Horace White, lieutenant-governor, filled out the rest of the term). The administration of Governor Hughes was one of the most important of any since the war. His first act was an attempt to remove Otto Kelsey, the State superintendent of insurance, for inefficiency, which the senate refused to ratify, and Mr. Kelsey refused to resign. A bill for making the salaries of women teachers equal to that of men in the same grade was vetoed. A long continued struggle was carried on through the latter part of his administration to secure the enactment of some form of direct primaries bill, a special session of the legislature even being called in June 1910, but without direct result, the Cobb bill, a compromise, failing of passage by only one vote. A progressive inheritance tax law was enacted. Other noteworthy legislative enactments, inspired for the most part by Governor Hughes, were (1) a law prohibiting gambling at race tracks, passed in 1908; (2) a law authorizing additional railroad construction in New York City, passed in 1909; and (3) the creation of the public service commission to exercise jurisdiction over all matters connected with public transportation and public utilities. In 1910 an act was passed licensing and regulating private banking; the child-labor laws were amended by two acts so that now no minor under 16 years of age is permitted to work in any mercantile establishment, office, hotel or as a messenger for more than 54 hours a week, nine hours a day, or between 7 at night and 8 in the morning. Among important acts of 1911 were the following: A law reapportioning the Congressional districts of the State; a direct State tax of $6,072,763; a direct primary law was passed, providing for the direct nomination of all party candidates for public office except those voted for by the voters of the entire State, and also excepting town, ward and village officers and school directors and trustees. The candidates for State offices are nominated by State conventions, but the delegates to these conventions are nominated by a direct vote. 1911-12. John A. Dix, governor. The most important legislation of his first year's administration was the passage of a compromise election bill that provides for direct primaries in all but the State offices, which are still left to a convention. Other legislation of importance created commissions to investigate manufacturing conditions in cities of the first and second class, and to look into the production and distribution and consumption of food products in the State. Laws for highway improvement, pure food products and for rapid transit subways in New York City were passed. Labor laws were passed designed to prevent the working in factories of children under 16 at night and for more than eight hours a day or six days in the week, of males under 18 years of age for more than six days a week or 54 hours in a week, or between the hours of midnight and four o'clock in the morning, of females under 21 before six o'clock in the morning or after nine in the evening, or more than six days in the week or 54 hours in a week. 1913. William Sulzer, governor. The legislative session was one of unusual excitement owing to the removal by impeachment of Governor Sulzer. Lieutenant-Governor Glynn who succeeded him recommended to the legislature the passing of laws adopting the Massachusetts simplified ballot, the enactment of a law abolishing State conventions in party nominations and a workmen's compensation law - all of which were adopted. Several measures restricting the hours of labor were passed and the construction of certain types of tenement-houses were enacted. Important laws about vocational and industrial education in public schools and for medical inspection were passed. Vital statistics were taken from the control of local authorities and placed under the State department of health. Sales of securities by brokers were restricted by the Anti-Bucket Shop Law, and a commission appointed to examine the subject of pensions for widowed mothers. A department of efficiency and economy in the public service was created. 1914. Martin H. Glynn, governor. Little legislation of importance was enacted at this session, the most important being a law to permit second and third-class cities to adopt optional forms of charters such as those providing for a city manager and a commission form of government. An extra session had to be called to get the necessary appropriation bills through. 1915-18. Charles Whitman, governor. As a result of the report of a former commission established to investigate the question of pensions for widowed mothers a bill was passed providing for such pensions and a child welfare board set up in each county. A bill to set up State-wide prohibition was defeated. The influence of the war in Europe began to make itself felt. A military training commission was created and was to work with the State board of regents in setting up courses in the schools in physical training and in giving instruction in military training not to exceed three hours a week. Laws were passed for the improvement of the State Guard and the Naval Militia. Railroads were prohibited from employing any one who could not read or understand English. The Great European War into which the United States entered in April 1917 affected legislation very much. Bills were passed compelling boys between the ages of 16 and 19 years of age to undergo military training, for taking a military census of the State, for increasing the National Guard, for registering aliens, creating a council of farms and markets, establishing a commission on food production and supply and creating a council for State defense. A bill creating town boards of education and one providing for a school board in every city of the State, and making uniform their powers and duties, were passed, though the former was later repealed in the 1918 session. A department of State police, consisting of four troops of 45 men each, was created. The legislation continued to be much affected by the war and the conditions growing out of it. The discovery made by the military authorities that there were large numbers of people in the State who could not read English led to the proposal of an amendment to the constitution requiring that all voters after 1 Jan. 1920 must be able to read and write English. Bills were passed providing for military training for all boys 16 to 19 years of age; for instruction in patriotism and citizenship in all the schools of the State; requiring all persons between the ages of 18 and 50 to work 36 hours a week at . Two scenes from the construction of the new Storm King highway in the highlands of the Hudson River. The lower picture shows how the rock is blasted out in the most difficult engineering job ever undertaken by the State Highway Department. The upper picture gives a good idea of how the completed road will look in certain sections Two views of the Barge Canal. Upper picture shows Bushnell's Basin between Rochester and Lockport; lower picture, the highest lift lock in the world at the city of Little Falls useful labor, known as the Anti-Loafing Law; prohibiting the use in public schools of any textbooks containing seditious matter or material showing disloyalty to the United States; authorizing the State food commission to deal in food, and thus regulate the price, and preventing the taking of excess profits known as profiteering. Attempts to have the legislature ratify the National Prohibition Amendment and to pass a minimum wage bill for women and minors and one for restoring the State nominating convention for certain offices failed. 1919. Alfred Smith, governor. Exactly 4,000 bills were introduced at this legislative session, but comparatively few became law. The fact that the governor was a Democrat and the legislative houses both Republican had much to do with the seeming barrenness of the legislative program. At times a few Republican senators bolted their party and enabled the govnor to get through some of his measures. In his message Governor Smith had recommended certain social and industrial welfare legislation, most of which failed of passage. On the other hand, his recommendations for increases in salaries of school teachers in both rural districts and cities went through, as did also the measure for co-operating with New Jersey in the matter of constructing a vehicular tunnel under the Hudson River between New York and New Jersey, and for reorganizing the public service commission in New York City. The legislature ratified the Federal Prohibition Amendment, passed bills imposing an income tax, providing for the instruction of illiterates and non-English-speaking persons over 16 years of age, establishing State scholarships for soldiers, sailors and marines in the Great War and providing for a bridge over the Mohawk River at Schenectady known as the Great Western Gateway. Bills providing for municipal ownership of public utilities, for leasing State hydro-electric power to private corporations and for the sale of 3 per cent beer failed of enactment. John Haring, President pro tem. John Haring, President pro tem. Abraham Yates, Jr., President pro tem.. Abraham Yates, Jr... Peter Van Brugh Livingston.. 1775 1775 2 November 1775 Peter R. Livingston.. 26 September 1776 1623 Abraham Ten Broeck. Adriaen Jorisszen Tienpoint, Director' Cornelis Jacobzen Mey, Director.. Richard Nicolls, Governor.. Francis Lovelace, Governor. George Clinton. Daniel D. Tompkins. Died 5 March 1701. 44 1804-07 Before 1709 the administration of government, when the offices of governor and lieutenant- governor were vacant, was vested in the council, the right to preside being lodged in the eldest councillor. From 1702 to 1738 New York and New Jersey had a joint executive. 7 John West, seventh Lord De La Warr, was appointed governor in June 1737, and resigned the title in September 1737; but he never came to this country or qualified for the office. 8 A military governor during the Revolutionary War, not recognized by the State of New York. Bibliography.- HISTORY: Alexander, D. S., 'Political History of the State of New York' (3 vols., New York 1906-09); Broadhead, J. R., History of the State of New York' (rev. ed., 2 vols., New York 1871-74); Dougherty, J. H., 'Constitutional History of the State of New York (2d ed., New York 1915); Earle, A. M., 'Colonial Days in Old New York' (New York 1896); Griffis, W. E., 'Story of New Netherland (Boston 1909); Irving, W., 'History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty by Diedrich Knickerbocker) (New York 1902); Janvier, T. A., Dutch Founding of New York (New York 1903); Lincoln, C. Z., Constitutional History of New York' (5 vols., Rochester 1906); Lossing, B. J., The Empire State) (Hartford 1888); O'Callaghan, E. B., History of New Netherland' (2 vols., New York 1846-48); Phisterer, F., New York in the War of the Rebellion (3d ed., Albany 1912); Roberts, E. H., New York, the Planting and the Growth of the Empire State' (new ed., 2 vols., New York 1904); Satterlee, H. L., Political History of the Province of New York' (New York 1885); Schuyler, G. W., Colonial New York (2 vols., New York 1885); Sowers, D. C., Financial History of New York State from 1789 to 1912) (New York 1914); Stebbins, H. A., Political History of the State of New York, 1865-1869) (New York 1913); Sullivan, J., Government of the State of New York (New York 1905); Publications of the New York State Historical Society (New York 1811 et seq.); Calendar of Historical Manuscripts' (2 vols., Albany 1865-66); Calendar of Historical Manuscripts relating to the War of the Revolution' (2 vols., New York 1868); Publications of the New York State Department of Education (Albany 1897 et seq.). ECONOMICS, ETC.: Conant, C. A., Progress of the Empire State' (New York 1913); Cram, G. F., Descriptive Review of the Commercial, Industrial, Agricultural and Historical Development of the State of New York' (New York 1913-14); Hasse, A. R., 'Index of Economic Material in Documents of the States of the United States: New York, 1789-1904) (Washington 1908); Tarr, R. S., Physical Geography of New York State (New York 1902); Publications of the New York Academy of Sciences (New York 1881 et seq.); Publications of the State Geological Survey (Albany 1838 et seq.); Natural History of the State of New York' (22 vols., Syracuse 1842–79). HUGH HASTINGS, Formerly New York State Historian. Revised by JAMES SULLIVAN, Director of the Division of Archives and History of the University of the State of New York. NEW YORK, N. Y., the chief city of the United States; its largest aggregate population, its richest financial centre and market, its greatest commercial port and its most productive manufacturing area. Moreover, New York holds the same proud position relatively in the whole world. No other city has so large a population within equivalent boundaries; no other city controls so great monetary wealth or buys and sells so great a value of commodities; no other city handles so large a volume of foreign commerce; and no other city manufactures an equal value of commercial articles. Topography. The city of New York is located on New York Bay, at the mouth of the Hudson River, and extends to and along the Atlantic Ocean_eastwardly from the bay. The whole of the East River and of the Harlem River and the southwesterly end of Long Island Sound are included within its boundaries. The larger part of the city lies east of the Hudson, but Staten Island, lying adjacent to the New Jersey shore, and forming the southwestern shore of the Upper Bay and the northwestern shore of the Lower Bay, is an important section of the city. The East River, so-called, is not a river in the strict meaning of the word, but a strait connecting the Upper Bay with Long Island Sound. Since the cutting of the ship canal between it and Spuyten Duyvil Creek, Harlem River has become a similar tidal connection between the Hudson River and the East River. Other bodies of water lying within the city limits are Newtown Creek, Wallabout Creek, Jamaica Bay, Bronx River and Hutchinson River, besides several smaller streams. Population. The people composing this greatest of all cities, as counted by the New York State census of 1 June 1915, numbered 5,047,221. Numerous complaints of omissions on the part of the State enumerators led to a city census by the police department which placed the number of inhabitants at 5,585,772. This population is made up of three principal groups, the largest being the foreign-born white; the second in size being the native whites born of foreign parentage; the third, the native whites of native parentage. The latest authoritative figures by which these groups may be differentiated are those of the United States census of 1910. In that year the number of foreign-born whites was 1,927,713, out of a total of 4,766,883, or 41 per cent. These foreigners represented over 60 different nations, |