LONDON, MARCH, 1919 CONTENTS. - - No. 90. Paris Airship, 58-Double Falsehood, 60-Inscriptions The Poor Thresher'-Richard Baxter-" Nablette": : "Bontefeu " -Henry Bunnett, Artist-Virgil on Quarrels-Creighton on History. 66-Fable of Countryman-Garnham and Hillman-Glamorgan Volunteer Rangers-TennysonHerodias and St. John the Baptist's Head-R. Simp. son, Royal Farrier-Boumphrey Family-W. Fisher Shrapnel-Hawks to catch Salmon, 67-Francis Harvey of Natal-Cheveley and Tudgay, Painters-Cantwell Family Abanazar - Dudley Bernard J. Haggatt Helicon Lloyd - Susannah Owens- Bibliography of Epitaphs-Struwwelpeter' in English, 68-Lick into shape"-Coleridge on "Bully"-J. Turner, PainterIrrelagh'-Morland Gallery-Finkle Street-Bp. M. Heton-Dr. E. Hyde-French Proverb on Politics-St. Dunstan's-in-the-East-" Crest" of Crest-Cloth, 69-St. Hilda's, South Shields-Life of Marlborough'-Toad Juice Whistler: Pope-School Prize Compositions Stained Glass-Submerged Tracks-Author Wanted, 70. REPLIES:-Foundling Entries in Parish Registers, 71– Henry I.: a Gloucester Charter, 72-William Fleete of Selworthy-Pre-Raphaelite Stained Glass, 74-' Greek Anthology: Westminster and Eton-Maw FamilyPrudentius's 'Psychomachia'-" Mantle-maker's twist -Hon. Lieut. George Stewart, 75- Lady Tynte-Col. Macdonell's Duel with Norman Macleod - - Hengler Family-St. Cuthman, 76- The Newcomes-Richard I. The word cópos, darkness, came to be the equivalent of dúois. Again in the 'Odyssey' (XX. 356) we have ἱεμένων Ερέβοσδε ὑπὸ ζόφον. The idea of death as a departure westward will be found, I think, in the Greek Anthology'; but I cannot recall a passage, though in the epitaph on Heracleitus of Halicarnassus the poet, speaking of their nights of happy converse, says, ἥλιον ἐν λέσχῃ κατεδύσαμεν. in Captivity. 77-Marksball, Honywood Family, and Christmas Street Puppet Show-Matthew Arnold: Proving a Negative-E. Clerke-Authors Wanted, 83. NOTES ON BOOKS:-'Characters from the Seventeenth Century' -Chats on Royal Copenhagen Porcelain '— 'Genealogist,' Vol. XXXIV.-'Oxford Almanack.' OBITUARY:-The Right Hon. G. W. E. Russell. Notices to Correspondents. But indeed the parallels suggested by ancient wars are manifold. We might trace them in the strife of Greeks and Persians, but more forcibly still in the conflicts of Carthage and Rome. 6 66 the cold, calculating strategy of Bernhardi, 66 66 "has The reciprocation of feeling as shown by the Roman Delenda est Carthago its counterpart. in the " Eye for an eye, and tooth for a tooth "school now. The torture and inhumanity to prisoners of old are more than hinted at by Horace, when he says of Regulus : Atqui sciebat quæ sibi barbarus history repeats itself, and human nature repeats itself, in all ages! *For suggestions as to the history of the phrase Verily, in English see 12 S. iv. 218, 280, 337. After the battle of Zama in 202 B.C. in view of his tragic end), happened on the the armistice terms of Scipio Africanus line, were every whit as severe as those of Macte novâ virtute puer ! sic itur ad astra. Marshal Foch. In addition to all else, Of. a truth this is the Carthaginians were compelled to give transcending anything the Mantuan bard a parallelism indeed their entire fleet, save ten triremes: could dream of, though he sang of Dædalus up Naves rostratas præter decem triremes traderent (Livy, XXX. 37). And the spectacular end of these ships is described in chapter 43-they were publicly burnt on the high seas: "Naves provectas in altum incendi iussit. Quingentas fuisse omnis generis......quidam tradunt, quarum conspectum repente incendium tam lugubre fuisse Poenis quam si ipsa Carthago arderet.' And yet, with all these precautions, we may remember for our warning that there was a third Punic war. It is curious to note what some of the ancient writers say of Germany itself, and still more curious to think that all these centuries afterwards German professors are still editing, collating, and expounding these old writers. and Icarus. J. HUDSON. LONDON-PARIS AIRSHIP. ex A STRIKING anticipation of the events of to-day is provided by a handbill issued in 1835 (see illustration opposite). Both the airship and its parent society were derived from Paris, where, earlier in the same year, "The Aeronautical Society had on hibition at the Champ de Mars a similar airship, measuring 134 ft. long, 34 ft. high, and 25 ft. wide, constructed from the design of M. Lennon, a French officer, who was to have ascended with seventeen passengers and set them down in Hyde Park four hours later. So confident were the promoters of the success of this enterprise that one of them took up his residence in Sherrard Street, Golden Square, to be at hand when the airship arrived and supervise the return journey. Unfortunately the balloon burst while being filled, Posidonius, who wrote before Cæsar, and the crowd-estimated to exceed 100,000 speaks of the huge appetites of the Germans,-rushed in and tore it to pieces. A fragand, I think, Mela does the same. Every ment of the envelope is preserved in vol. iv. schoolboy must recall from the background of Aeronautica Illustrata' in the Patent of his earliest Latin memories the words of Office Library. Caesar, i. 1: "Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belga, proximique sunt Germanis qui trans Rhenum incolunt.' Tacitus (Germania,' 23) alludes to the fondness of the Germans for beer; they have for their beverage (" potui "), he says, humor ex hordeo aut frumento in quamdam similitudinem vini corruptus.' This is one of the earliest references to what we call malt liquor. Even where Tacitus praises the Germans, as he often does, his words bear a sinister significance in the light of later experience; e.g., Germania,' 24, with reference to their gambling debts: "Ea est in "Ea est in re prava pervicacia; ipsi fidem vocant." The The The Eagle here illustrated was an enterprise of the same company, which was now known as The European Aeronautical Society," and the designer and chief showman as "Count de Lennox." The Mechanics' Magazine (July 18, 1835) provides some interesting measurements. balloon or gasholder was covered with 2,400 yards of cotton lawn, thoroughly varnished to make it airtight; its capacity is said to have been 7,000 cubic feet. car or packet boat is 75 ft. long and 7 ft. high; the framework of wood with strong netting all round to prevent any of the crew or passengers from falling out." The vessel was to be propelled or directed to favourable currents of air by four wings, each formed of 80 movable flaps of varnished lawn. Except an allusion to Italiam læti socii clamore salutant. cabin containing the machinery," no in'Æn.' III. 524. formation is afforded of the situation and And another, after Lieut. Warneford's design of the propelling force. The sails brilliant exploit in bringing down a Zeppelin at the ends were for steering, or alterna(and the passage gains added significance tively to add to the propelling force by Had we consulted Virgil, the Bath Kol of medieval times, as he was once consulted for oracular purposes, a practice which developed into the Sortes Virgiliana-had | we so consulted him during the progress of the War, doubtless many strikingly apposite quotations might have been forthcoming. One such reader, on the very day (May 24, 1915) that Italy joined the Allies, lighted upon the line, "the 160 feet long; 50 feet high 40 feet wide. Constructed for establishing direct Communications between the several?" Aerial Navigation. WILL BE MADE FROM. London to Paris and Back again. May be viewed from Six in the Morning till Dusk in the Dock Yard of the Society, at the entrance of Kensington, Victoria Road, facing Kensington Gardens, between the First Turnpike from Hyde Park Corner, and the avenue. to Kensington. Palace. Admittance every Day of the Week, 1s. Free Admission the whole Year (Sundays and Holidays included) for Members of the Society and their Frioado. Every Yearly Subscriber becomes a Member of the Society, and as such entilled not only to permanent Free Admission for himself, but also to the right of tattoducing at all times without any charge & Party of Friends not exceeding 8. Every Subscriber for Six Months enjoys the privilege of Free Admission with. Four Friends, during the whole period of bio Sabeeription.. Subscribers for Three Months are entitled to the same personal privilege of Free Adiajssion, but with Two Friends only. Sabscriptions received at the Dock Yard of the Society, for the Whole Tear 2 Guineas. 6 Months 1 Guinea. 3 Months Half Guinea Semon, Printer, near the Admiral Keppel, Brompton Facsimile of Handbill Issued in 1885. taking advantage of favourable winds. A Theobald. None of the recognized means careful examination of all the printed can be employed uniformly the verse's matter relating to it has not disclosed how-mechanism cannot easily be set down on if in any manner the ship moved. The percentage bases; its incalculable music wheels or rollers under the car or packet has been robbed of much of its individuality; boat also do not receive notice; so, although the dramatic technique and the characterithey are an intelligent suggestion of land-zation afford no sound criteria; and the ing wheels, we must suppose they only imagery, the habit of thought, the diction, aided the movement of the ship about the showground. and the sentence-building of the original writer or writers have been so overlaid that A long letter of this Count de Lennox, definite results are not to be looked for. asking for the loan of 200l., points out that There has of recent years been a tendency at least 20,000 persons would pay a shilling among University critics-who are apparor more to see it, and the person addressed ently deaf to the differences between the could have his own representatives at the lyrical swing of the verse of Fletcher, the ticket office to secure the recovery of his noble march of the verse of Beaumont, the proportion of the receipts. The enter- subtle music of the verse of Shakespeare, prise was suspect from the first; thus The and the frigid rhetorical cadence of MasMorning Herald (July, 1835) concludes a singer-to judge the authorship of Elizalong note: "We should hope that their bethan plays almost entirely by diction; argonautics will not end in their obtaining and to such an absurd length has this been a Golden Fleece without the trouble of carried that one even objected to my attrisailing." bution of certain short passages of a The airship was removed on a Monday Shakespearian play to Massinger on the evening early in September to Vaux- ground that they showed none of his hall Gardens, and an illustrated broadside favourite phrases, though, if this view were printed and sold by G. Smeeton was re- pressed honestly and consistently to its issued, Now exhibiting at Vauxhall Gar- logical conclusion, Massinger would be dens" being substituted for Which is robbed of 25 per cent of his acknowledged shortly to ascend from Kensington." A work. rumour that it had been destroyed was contradicted, but it was ultimately seized for debt by the Sheriff of Middlesex, and removed in three wagons, a newspaper (the cutting not identified) commenting: Behold the farce of the bottle conjurer over again." 66 66 I have failed to trace the subsequent fate of the Eagle. It was on exhibition at Vauxhall on Sept. 12, when an ascent in twelve days' time, with Count Lennox, his wife, and six other persons, was promised; but I have been unable to discover anything further. ALECK ABRAHAMS. 'DOUBLE FALSEHOOD': SHAKESPEARE, FLETCHER, AND THEOBALD. (See ante, p. 30.) TURNING now to the internal evidence, it is to be said that the determination of the authorship of the play is no easy matter, by reason of the fact that it has been, in the words of the royal licence prefixed to the 1728 edition, "with great labour and pains revised and adapted to the stage by The first and best test is that of the ear, for those who have ears; the secondary tests should be mathematical and mechanical, dealing with the mechanism of the sentence and with the mechanism of the verse (though some tests, it is to be noted, are much less valuable than others, since the characteristics they deal with deliberate and easily imitable, while the characteristics dealt with by other tests are neither the one nor the other); and then on the third line comes the diction; while the technique, the characterization, the imagery, and the habit of thought must remain very unreliable guides. are Farmer and Dyce considered the play Shirley's; but I fail to see any reason for such an attribution. Massinger also has been suggested; but there are not in the whole play half-a-dozen lines that in the very slightest degree remind me of that dramatist. Of those writers with whom the play has never been connected on any grounds (however slight) of external evidence, Beaumont is the only one of whom I am sufficiently reminded to warrant any real examination of his claim; and, when one bears in mind his connexion with Fletcher and the date of the play, one may be justified in adding his name to the names I of Shakespeare, Fletcher, and Theobald as And this from IV. i. :— Mr. Bradford was the first critic to note (or at least the first to announce the fact) that a new voice became audible in the third scene of Act III.; and here let me remark that with Mr. Bradford's division of the play between the two original authors I am in almost complete agreement—a fact which may be worthy of note, inasmuch as the result was not obtained by a mere checking of Mr. Bradford's work, but by an entirely independent examination, a comparison being made only after I had obtained my own results and formed my own conclusions. According to these, there is no Fletcher in the play prior to III. iii., but thenceforward he is dominant. In that scene both Fletcher and Theobald are detectable, but Theobald has revised only the first nine speeches, the remainder of his work being limited to the providing of a closing couplet. The opening part of IV. i. (to Julio's entry) is Fletcher's, either pure or as revised by Theobald; and his too is that part of the scene lying between Violante's re-entry and the entry of Roderick, the conclusion being Theobald's. The next scene, as far as "And those to come shall sweetly sleep together," is wholly Fletcher's (though not very characteristic of him), with the exception of the song, which must be Theobald's: none of the Elizabethans would have fathered it. The latter part of the scene shows Theobald patching Fletcher's work. We have more alteration of Fletcher in V. i.; and we have the same writer and reviser present in the final scene from "Thou art a right one," though as far as "Duke. Weep not, child," is untouched (but not particularly characteristic) Fletcher, while from "Leon. The righteous pow'rs at length have crown'd our loves," nothing of the original writer is left. I may, I think, safely direct the attention of any one who knows Fletcher (bearing in mind that it is the Fletcher of the period of 'Two Noble Kinsmen' and 'Henry VIII.' Honest Man's Fortune,' and not the Fletcher of the period of 'Rule a Wife') to such a passage as this from III. iii. :— She's stol'n away; and whither gone I know not. Cam. She has a fair blessing in being from you, and sir. I was too poor a brother for your greatness : And have your titles rais'd. My state was And my alliance scorn'd. I've lost a son too, Mast. Have you learnt the whistle yet, and And how to make the dog bring in the strayers? Mast. That's a good child: why dost thou 'Tis certainly a woman. [Aside.]—Speak, my boy. Viol. Heav'n! how I tremble !-'Tis unusual to me Mast. To find such kindness at a master's hand Viol. sir ?— 'Would I were five miles from him! How he now I cannot get this false man's memory Mr. Bradford has no hesitation about |