Foot-ball is the game, par excellence, of Rugby, as cricket is of Eton. The fascination of this gentle pastime is its mimic war, and it is waged with the individual prowess of the Homeric conflicts, and with the personal valor of the Orlandos of mediæval chivalry, before villainous saltpetre had reduced the Knigh-errant to the ranks. The play is played out by boys with that dogged determination to win, that endurance of pain, that bravery of combative spirit, by which the adult is trained to face the cannon-ball with equal alacrity.-Quarterly Review, No. 204.

The instruction at Rugby retains the leading characteristics of the old school, being based on a thoroughly grounded study of Greek and Latin. But the treatment has been much improved: formerly the boys were ill-used, half imprisoned, and put on the smallest rations, a plentiful allowance of rod excepted; and a grim tower is pointed out in which a late pedagogue, Dr. Wooll, was accustomed to inflict the birch unsparingly. Nevertheless, in Wooll's time were added six exhibitions to the eight already instituted; books were first given as prizes for composition; and the successful candidates recited their poems before the trustees, thus establishing the Speeches.

To Dr. Wooll* succeeded Dr. Thomas Arnold, the second and moral founder of Rugby. Of the great change which he introduced in the face of education here, we can speak but in brief. Soon after he had entered upon his office, he made this memorable declaration upon the expulsion of some incorrigible pupils: “It is not necessary that this should be a school of three hundred, or one hundred, or of fifty boys; but it is necessary that it should be a school of Christian gentlemen.”

The three ends at which Arnold aimed were-first, to inculcate religious and moral principle, then gentlemanly conduct, and lastly, intellectual ability. One of his principal holds was in his boy sermons that is, in sermons to which the young congregation could and did listen, and of which he was the absolute inventor. The feelings of love, reverence, and confidence which he inspired, led his pupils to place implicit trust on his decision, and to esteem his approbation as their highest reward. His government of the school was no reign of terror; he resorted to reasoning and talking as his first step, which failing, he applied the rod as his ultima ratio, and this for misdemeanors inevitable to youth-lying, for instance and best cured by birch. He was not opposed to fagging, which boys accept as part and parcel of the institution of schools, and as the servitude of their feudal system; all he aimed to do was to regulate, and, as it were, to legalize the exercise of it. The keystone of his government was in the Sixth Form, which he held to be an intermediate power between the master and masses of the school; the

* Dr. Wooll was small in stature, but powerful in stripes; and under his head-mastership Lord Lyttleton suggested for the grim closet in which the rods are kept, the witty motto: "Great Cry and Little Wool."-See the Book of Rugby School, its History and Daily Life. 1856.

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value of which internal police he had learned from the Prefects at Winchester. But he carefully watched over this delegated authority, and put down any abuse of its power. The Præpositors themselves were no less benefited. By appealing to their honor, by fostering their self-respect, and calling out their powers of governing their inferiors, he ripened their manhood, and they early learnt habits of command; and this system, found to work so well, is continued, and with many of its excellent principles, is now acted on in most of the chief public schools of England.” Dr. Arnold died in 1841, on the day preceding his forty-seventh birth-day, having presided over the school for fourteen years: in the chapel at Rugby he rests from his labors, surrounded by those of his pupils who have been prematurely cut off. "Yet," touchingly says the Rugbeian writer in the Quarterly Review, "if they have known few of the pleasures of this world, they at least have not, like him, felt many of its sorrows, and death has not separated those who in life were united."

Dr. Arnold procured from the Crown a high mark of royal favor-her Majesty having founded an annual prize of a Gold Medal, to which several other prizes have been added. Dr. Arnold was succeeded in the head-mastership by the Rev. Dr. Tait, who retired on his appointment to the Deanery of Carlisle, in 1849; and who, in 1856, was preferred to the bishopric of London.

In the list of eminent Rugbeians are the Rev. John Parkhurst, the Greek and Hebrew lexicographer; Sir Ralph Abercrombie, the hero of Alexandria; William Bray, F.S.A., the historian of Surrey; Dr. Legge, Bishop of Oxford; Sir Henry Halford, Bart., Presi dent of the College of Physicians; Dr. Butler, editor of Æschylus, etc.

At the village of Harrow-on-the-Hill, ten miles north-west of London - where Lanfranc built a church, Thomas à Becket resiled, and Wolsey was rector -- in the reign of Elizabeth there lived a substantial yeoman named John Lyon. For many years previous to his death he had appropriated 20 marks annually to the instruction of poor children; and in 1571, he procured letters patent and a royal charter from the Queen, recognizing the foundation of a Free Grammar School, for the government of which, in 1592, he drew up the orders, statutes, and rules. The head-master is directed to be, "on no account, below the degree of Master of Arts; or the usher "under that of a Bachelor of Arts." They are always to be "single men, unmarried.” The stipends of the masters are settled; the forms specified; the

* Quarterly Review, No. 204. Review of Tom Brown's School-days, a real picture drawn at Rugby of a boy of his class, at the moment when Dr. Arnold was working out his great educational experiment.

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books and exercises for each form marked out; the mode of correction described; the hours of attending school, the vacations and play-day's appointed; and the scholars' amusements directed to be confined to "driving a top, tossing a hand-ball, running and shooting;" and for the last mentioned diversion all parents were required to furnish their children with "bow-strings, shafts, and braces to exercise shooting." In addition to scholars to be educated freely, the schoolmaster is to receive the children of parishioners as well as "foreigners; from the latter "he may take such stipends and wages as he can get, except that they be of the kindred of John Lyon the founder." The sum of 20%. was allotted for four exhibitions-two in Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge; the others in any college at Oxford - which scholarships have been increased. The revenues of the School estates which Lyon left are now very considerable; so that one portion of the property, which 70 years ago produced only 1007. a-year, now returns 40007.

*

The school was built about three years after Lyon's decease; the school-room, fifty feet in length, has large, square, heavyframed windows, and is partly wainscoted with oak, which is covered with the carved names of many generations of Harrovians. The plastered walls above the wainscot were formerly filled with names and dates, but they have been obliterated with whitewash. Boards have since been put up on which the names are neatly carved, in regular order and of uniform size.

Among these inscriptions are the names of Parr; Sheridan (only the initials R. B. S.); W. Jones (Sir William); Bennett (Bishop of Cloyne); Ryder (Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry); Murray (Bishop of Rochester); Dymock (the Champion); Ryder (Lord Harrowby); Temple (Lord Palmerston); Lord Byron; and Peel (Sir Robert); between the two last letters of the latter name is the name of Percival, as cut by the lamented statesman.

Above the school-room is the Monitors' Library. Here is a portrait of Dr. Parr; a portrait and bust of Lord Byron, and a sword worn by him when in Greece; and a superb fancy archery dress, worn on the day of shooting for the silver arrow, about the year 1766. Here, also, is a quarto volume of "Speech Bills."

* John Lyon is buried in Harrow Church: the brass of his tomb states, "who hath founded a free grammar-school in this parish to have continuance for ever; and for maintenance thereof, and for releyffe of the poore, and of some poore schollars in the universityes, repairing of highwayes and other good and charitable uses, hath made conveyance of lands of good value to a corporation granted for that purpose. Prayse be to the Author of all goodness, who makes us myndful to follow his good example." Over the tomb is a marble monument erected by Old Harrovians in 1813; the Latin inscription written by Dr. Parr; above, the sculptor, Flaxman, has represented a master and three pupils, said to be Dr. Butler, the then head-master, and the three Percevals, the sons of the Minister.

In the church also is a monument by Westmacott, to Dr. Drury, with a bass-relief of two boys contemplating the bust of their master; the likenesses of the boys are appropriated to Sir Robert Peel and Lord Byron. Here likewise is a mural monument to Dr. Summer, head-master, with a Latin inscription by Dr. Parr. In the churchyard lies another headmaster, Dr. Thackeray, who introduced the Eton system of Education at Harrow, which, with few modifications, has continued in use ever since.

Near the School is the Speech Room, built by old Harrovians: the windows are filled with painted glass, and here is a painting of Cicero pleading against Catiline, painted by Gavin Hamilton. There is a Chapel for the accommodation of the scholars only; to which was added, in 1856, a “Memorial Chapel,” in honor of those officers who fell in the Crimean war, who had been educated at Harrow School.* The head-master's house is in the street of Harrow, and with the school buildings and chapel, is in the Elizabethan style. The device of the school is a lion, rampant, the armorial bearings of the founder, and a rebus of his name (motto, Stet Fortuna Domus), to which have been added two crossed arrows, denoting the ancient practice of archery enjoined by Lyon; and on the Anniversary, six or twelve boys shot for a silver arrow, the competitors wearing fancy dresses of spangled satin. The last arrow was contended for in 1771: the butts were set up on a picturesqued spot, "worthy of a Roman amphitheatre," at the entrance to the village.

Beyond the court-yard are courts for racket, a favorite game at Harrow. There is likewise a cricket-ground, and a bathingplace, formerly known as the Duck Puddle."

The scholars, chiefly the sons of noblemen and gentlemen, number about 400.

Among the eminent Harrovians are William Baxter, the antiquary and philologist; John Dennis, the poet and critic; Bruce, the traveler in Abyssinia; Sir William Jones, the Oriental scholar; the Rev. Dr. Parr; the heroic Lord Rodney; Richard Brinsley Sheridan ; Viscount Palmerston; the Marquis Wellesley; Mr. Malthus, the political economist; Spencer Perceval; Earl Spencer, who collected the magnificent library at Althorp; the Earl of Aberdeen; W. B. Proctor (Barry Cornwall), the poet; Lord Elgin, who collected the "Marbles" from the Parthenon; Lord Chancellor Cottenham; the Earl of Shaftesbury; and Lord Byron and Sir Robert Peel, both born in the same year, 1788.

EDUCATION OF JAMES I.

Prince James, only son of Mary Queen of Scots by Henry Lord Darnley, her second husband, was born in Edinburgh Castle, in 1566; and in consequence of the dethronement of his mother, was proclaimed King of Scotland by the title of James. VI. in the following year, principally through the preponderance of the chiefs of the Presbyterian party over the Roman Catholic leaders. The direction of James's childhood was intrusted to the Earl of Mar, governor of Stirling Castle. To imbue the mind of the prince as early and as deeply as possible with the principles which placed him upon the throne, was naturally regarded as an object of high importance; it was also considered that he should be early and thoroughly grounded in classical learning;

* In the Chapel, the Church, and the School, there is no distinction of seats for the sons of noblemen. It was for this reason that Rufus King, the American Ambassador, sent his sons to Harrow, as the only school where no distinction was shown to rank.-Smith's Handbook.

for which purpose the celebrated George Buchanan was appointed to the office of preceptor. Buchanan was sixty years older than the King of Scots: his faculties had, however, suffered nothing by age, for his great work, the History of Scotland, was the product of a still later period of his life. But his original faults of temper appear to have been aggravated into habitual moroseness; "that contempt also for the artificial distinctions of rank and fortune, so natural to men conscious of having elevated themselves from obscurity by the unaided force of native genius, was in Buchanan degenerated into a species of republican cynicism which often impelled him to trample on the pride of kings with greater pride than their own." It is said that he once took upon him to severely whip the young monarch, for disturbing him at his studies; and his general treatment of James may be collected from a speech used by him concerning a person in high place about him in England, "that he ever trembled at his approach, he minded him so of his pedagogue." The tutor, on his part, confessed a failure when, being reproached for making the King a pedant, he replied, that it was the best he could make of him. James, nevertheless, under the guidance of so able a master, accumulated a mass of erudition which formed through life his pride and boast; but his judgment was feeble, and his temperament cold. The most accomplished Latin poet and scholar of the age was unable to refine or elevate his taste; to inspire him with due respect for the public will, or warm his bosom with the sentiments of a patriot King; although with the latter view Buchanan wrote for James, then in his fourteenth year, a learned Latin dialogue concerning the Constitution of Scotland. Notwithstanding Buchanan addressed this to his pupil as a testimony of his affection, he must have made himself rather an object of awe than of love; or he (James) would have preserved so much respect for one of the first literary characters in Europe, and the founder of his own erudition, as neither to have suffered him to die in penury, nor to receive interment at the cost of the city of Edinburgh, which charged itself with this honorable burthen.

During the civil wars which agitated Scotland under the successive regencies of the Earls of Murray, Lenox, Mar, and Morton, the royal minor James remained tranquil and secluded in Stirling Castle; but in 1577, the Earls of Athol and Argyle succeeded in depriving Morton of the regency, and, gaining access to the young king, they persuaded him, then in his twelfth year, to take into his own hands the administration of the country. Morton shortly after repossessed himself of Stirling Castle, and of the custody of James's person; yet a parliament assem