implements in pre-historic times, the author proceeds to classify, in a very clear and instructive manner, the various implements of the Neolithic Period, wisely relegating to smaller type the bulk of minute details of little interest to ordinary readers. But conscious that no power of description, however graphic, would avail in pointing out the peculiarities and characteristics of the early monuments which form the subject of his researches, Mr. Evans has enriched his pages with nearly five hundred woodcuts. These tell the story so plainly, that he may run that readeth it. The book is altogether a most interesting and satisfactory one, and fully maintains the character of an intelligent archæologist which Mr. Evans so fairly won for himself by his excellent book On the Coins of the Ancient Britons. The Poetical Works of George Sandys, now first collected. With Introduction and Notes, by the Rev. Richard Hooper, M.A., Vicar of Upton and Aston Upthorpe, Berks, and Editor of "Chapman's Homer." In Two Volumes. (J. Russell Smith.) These new volumes of Mr. Russell Smith's valuable 'Library of Old English Authors" will be very welcome to that large, and happily increasing class of readers, who have imbibed from the study of The Christian Year a taste for Sacred poetry. Sandys, so much admired in his own day, whose Paraphrases, eulogised by Baxter, were frequently perused by Charles during his imprisonment at Carisbrook, and of whom Warton-commenting on Pope's verses: "the easy vigour of a line, Where Denham's strength and Waller's sweetness join,”— complains that sufficient justice has not been done, since he "did more to polish and tune the English language, by his Paraphrases on the Psalms and Job, than either of these two writers"-is now known to comparatively few readers. Mr. Hooper tells us that he is not aware of any edition of his works since that dated in 1676. It was high time that the reproach upon our national taste which is conveyed in this long neglect should be removed; and we trust that the labour of the editor and the enterprise of the publisher, in removing it, will meet with the success they deserve. GUILDHALL LIBRARY.-In consequence of the dispute in the building trade, the chairman of the New Library and Museum Committee, Wm. Sedgwick Saunders, M.D., announced to the Court of Common Council, at their last meeting, that the opening of the new buildings would have to be postponed for a few months. MR. HUGO REID.-This amiable and well-informed gentleman died in London on June 13, 1872. He formerly held the office of Principal of Dalhousie College, Halifax, and was an accurate classical scholar, an able mathema tician, and an enlightened geologist; and also a frequent contributor, under his initials " H. R.," to the pages of "N. & Q." A pleasing sketch of his life, from the pen of a loving friend, appeared in the Edinburgh Courant of June 20, 1872. WE hear that a new Monthly Magazine will be published on the 1st of August next. The name of it is to be the Et Cetera, and it is to contain high-class articles on almost every kind of subject. THE BISHOP OF GLOUCESTER has presented to Convocation a photograph of an ancient manuscript copy of the Athanasian Creed with which he had been favoured through the kindness of the Master of the Rolls, Lord Romilly. The manuscript was stolen from the British Museum, and found its way into the public library at Utrecht. One of the best palæographers of the day believed the manuscript was to be traced to the period between the years A.D. 600 and 700. It contained the four damnatory clauses. The recovery of this document would render it necessary to re-open the question of the history of the Creed. BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE. Particulars of Price, &c., of the following books to be sent direct to the gentlemen by whom they are required, whose names and addresses are given for that purpose : HENRY MORE'S CONJECTURA CABALISTICA. Wanted by Mr. Thos. Stephens, Merthyr-Tydfil. HUME'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. Vol. I. Regent's Edition, small 8vo. 1819. Wanted by Mr. J. T. Harris, Englefield Green, near Staines. LEVER'S KNIGHT OF GWYNNE. Parts 10 and 18. Wanted by Mr. A. R. Milne, 199, Union Street, Aberdeen. Notices to Correspondents. PELAGIUS.-Lessing's Laocoon was translated into English by W. Ross in 1836, price 15s., and by E. C. Beasley in 1853, price 5s. -Some account of Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum appeared in "N. & Q." 2nd S. vi. 22, 41, 76. Joannes Reuchlin, and D. Erasmus. The conjectured authors of this work are Ulric von Hutten, C. (Fenchurch Street.)-According to Jamieson, “Falderall, is (1.) A gewgaw, synon. Full-all. (Hogg.) (2.) Sometimes used to denote idle fancies or conceits. A term apparently formed from the unmeaning repetitions in some old songs. JOHN PICKFORD, M.A.-Sir Jonah Barrington was born at Knapton, Queen's County, Ireland, in 1760, and ended a gay, bright, prodigal life in exile in 1832. There is a Memoir of him by Townsend Young, LL.D., prefixed to the third edition of his Personal Sketches, 1869.copy of Bishop Percy's Essay on the Origin of the English Stage, 1793, is in the British Museum. At Field's sale in 1827 it fetched 12s. A H. (Edinburgh.)-Taylor (Words and Places) conjectures that the river Tyne may be from the Celtic tian, running water. X. K. Q. (Monmouth.)-Oaths were taken on the Gospels so early as A.D. 528.- The saying "Queen Anne is dead," has been noticed in "N. & Q." 4th S. iii. 405, 467. It occurs also in Thackeray's Virginians, p. 204, edition 1859. W. WHITEACRE.-Among the Irish, O' prefixed to proper names signifies son of; as O'Neil, the son of Neil; like the Gaelic prefix Mac. MYSTIFICATION (Bath).-Pauky, or Pawky, means— (1.) Sly, artful. (2.) Wanton, applied to the eye : "The Howdie lifts frae the beuk her ee, See Jamieson's Scottish Dictionary. W. B. WILCOCK (Oswestry). · The extract from Wadd's Memorabilia on the origin of the saying “Going snacks," appeared in "N. & Q." 2ud S. i. 267. NOTICE. To all communications should be affixed the name and address of the sender, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. We beg leave to state that we decline to return com munications which, for any reason, we do not print; and to this rule we can make no exception. All communications should be addressed to the Editor at the Office, 43, Wellington Street, W.C. CONTENTS.-No. 237. The Death-Warrant of Charles I.: another HisNOTES: toric Doubt, 21 Folk Lore: Cuckoos changed into Cures for the Hooping Cough - Popular Eagles-Pins Superstition: Churning-Irish Folk Lore, 24 - Comic Newspapers, 25-German Song, 26- Everard, Bishop of Norwich, Ib.-Collins and his "Baronetage"-"La Belle Sauvage -"Popular Rhymes and Nursery Tales" Realism of the Stage Primitive Divisions of TimeThe Death of Count Melun-" An Anci ent and Dangerous Custom of Churchwardens," 27. 29 QUERIES:-"Aurelio and Isabell" Arthur Brooke of Canterbury-Cat-Long and Short Forms in Churches "The Judg-The Four White Kings-Jewish Era -Sheri dan Knowles, ment of Solomon"- Kinloss Barony &c.-Leyland and Penwortham Churches - Archbishop Parker and Dean Hook - Maria del Occidente M.P.s of -Samuel Sutton - The Battle of Waterloo Castle Rising -Ann Wood-Worms in Wood, 29. REPLIES:- Apocryphal Genealogy, 31 - Lairg, Largs Notes on Books, &c. Notes. Iron THE DEATH-WARRANT OF CHARLES I.: ANOTHER HISTORIC DOUBT.* Let us now examine this Warrant carefully, and see how far it confirms or contradicts the official Record of the Proceedings connected with it: "At the high Co't of Justice for the tryinge and iudginge of Charles Steuart Kinge of England January XXIX Anno Dm 1648. "Whereas Charles Steuart Kinge of England is and standeth convicted attaynted and condemned of High Treason and other high Crymes was Souldiers and other the good people of this Nation to be assistinge unto You in this service Given under our Hands and Seales And sentence uppon Saturday last pronounced against him by this Co't to be put to death by the severinge of his head from his body of wh sentence execut'on yet remayneth to be done These are therefore to will and require you to see the said sentence executed In the open Streete before Whitehall upon the morrow being the Thirtieth day of this instante Moneth of January between the hours of Tenn in the morninge and Five in the afternoone of the said day wth full effect And for so doing this shall be you sufficient warrant And these are to require All Officers and Concluded from p. 4. "To Collonell Ffrancis Hacker, Colonel Huncks. and Lieutenant Colonell Phayre and to every of them." To this document fifty-nine Commissioners have attached their signatures and seals. They occupy seven columns (which I will distinguish by letters A to G), and are arranged in the following order: A. Jo. Bradshawe. Tho. Grey. B. M. Livesey. J. Danvers. Tho. Mauleverer. C. Har. Waller. D. Hen. Smyth. E A. Garland. F. Simon Mayne. J. Jones. G. Thomas Wogan. Jo. Carew. The first thing that strikes one on comparing the Warrant with the official record is, that while only forty-eight Commissioners attended the meeting at which it purports to have been signed, it bears no less than fifty-nine signatures. Nor is the number the only discrepancy. In the list of Commissioners (ante, p. 2), the names of those Commissioners who signed the warrant are printed in italics, and those who are officially reported to have been present are marked by the letter W. By these means we learn that of the forty-eight present on the 29th, four, namely Allen, Anlaby, Lisle, and Love, did not sign; so that the Warrant is actually signed by fifteen who were not present on the 29th. Who those fifteen Commissioners were will be seen presently; but meanwhile I wish to point out other evidence which the Warrant affords that it was not signed on the 29th. This is furnished by the fact that the date of it, "xxixth"; the time when sentence was pronounced " uppon Saturday last"; and besides some other minor points, the names of the three officers to whom it was addressed, with the exception of the word "Huncks," are written over erasures, and in a different hand, from the rest of the document. Not only does the fact that these alterations, made no doubt on the 29th, being in a different hand, prove that the document was not entirely written on that day; but the additional fact that, and I say it advisedly, on the authority of practised writers, it would have taken as little, if not less time, to re-copy the whole Warrant, than to make the various erasures and insert the corrections, unquestionably points to the same conclusion. But re-copying would have entailed signing and sealing afresh on the part of the Commissioners, who had already executed it; and that was, perhaps, not to be accomplished. Men who possibly repented of what they had done might have hesitated to sign a second time; and, like two of those to whom the Warrant was originally directed (for there can be little doubt that the names of "Hacker" and "Phayre" take the place of those of two recalcitrant officials), declined the responsibility of so great an act. There is one other small piece of evidence strongly confirmatory of the fact that the Warrant was not entirely signed on the "29th," the day of its professed execution. The word "thirtieth" does not fill up the space originally left for the date, which seems to have been left sufficiently large to take in the words "twenty-sixth "seventh," as the case might be. or For catching of a mouse on Sunday "— they would scarcely have sanctioned a public execution on that day, even though the sufferer was a king. But we have probably a correct answer to the question-If not originally drawn up and signed on the 29th, when was it?-in the confession of one of the regicides, Augustus Garland, he who, as the King was on the last day being removed from the Court, "spat in his face." Garland, on *It is possible that the names which have been erased were Lieut.-Colonel Cobbet and Captain Merryman, to whom, in conjunction with Colonel Tomlinson, the custody of the King had been committed. his trial, said, "I do confess this; I sate and at the day of sentence signed the warrant." And this statement that the Warrant was signed on the day of sentence is confirmed by the fact that the fifteen Commissioners who were not present on the 29th, but whose signatures are to the Warrant, were all present when the Sentence was pronounced. They are marked S in the List, and are Alured, Carew, Th. Challoner, Clement, Corbet, Danvers, Downes, Fleetwood, Lilburne, Mauleverer, More, Norton, Stapley, Wayte, and Wogan. I do not contend that the whole fifteen signed on the Day of Sentence; for, as will be seen hereafter, Downes and Wayte were compelled to sign on the 29th. But on the "day of sentence whatever that day was, and I am inclined to believe it was intended to sentence the King on the 26th and execute him on the 27th-opinions were probably divided, and the execution consequently postponed, until a larger number of signatures to the Warrant for it had been obtained. It is clear that all sorts of expedients were resorted to in order to secure a good show of signatures to the Warrant. The story of the manner in which Ingoldesby was compelled to affix his name, as told by Clarendon, though not strictly accurate has, no doubt, like all such stories, a certain modicum or substratum of truth in it. Ingoldesby's story is, that— "The next day after the horrid sentence was pronounced he had an occasion to speak with an officer, who he was told was in the Painted Chamber, where, when he came there he saw Cromwell and the rest of those who had sat upon the King; and were then, as he found afterwards, assembled to sign the Warrant for the King's death. As soon as Cromwell's eyes were upon him he run to him, and, taking him by the hand, drew him by force to the table, and said though he had escaped him all the while before, he should sign that paper as well as they,' which he, seeing what it was, refused with great passion, saying, he knew nothing of the business,' and offered to go away. But Cromwell and others held him by violence; and Cromwell, with a loud laughter, taking his hand in his, and putting the pen between his fingers with his own hand, writ Richard Ingoldesby, he making all the resistance he could-and he said, If his name there were compared with what he had ever writ himself, it could never be looked upon as his own hand.""-Clarendon (ed. 1826), vii. 490. Now, though one part of this story seems to be contradicted by the fact, that the RICH. INGOLDESBY subscribed to the Warrant is as bold and free as signature can be, and could never have been written by Ingoldesby with his hard forcibly guided by Cromwell-yet, as he certainly never took any part in the Trial of the King, and his name only appears as having been present on the morning of the 29th, when the Warrant was signed, it is scarcely probable that he signed save under compulsion.' * Certain curious points of resemblance between some of the letters in the signatures of Cromwell and Ingoldesby Strange as this scene is, it is not without parallel. In The Trials of the Regicides there is a passage (p. 242) which may well be cited here. Ewer, a witness against Harry Marten, after stating that, on January 29 he followed Marten into the Painted Chamber, proceeds: "I was pressing to come near, but I was put off by an officer or soldier there, who told me I should not be there. I told him I was ordered to be there by that gentleman. My Lord, I did see a pen in Mr. Cromwell's hand, and he marked Mr. Marten in the face with it, and Mr. Marten did the like to him.* But I did not see any one set his hand, though I did see a Parchment there with a great many Seals to it." It is not, I think, a very overstrained inference to draw from this, that Marten, whose name stands thirty-first on the list, had signed the Warrant previous to the 29th; and that, on the 29th, it was brought to the Painted Chamber to get additional names to it. lington told the Court (p. 246) he was awed by the power then in being." Smith, who like Lilburne, pleaded that he acted in ignorance, adds, (p. 249) "that there were those then in authority whom he dared not disobey." Downes, who gives (p. 254) a very interesting account of his interference on behalf of the King, and of his treatment in consequence by Cromwell, excuses his signing because "he was threatened with his very life; he was induced to do it." Simon Meyne says (p. 260) there were some present who knew by what importunity he was led to sign the Warrant, and was told "what This statement is confirmed by the fact that his Fear was there when Forty were there before?" name is the fortieth on the list of signatures. Heveringham, although in Court when sentence was pronounced, did not sign the Warrant for execution, and says (p. 263) at the time of sealing I had that courage and boldness that I protested against it." Of the manner in which such additional signatures were obtained, the Trials of the Regicides furnish But the statement of Thomas Wayte (p. 262) much illustration. In the case of Harvey, who was is so characteristic of the state of things at the present when sentence was pronounced, though time of the trial that I must be permitted to against his opinion, there is evidence (p. 239) how, on the morning of the 29th, he was "sol- quote it more fully. Wayte, it will be seen, was present when sentence was agreed to and prolicited with very much earnestness to and sign and seal and order that bloody execution." Pen-nounced, and signed the warrant although not one nington, again (p. 240), utterly refused to sign the fesses to have been signed. After stating how he of the forty-eight present on the 29th, when it proWarrant, though " often solicited thereto." Milwent into Leicestershire and Rutlandshire, being against the Act in the House, and refused to come up though threatened with sequestration, he pro go made me anxious to see some other signature of the latter. There is in the Public Record Office a very fine autograph of Ingoldesby to a Petition to Charles the Second, which, I am bound to say, corresponds so completely with that to the Warrant, as to prove that, if he were compelled by Cromwell to sign, the compulsion was moral and not physical. These ill-timed outbursts of merriment on the part of Cromwell contrast so strangely with the general character of this remarkable man, that were it not for the abundant evidence of the fact, they would seem incredible. In addition to the incidents here described, we have the strange story, lately printed in "N. & Q." (4th S. ix. 386), of his behaviour at the wedding of his daughter to Rich, when he threw sack posset and wet sweetmeats over the dresses of the ladies and daubed the stools on which they were to sit; and the still more extraordinary one which Ludlow tells us in his Memoirs (i. 240), of his conduct at a dinner at Whitehall, shortly before the Trial of the King, when, to use Ludlow's words, "he took up a cushion and flung it at my head, and then ran down the stairs; but I overtook him with another, which made him hasten down faster than he desired." There has long existed a tradition that the Death Warrant was signed in the beautiful little Chantrey Chapel in St. Stephen's Cloister; and in the Gentleman's Magazine (v. lvii. p. 501) there is mention of a similar tradition, that it was signed at Challoner's house in Clerkenwell. What Professor Owen said lately, that there are few myths in Natural History that he has not discovered to have some foundation in fact, may I believe be said of most Historical Traditions. And it is not at all improbable that, while the majority of the signatures were affixed to the Warrant in the Painted Chamber, others may have been added both in Challoner's house and in the Chantrey Chapel. ceeds: "I came then to London, when all these things were destroyed; I came to London the day before the sentence was given. I went to the House (thought nothing) some were sent to the Tower, and I was sent for to the House, and my name was in the Act, unknown to me; but one sent a note in my Lord Gray's name, that he would speak with me. I went to him, and I said, My Lord, what would you do with me? Saith he, I did not send for you; thereupon Cromwel and Ireton laid hold on me; said they, We sent for you, you are one of the High Court of Justice; No, said I, not I, my judgment is against it. They carried me to the Court. When the King desired to speak with his Parliament, I rising up, one told me I must not be heard, for the President was to give judgment; and said, there was an order that none should speak in Court. Mr. Downes did move, and they did adjourn the Court, and I was glad I got out; Cromwel laughed, and smiled, and jeered, in the Court of Wards. I hope your Lordship will be pleased to consider, I was no contriver, no soldier that put the force upon the House, that erected the Court, none of the law-makers, or did any thing maliciously against the King. My Lord, I was looked upon with an evil eye, for regarding the King's friends in the country. Gray, he told me, the King would not die. I hope he will not, said I. The next day, on Monday, I went to the House, they were labouring to get hands for his execution at the door; I refused, and went into the House; saith Cromwel, Those that are gone in shall set their hands. I will have their hands now." But it is time to bring this note (which I wish to be considered tentative, not decisive) to a close. I myself feel strongly persuaded that this Warrant was neither signed at the time, nor in the manner, declared by the official record; but was tampered with, and altered, to suit the circumstances of the case. There is a Durham superstition, that if anyone is bewitched, the author of the evil may be discovered by the following means:-Steal a black hen, take out the heart, stick it full of pins, and roast it at the "dead hour of the night.' The "double" of the witch will come and nearly pull the door down. If the "double" is not seen, any one of the neighbours who has passed a remarkably bad night is fixed upon. This was done, not long since, by a woman at Easington village, whose child did not grow. The door was almost Supposing, which of course few would admit, the rest of the proceedings of the High Court of Justice to have been legal, I leave it to others more competent than myself to decide, how far the Sentence of that Court was legally carried out by a document so irregular in every respect as I have shown to be the case with the Death War-battered down by an appearance of an old Irishrant of Charles the First. WILLIAM J. THOMS.. FOLK LORE. CUCKOOS CHANGED INTO EAGLES.-A.friend of mine, who has lately returned from Switzerland, when informing me of the large number of cuckoos heard in that country, also remarked how surprised he had been with the belief, which he found on inquiry amongst the peasantry to exist in several parts of the country, that the cuckoos heard in one year would be young eagles during the year following. S. RAYNER. woman, who was supposed to have bewitched the child by her evil prayers. Mr. Henderson, in his Folk Lore of the Northern Counties, mentions somewhat similar stories. Again, if a lover does not come often enough, he may be brought by roasting an onion which has been stuck full of "ounce" pins (they must not have been through paper). The pins are to prick his heart. Perhaps an onion is chosen because it may be thought to bear some resemblance to a human heart. SENACHERIB. CURES FOR THE HOOPING COUGH. -I have recently heard of two cures for the hooping cough, still practised in the Midland Counties. The one is, that a boy thus afflicted should ride for PINS (4th S. ix. 354.)-MR. PEACOCK says, in a quarter of a mile upon a female donkey, a jackass speaking of bewitched persons, that it seems probable that the object for which pins were swal-being substituted when the patient is a girl. This lowed was to wound the evil spirit with which the swallower believed herself to be possessed. But it seems to have been considered that the witches forced their victims to swallow them. This is expressly stated in an account given in The History of the Witches of Renfrewshire (Paisley, 1809) of the bewitching of a young girl named Christian Shaw, daughter of John Shaw of Bargarran, a man of some note in the county. "Jan. 16th and 17th [1697]. When recovered of her swooning fits, she put out of her mouth a great number of pins, which she declared J- P- had forced into her mouth, and a gentlewoman who had been one of her most violent tormentors."-P. 83. Besides pins, this young girl is said to have vomited many other things, such as straw, hair, &c. It appears from this account that from the time when a ball of hair, similar to that which she had been accustomed to vomit, was found in the pocket of one of her supposed tormentors, she put forth no more. In the same book is an account of the bewitching, in 1676, of Sir George Maxwell of Pollok. He is said to have been tormented by means of waxen and clay images, the pins in which, we are told, had been put there by the black gentleman. Seven reputed witches were burned at Paisley on June 10, 1697, for the bewitching of the above-named Christian Shaw. D. MACPHAIL. Paisley. remedy I know to have been tried in good faith at Great Burton, in Lincolnshire, only last year. Brand, in his Popular Antiquities, says:— "There is a vulgar superstition still remaining in Devonshire and Cornwall, that any person who rides on a pye-balled horse can cure the chin-cough." The other remedy is involved in an interesting superstition. The cure is effected by eating a piece of bread baked on Good Friday. This is kept by the prudent housewife, to be ready when required; and bread baked on Good Friday never goes mouldy! This is akin to an old French superstition, that a Good, Friday loaf placed in the centre of a stack preserved it from vermin. Is there not a connection between these habits and the old custom of reserving the Sacrament? In Cornwall it is supposed that rain caught on Ascension Day possesses qualities specially applicable to bread-making. J. CHARLES COX. Hazelwood, Belper. |