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Charles Lamb, his cotemporary; Middleton, Bishop of Calcutta; Jeremiah Markland, the best scholar and critic of the last century; Samuel Richardson, the novelist; Joshua Barnes, the scholiast; Bishop Stillingfleet; Camden, "the nourrice of antiquitie;" and Campion, the learned Jesuit of the age of Elizabeth. Coleridge, Charles Lamb, and Leigh Hunt have published many interesting reminiscences of their cotemporaries in the school.

The subordinate establishment is at Hertford, to which the younger boys are sent pre paratory to their entering on the foundation in London. At Hertford there is likewise accommodation for 80 girls.

Besides the Lord Mayor, Court of Aldermen, and twelve members of the Common Council, who are Governors ex officio, there are between 400 and 500 other Governors, at the head of whom are the Queen and Prince Albert, with the Prince of Wales and Prince Alfred. The Duke of Cambridge is President. The qualification for Governor is a donation of 5001.; an Alderman may nominate a Governor for election at half-price. There are from 1400 to 1500 children on the foundation, including those at the branch establishment at Hertford. About 200 boys are admitted annually (at the age of from seven to ten years), by presentations of the Governors; the Queen, the Lord Mayor (two presentations), and the Court of Aldermen, presenting annually, and the other Governors in rotation, so that the privilege occurs about once in three or four years. A list of the Governors having presentations is published annually in March, and is to be had at the counting-house of the Hospital. "Grecians" and "King's Boys" remain in the school after they are fifteen years old; but the other boys leave at that age.

KING EDWARD'S SCHOOLS AT BIRMINGHAM, LICHFIELD,

TUNBRIDGE, AND BEDFord.

We have seen in the foregoing narrative that Endowments for Education are, probably, nearly as old as endowments for the support of the church. The monasteries had schools attached to them in many instances. Still, it must often have happened (thickly scattered though the monasteries were) that the child lived at an inconvenient distance from any one of them, and, probably, little was learned there after all. Before the Reformation, schools were also connected with chantries, and it was the duty of the priest to teach the children grammar and singing. Of this connection between schools and religious foundations, the keeping of them in the church, or in a building which was part of it, is an indication. (See page 38.) There are many schools still in existence which were founded before the Reformation, but a very great number was founded immediately after that event; and one object of Edward VI. in dissolving the chantries and other religious foundations then existing, was for the purpose of establishing Grammar Schools. But Strype assures us that the law for this purpose was grossly abused; for "though the public good was intended, yet private men had most. of the benefit, and the king and the commonwealth, the state of learning and the condition of the poor, were left as they were before, or worse." King Edward's Schools were founded out of tithes that formerly belonged to religious houses or chantry lands;

and many of these schools, owing to the improved value of their property, are now among the richest foundations of the kind in England. There is no doubt, it should be added, that the desire to give complete ascendancy to the doctrines of the Reformed Church weighed strongly with the founders of these schools; and the clergy were enjoined by proclamation "to exhort the people to teach their children the Lord's Prayer, the Creed, and the Ten Commandments in English;" the service of the church having been previously performed in Latin.

"The King's School" at Sherborne is said to have been the first of King Edward's foundation, in all probability owing this rank to the Protector Somerset, who at that time held the estates of Sherborne, Castle. The school premises, which are a fine specimen of olden architecture, were arranged by Bishop Jewel; and the foundation takes a high position among the leading schools of England.

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Birmingham Free Grammar School is one of the richest foundations of the kind, Edward having endowed it with the property of suppressed religious houses. The Guild of the Holy Cross yielded it lands of the yearly value of 217.; and the Governors were to nominate and appoint “a pedagogue and sub-pedagogue," with statutes and ordinances for the government of the school, "for the instruction of boys and youths in the learned languages." The value of the endowment had increased, in 1829, to upward of 3000l. a-year; and, in 1831, the Governors were empowered by law to build a new school for teaching modern languages, the arts and sciences; besides eight other schools for the elementary education of the poorer inhabitants of the town. The endowed income of this noble foundation is now 80007.; it has ten university exhibitions; and the number of scholars in the Grammar School is nearly 500. The school-house is a handsome stone structure, in the Tudor style; designed by Barry, the architect of the new Houses of Parliament.

Lichfield Free Grammar School was also founded in this reign. Here were educated Elias Ashmole, the antiquary; Gregory King, the herald; George Smalridge, Bishop of Bristol; Dr. Wollaston, author of the Religion of Nature; Addison, who was the son of a Dean of Lichfield; Lord Chief-Justices Willes and Wilmot; Lord Chief Baron Parker; Judges Noel and Lloyd; Dr. Samuel Johnson, who was born at Lichfield; David Garrick; and Henry Salt, the traveler in Abyssinia. As early as the reign of Henry III., the bishop of the diocese founded a religious establishment, but it subsequently went under the name of "The Hospital School;" in 1740 it merged into the Grammar School.

Tunbridge School, in Kent, is another of our richly-endowed grammar-schools, the benefits of which have been vastly extended. This school was founded by Sir Andrew Judd, Knight, a native of the town of Tunbridge. He acquired a large fortune in London by trade in furs, and he served as Lord Mayor in 1550, when, says Holinshed, "he erected one notable Free School at Tunbridge, in Kent, wherein he brought up and nourished in learning grite store of youth, as well bred in that shire as brought up in other counties adjoining. A noble act, and corresponding to others that have been done by like worshipful men, and others in old time, in the same cittie of London." Sir Andrew Judd obtained a charter from Edward VI., in 1553, which empowered him to buy land within a limited sum for the endowment of his school. After his death, this property was conveyed to the Skinners' Company for the same uses; Sir Andrew, by his will, executed in 1558, devising to the Company certain lands and houses "for the perpetual maintenance of the school that he had erected at Tunbridge." Judd Place, east and west, Tunbridge Place, Burton Crescent, Mabledon Place, Judd, Bidborough, Hadlow, Speldhurst and Leigh Streets, in London, and others in Pancras parish, are situated on this property. There is also property in Gracechurch Street, Cornhill, Bishopsgate, and other places in the city of London.

For a long time the produce of these estates was little more than sufficient to defray all the expenses with which the school had been charged by the founder; until the building leases granted on the property in Pancras parish, and the improvement in Leadenhall market, raised the revenues to some thousands per annum; and at the expiration of all the present leases, it is stated that the endowment of Tunbridge School will be the most valuable in the kingdom. In this school, all whose parents live within ten miles, in Kent, are foundationers; there are several exhibitions, a fellowship at St. John's College, Oxford, etc. The instruction is according to the doctrines of the Church of England; whereas, at the Birmingham School a boy may be excused all examination "in the fundamental principles and doctrines of the Christian religion," though examiners are appointed for this purpose.* *

The Grammar School of the Bedford Charity is likewise of King Edward's foundation, in 1552. There is, perhaps, no English town of similar extent equal to Bedford in the variety and magnitude of its charitable and educational establishments. But

*This is a very singular provision to introduce among the rules of one of King Edward's foundations, and its effect is to destroy one of the chief objects which the King had in view in establishing these schools.-On Grammar Schools, by George Long.

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the principal benefactor was Sir William Harpur, alderman of London, who endowed the above free-school for the instruction of the children of the town "in grammar and good manners conveying to the corporation 13 acres of land in the parish of St. Andrew, Holborn, for the support of the school, and for portioning poor maidens of the town; the overplus, if any, to be given in alms to the poor. There have been built upon the land Lamb's Conduit Street, Harpur Street, Theobald's Road, Bedford Street, Bedford Row, New North Street, and some smaller streets; and thus the property has gradually risen in value from below 1501 a-year, a quarter of a century since, to upward of 13,5007.! The income of the Grammar School is under 30007. a-year; there are about 160 scholars, and 8 exhibitions. The Warden and Fellows of New College, Oxford, are the visitors.

REIGN OF QUEEN MARY.

King Edward's aids to education were cut short by his early death. His successor, Queen Mary, was brought up from her infancy to the Roman Catholic religion; and during her brief reign, she was too much occupied with the sanguinary persecutions of the adherents to the Reformed doctrines, to attend to the business of public education; little is recorded of her girlhood, though she is said to have possessed a share of the distinguished vigor and ability of her family.

Mary, the only child of Henry VIII. and Katherine of Arragon who survived her parents, was born at Greenwich, in 1516. She was brought up from infancy under the care of her mother, and Margaret, Countess of Salisbury, the effect of whose instructions was not impaired by the subsequent lessons of the learned Ludovicus Vives, who, though somewhat inclined to the English religion, was appointed by Henry to be her Latin tutor. In her tenth year a separate establishment was formed for her, and she was sent to reside at Ludlow, with a household of 300 persons, and with the Lady Salisbury for her governess. The time she passed there was probably the happiest of her days, for her life was early embittered by the controversy regarding her parents' marriage. Mary was brought up in a profound veneration for the see of Rome, by her mother, with whom she naturally sided; and thus she gave deep offense to her imperious father. Entries in her Privy Purse Account from 1536 to 1544, published by Sir Frederic Madden, show Mary's active benevolence toward the poor, compassion for prisoners, friendly regard and liberality to her servants; and also indicate elegant pursuits and domestic virtues, for which in general she does not receive credit.

EDUCATION OF QUEEN ELIZABETH.

Elizabeth, the only surviving child of Henry VIII. by Anne Boleyn, was born at Greenwich, in 1533. She is considered by Ascham, one of her teachers, as having attained the lead of the lettered ladies of England at this period. Camden describes her as "of a modest gravity, excellent wit, royal soul, happy memory, and indefatigably given to the study of learning; insomuch as before she was seventeen years of age she well understood the Latin, French, and Italian tongues, and had an indifferent knowledge of the Greek. Neither did she neglect music, so far as it became a princess, being able to sing sweetly, and play handsomely on the lute. With Roger Ascham, who was her tutor, she read over Melancthon's Common Places, all Tully, a great part of the histories of Titus Livius, certain select orations of Isocrates (whereof two she turned into Latin), Sophocles' Tragedies, and the New Testament in Greek, by which means she framed her tongue to a pure and elegant way of speaking," etc. Ascham tells us in his Schoolmaster, that Elizabeth continued her Greek studies subsequent to her accession to the throne. "After dinner" (at Windsor Castle, 10th December, 1563), he says, "I went up to read with the Queen's Majestie: we read there together in the Greek tongue, as I well remember, that noble oration of Demosthenes against Æschines for his false dealing in his embassage to Philip of Macedonia." Elizabeth was for some time imprisoned by her sister, Queen Mary, at Woodstock. A New Testament is still preserved, which bears the initials of the captive princess, in her own beautiful handwriting, with the following mixed allusion to her religious consolations and solitary life: "I walk many times into pleasant fields of Holy Scriptures, where I pluck up goodly sentences by pruning, eat them by reading, chew them by musing, and lay them up at length in the high seat of memory; that, having tasted their sweetness, I may the less perceive the bitterness of this miserable life.”

Of Elizabeth's compositions (a few of which are in verse), her speeches to the parliament afford evidence of superior ability. She, like her royal predecessor, King Alfred, completed an English translation of Boethius's Consolations of Philosophy, which translation, partly in her Majesty's handwriting, and partly in that of her Secretary, was discovered about the year 1830, in the State Paper Office.

Mary, Queen of Scots, merits mention among the learned women of this age. She was sent by her mother, in her fifth year, to a convent in France, where she made such rapid progress in the literature and accomplishments of the time, that when vis

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