worship our Creator, we become servile copyists and degraded idolaters. It is not impossible that our veneration for the ancients has in some degree produced this effect upon modern literature. I have always been struck with the remark of one of the Italian masters, who, when a work of an earlier artist was spoken of with servile adoration, turned away and said, "I too am a painter." To study the works of others that we may be able to equal them, cultivates the power of original creation. To study them only that we may learn how to do feebly, what they have done well, is fatal to all manly development, and must consign an individual or an age to the position of despairing and wondering mediocrity.

APPENDIX.

NOTE TO PAGES 101, 102.

It is stated in the text that, under certain abnormal circumstances, we become capable of perceptions, or cognitions, without the aid of the organs of sense. While I was lecturing on this subject, a few years since, one of my pupils informed me of some facts, of a very decided character, in possession of his brother, J. M. Brooke, Esq., of the United States Navy. At my request he wrote to his brother, stating my wish for information. Mr. Brooke soon after very kindly wrote to me as follows:

WASHINGTON, Oct. 27, 1851. SIR: It affords me pleasure to comply with your request, made through my brother William, relative to some experiments performed on board of the U. S. steamer Princeton, in the latter part of the year 1847; she being then on a cruise in the Mediterranean. Nathaniel Bishop, the subject of the experiments, was a mulatto, about twenty-six years of age, in good health, but of an excitable disposition. The first experiment was of the magnetic or mesmeric sleep, which overpowered him in thirty minutes from the commencement of passes made in the ordinary way, accompanied with a steadfast gaze and effort of will that he should sleep.

In this state he was insensible to all voices but mine, unless I directed or willed him to hear others; he was also insensible to such amount of pain as one might inflict without injury, that is, what would have been pain to another. He would obey my directions to whistle, dance, or sing. When aroused from this sleep he had no recollection of what occurred while in it. That such an influence could be exerted I was already aware, having previously witnessed satisfactory experiments. Of clairvoyance I had never been convinced; indeed, considered it nothing more than a sort of dreaming produced by the will of the operator. I became aware of its truth rather through accident than design.

It happened one day that some one of my brother officers asked a question which the others could not answer. Bishop, who had been a few moments before in a mesmeric sleep, gave the desired information, speaking with confidence and apparent accuracy. As the information related to something which it seemed almost impossible to know without seeing, we were very much surprised. It struck me that he might be clairvoyant; and I at once asked him to tell me the time by a watch kept in the binnacle, on the spar or upper deck, we being on the berth or lower deck. He answered correctly, as I found upon looking at the watch, allowing eight

or nine seconds for time occupied in getting on deck. I then asked his many questions with regard to objects at a distance, which he answered and, as far as I could ascertain, correctly.

For example, one evening, while at anchor in the port of Genoa, the captain was on shore. I asked Bishop, in the presence of several officers, where the captain then was. He replied, "At the opera with Mr. Lester, the consul.” “What does he say?" I inquired. Bishop appeared to listen, and in a moment replied, The captain tells Mr. Lester that he was much pleased with the port of Xavia; that the authorities treated him with much consideration."

Upon this, one of the officers laughed, and said that when the captain returned he would ask him. He did so; saying, "Captain, we have been listening to your conversation on shore." "Very well," remarked the captain. "What did I say?" expecting some jest. The officer then repeated what the captain had said of Xavia and its authorities. Ah," said the captain, who was at the opera? I did not see any of the officers there." The lieutenant then explained the matter. The captain confirmed its truth, and seemed very much surprised, as there had been no other communication with the shore during the evening. I may remark that we had touched at several ports between Xavia and Genoa.

On another occasion, an officer being on shore, I directed Bishop to examine his pockets; he made several motions with his hands, as if actually drawing something from the officer's pockets, saying, "Here is a handkerchief, and here a box what a curious thing!- full of little white sticks with blue ends. What are they, Mr. Brooke?” I replied, "Perhaps they are matches." "So they are!" he exclaimed. My companions, expecting the officer mentioned, went on deck, and meeting him at the gangway, asked, "What have you in your pockets? "' "Nothing," he replied. "But have you not a box of matches?" "O, yes!" said he. "How did you know it? I bought them just before I came on board." The matches were peculiar, made of white wax with blue ends.

The surgeons of the Princeton ridiculed these experiments, upon which I requested one of them (Farquharson), to test for himself, which he consented to do. With some care he placed Bishop and myself in one corner of the apartment, and then took a position some ten feet distant, concealing between his hands a watch, the long second-hand of which traversed the dial. He first asked for a description of the watch. To which Bishop replied, "Tis a funny watch, the second-hand jumps."

The doctor then asked him to tell the minute and second, which he did; directly afterwards exclaiming, "The second-hand has stopped!" which was the case, Dr. F. having stopped it. "Well," said the doctor, "to what second does it point, and to what hour; and what minute is it now? Bishop answered correctly, adding, ""T is going again." He then told twice in succession the minute and second.

The doctor was convinced, saying that it was contrary to reason, but te must believe. I then proposed that the doctor should mark time; and directed Bishop to look in his mother's house in Lancaster, Pa. (where he had never been), for a clock; he said there was one there, and told the time by it; one of the officers calculated the difference in time for the longitudes of Lancaster and Genoa, and the clock was found to agree within five minutes of the watch time.

Several persons being still unconvinced, I proposed that the captain should select a letter from the files in his cabin and put it on the cabin table; and that Bishop should read it without leaving an apartment on

the deck below the cabin, and some distance forward of it. Upon this the captain sent for me, and telling me that all the discipline in the servico would be destroyed, ordered me to discontinue the practice. As Bishop retained his power of clairvoyance, I often amused myself in sending him to the United States, and, although I cannot assert that he always told the truth, I believe that in many instances he did so, as I have surprised persons when relating to them for confirmation such experiments in clairvoyance as concerned actions unknown, as they supposed, to any one but themselves.

As it was in my power to control Bishop in his wanderings, I usually limited his powers of observation, and meddled only so far in the affairs of my neighbors as might be honorable.

The power which I acquired by putting him to sleep remained after he woke, and was increased by its exercise. If not exerted for several days it decreased, sometimes rendering it necessary to repeat the passes and again put him to sleep. While awake and under my influence, I made many experiments, such as arresting his arm when raising food to his mouth, or fixing him motionless in the attitude of drinking. On one occasion I willed that he should continue pouring tea into a cup already full, which he did, notwithstanding the exclamations of those who were scalded in the operation. These influences were exerted without a word or change of position on my part. He remembered or forgot what he saw when clairvoyant, as I willed, of which I satisfied myself by experiment. All his senses were under control, so completely, indeed, that had I willed him to stop breathing I believe that he would. You may wish to know something more with regard to my experience; if so, I shall bo happy to inform you. I am, sir, respectfully, Your obedient servant, J. M. BROOKE.

DR. WAYLAND,

Providence, R. I.

NOTE TO PAGE 115.

When treating on the subject of consciousness, I have referred to the fact of double consciousness, and alluded to two or three cases which have been published. Within a few days, a case has been brought to my notice by my former pupil, S. P. Bates, Esq., of Meadville, Penn., which has seemed to me more remarkable than any that I have met with elsewhere. Mr. Bates, at my request, procured me a narrative, written by the patient herself. I give it in her own words, omitting only such passages as add nothing to the intrinsic value of the relation. The extracts are from a letter addressed to her nephew, Rev. John V. Reynolds:

MY DEAR NEPHEW: I will now endeavor to give you a brief account of myself. When at the age of eighteen or twenty, I was occasionally afflicted with fits. In the spring of 1811, I had a very severe one. My frame was greatly convulsed, and I was extremely ill for several days. My sight and hearing were totally lost, and, during twelve weeks from the time of the fit mentioned, I continued in a very feeble state. But, at the end of five