so that one cog may have hold of each bucket to prevent the weight of water in the descending buckets slipping the empty ones over the wheels D, without effecting their purpose. G is a framing of wood fixed in the side-walls of the conduit, having on the front of it one or two small rollers at the point H, where the buckets incline to turn, but the frame itself is not allowed to touch the buckets unless from accidental cause, when it serves to steady them.

The buckets may be of the usual shape as for the present overshot wheels, and may be formed of wood, iron, or other materials; the sides and ends are secured together, but the bottom board or plate I make to open inwards by joints or pivots fixed to the back, and this board or plate acts as a valve, and rests when down on a narrow ledge on the inside of the sides and ends of the bucket, to which it is made to fit close. Or it may be made with the bottom board or plate fixed, and in that may be formed a valve to open; either one . D 2

or

or the other method I always use, or every bucket has in rising out of the lower water to raise the whole water it contains the depth of each bucket.

The water being let on at B, and the buckets being filled from thence to the lower water C, which is the extent of the fall, they overpower the resistance; and when immersed and inclined to turn round at bottom, the bottom board or valve opens, permitting them to pass freely through the lower water, ascending up to the wheel on the opposite side bottom upwards; but before they arrive at the point B to receive another supply of water, the bucket is in its right position for it, and the yalve closes for another operation.

This action of the connection of buckets pulls round the wheels D by their circumference which is the extremity of the lever, to the shaft of which is fixed or coupled the manufacturing machinery, so that every 100 pounds of water employed in the fall acts with its full gravity on the lever; that is, producing 100lbs. of power (setting aside friction), whereas, by the plan of employing the water on the semi-circumference of a wheel, as the present overshot and breast, every 100lbs. of water so employed produces only 50lbs. of power (setting aside friction). The still greater loss of employing undershots which act by impetus or force of water is so well known as to be almost unnecessary for me to mention, being allowed to be double that of the overshot and breast, or that 100lbs. produces only 25lbs. of power (setting aside friction).

So that overshot and breast-wheels lose the effect of full one-half, and undershots three-fourths of the water employed, independent of minor defects, as those of the buckets losing part of their water before they arrive

at

at the extent of the fall, and that the width of one bucket in an overshot, and half a one in the breastwheels, is constantly lost in the fall,

The machinery for cattle-mills is upon the same principle as for the wind and floating-mill, being a connec.. tion of planks united by joints, and having at their ends, wheels travelling in a channel of the framing round two drum-wheels B and C Fig. 10, to the axle of which is fixed the manufacturing machinery, &c.

The drum at B, if preferred, may be placed lower than that at the head of the horses C, so as to cause the cattle to act in part by their gravity, as upon an inclined plane.

The cattle drawing from a fixed point A, and pulling round the drum-wheels B and C, with the machinery, &c. by the power of their feet, enables them to work constantly in a straight line, by which means they travel much faster with much greater ease, and performing much more work, than by being constrained to travel round a circle.

Note. It may be necessary for me to observe there is a similarity in appearance between my plan of working mills by a fall of water, and a method published several years ago by Dr. Desaguliers. Had the Doctor's method proved useful for moderate or small falls, or perfect for great falls of water, any other plan might have been unnecessary; but the machinery is defective. The friction and obstructions operate too much against the power gained, and though in very extensive falls the disadvantages are less in proportion, they are too great to be of general utility.

In witness whereof, &c.

New

New Mode of improving Grass Lands.
By Mr. SALTER, of Norfolk.

From the COMMUNICATIONS to the BOARD of
AGRICLUTURE.

As Mr. Coke, President to the Norfolk Agricultural

Society, has expressed himself in terms of approbation so highly gratifying to me upon my method of improving poor pastures and boggy meadows, and particularly when he honoured me with a visit this summer for the purpose of examining a meadow, which was then in its highest state of improvement with a crop growing upon it; I readily comply with your request, and have sent you the best information I can of the method, which I have pursued now ten years in that line of farming; a method, which originated in accident, but which has been ever since carried on systematically.

At Michaelmas 1795, I entered upon this farm, consisting of upwards of six hundred acres, of which the greatest part is wet, springy, cold land. There were at that time, about one hundred acres of bad meadow, so over-run with rushes, sedges, and all sorts of aquatic plants, that no sheep had ever been known to be pastured upon them; whereas, for the last eight years, I have not had a single instance of a rotten sheep, I first cut the rivulet, which runs through the meadows, three hundred and fifty-two rods in length, (reckoning seven yards to a rod,) and eight feet wide, I also cut one thousand one hundred and sixteen rods of open drains; and the turf or sods, which came out of them, I laid to dry in the months of February and March; and as soon

as

as dried I gathered them on large heaps of sixty and a hundred loads, and burnt them to ashes. On the second of April, 1796, I dibbled about two acres of that part of the meadow, which was most dry, and immediately I carried on, in half-load tumbrils with broad wheels, about fifteen loads per acre of the turf ashes: then I sowed sixteen or eighteen pounds of Dutch clover, and four bushels of ray grass; i. e. eight or nine pounds of Dutch clover, and two bushels of ray grass per acre. These I brushed with a pair of harrows bushed, and rolled three or four times with a very heavy roll, in order to make them as firm as possible. Upon that part of the meadow, which was boggy and rushy, I laid from eighty to an hundred tumbril loads per acre of sand, fine gravel, and mould, as I could most conveniently come at them, cutting and carrying away every hillock or waste earth, which I could find. Having harrowed and rolled this, I dibbled upon every acre two bushels of summer vetches, one bushel of early grey peas, and two bushels of Poland oats, all mixed together; and then sowed Dutch clover and ray grass as I did upon the dry part of the meadow, in which I omitted the oats, knowing they would not have succeeded.

In dibbling thus, the holes ought to be four inches square from each other, and from two to four seeds should be put into a hole. Peas and vetches thus growing upon grass land, whether on low meadows or dry uplands, have never failed with me of having excellent effect. They entirely destroy moss, and ameliorate the soil. It is to be observed, that upon dry uplands I omit the ray grass. When the crop is forward in the pod, I mow it for hay; and as soon as it is dry, I put it upon small cocks, and then on to large ones, so as to prevent

the