suggests so much. The words are phrase he means the day he is writing meaningless when the death and the on! And he heads his letter, "Loncause of death have been ascertained, don, 11th September" Į Mr. Gairdner, none the less, argues that We have never seen the advocates of the queen spoke after the event of the Queen Mary Stuart driven to conten8th September. First, De Quadra does tions quite so strange as this,- quite not say, in so many words, that his so desperately at bay. For De Quadra, conversation with Cecil occurred on the to suit Mr. Gairdner, cannot be writing day (September 3) of his first talk with before the 9th, for Elizabeth could not the queen. He only says: "I spoke have heard of Amy's death before the with the queen, afterwards I met Cecil, 9th; and he is laboring to prove that and on the following day the queen told Elizabeth said she was "dead, or nearly me Lady Dudley was dead or dying." so," after news arrived of the fact. But De Quadra, heading his letter Sep-Therefore De Quadra must be writing tember 11, says, "Just now the queen on the 9th or 10th. But his interview told me that she does not intend to with the queen cannot, if it is to help marry." Mr. Gairdner is driven to say, | Mr. Gairdner, be earlier than the 9th. 66 Though he appears to have begun his Yet De Quadra, instead of saying, if he letter before the 11th, the day on which is writing on the 9th, "the queen told he certainly finished it, there is nothing me to-day," or if he met her on the 9th to prevent our supposing that he began and wrote on the 10th, "the queen it on the 9th or 10th, and had the inter- told me yesterday," of Amy's condition, view with Cecil that same day. Now dates the conversation "the day after” even on 9th September Elizabeth must this undated talk with Cecil ! have known of Amy's death." How ? To argue thus is certainly, in an inLeicester was at Windsor on September nocent and Thackerayan sense, to “ con9, when he got the news. On Septem-spire in history" for Elizabeth. No ber 11 the queen was in London; prob- Marian has so decidedly allowed his ably she was at Windsor on September 9, otherwise she could scarcely have known so early. But, however this may be, there is nothing in the letter to show, or as far as we see to suggest, that De Quadra began his letter before the day he dated it, the 11th. If he heads his letter September 11, as in Mr. In what circumstances did Amy break Froude's copy, then he wrote it from her neck "down, a pair of stairs"? the beginning on September 11; he did Mr. Bartlett, a local antiquary, found not commence it on the 9th or 10th, that "it was a circular newel stone after an interview with Elizabeth on staircase" that Amy fell down, one of these days. Had he done so he Mr. Gairdner says, a corkscrew stairwould have said, "just now," or "to-case. 99 On the other hand, the event day," "the queen on her return from was described at the moment as a fall hunting told me" of Amy's parlous from a pair of stairs," which, "in the state. west of England, means a staircase with two landings."1 About the whole business a messenger was at once sent from Cumnor to Dudley at Windsor, "by whom I do understande that my wife is dead, and, as he saithe, by a fall from a pair of staires. Little other understanding can I have from him," and nobody has had "other understanding Mr. Gairdner's theory requires us to believe this: A man had an interview with the queen on September 3. He also (ex hypothesi) had an interview with her on the 9th or 10th. He is (still ex hypothesi) writing on the 9th or 10th. He speaks of his interview of the 3rd, of a conversation with Cecil "afterwards," and of another conversation "the day after this,” by which affections to influence his judgment. Here, then, we have damnum minatum: popular report, the words of Cecil, declare that Amy is to be poisoned; the queen says she is dead or dying; and then comes malum secutum, Amy breaks her neck. 66 1 Canon Jackson, Nineteenth Century, p. 426. as ever since. 66 Yet Dudley's letters and de-ing down "a pair of stairs; "' and if meanor are entirely compatible with Amy was so desperately ill as Elizabeth innocence, and lend themselves to no announced, she would not be running other interpretation; which, of course, at top speed down a corkscrew staironly deepens the mystery. The letters, case, as Mr. Gairdner suggests. As to or rather copies of them, are in the Dudley, he commanded Blount to use Pepys collection at Magdalene, Cam- all devises and means for the learning bridge, and are published in Lord Bray- of the truth," "the bottom of the brooke's edition of Pepys. They state matter," and to bid the coroner choose that on Sunday, September 8, there was "the discreetest and substantial men a fair at Abingdon. Mr. Gairdner can for the jury." He also sent for Amy's find no record of such a fair; but it was half-brother, Appleyard, and her illethe Feast of Our Lady. Very early gitimate brother, Arthur Robsart, to on Monday, Dudley sent Sir Thomas attend the legal proceedings. The jury Blount, one of his officers, from Wind-" could find no presumption of evil sor into Oxfordshire, on what errand dealing." Dudley suggested that a secwe know not; Blount met Bowes com- ond jury should be summoned, but this ing from Cumnor with the following was perhaps not done, though a second news: On Sunday, Amy sent all her jury may have sat.1 people to Abingdon. Mrs. Odingsell, Certainly, on all this showing, Dudsister of Mr. Hyde, declined to go. ley was guiltless. But Canon Jackson, Amy was left in the house with this innocently conspiring again, adduces lady, Mrs. Owen, and Forster's_ser-Sir Nicholas Throgmorton, ambassador vants. Nothing is here said about Fors- in Paris, as 'harboring no suspicion ter and Varney. When Amy's servants or unkind feelings on Dudley's part came back from the fair, Amy was lying towards the wife of his youth." dead at the foot of the staircase in the Canon Jackson had before his eyes hall. How long had she been dead? what Mr. Froude says about ThrogWhy was she allowed to lie there ? morton: "He at least refused to credit Here all information stops. No record the Cumnor Inquest.” 2 "So far, meof the coroner's jury can be found. thinks," Throgmorton wrote to Cecil, On receiving Bowes's message, Dud-"I already see into the matter, as I ley did not hurry from Windsor to wish myself already dead, because I Cumnor as soon as a horse could be would not live to see unto that day," saddled. It is urged, with truth, that of Dudley's marriage to Elizabeth. his presence at Cumnor might have" If it take place, we shall be opprounduly influenced a jury, yet a fond brium hominum et abjectio plebis.” husband could hardly have stayed at finally sent to Elizabeth his secretary, Windsor. On Tuesday Blount heard Mr. Jones, whose letter to Throgmorfrom Amy's maid, Mrs. Pinto, "who ton is in the Hardwicke Papers (i. 163). dearly loved her," that "she judged Jones carried Throgmorton's message it chance, and neither done by man nor verbally: he "vehemently inveighed by herself, for she was a good virtuous against Dudley's race," but the queen gentlewoman, and daily would pray only laughed! "She thereon told me upon her knees; and divers times I that the matter" (of Amy's death) have heard her pray to God to save her" had been tried in the country, and from desperation." The girl, however, denied that she suspected Amy of suicidal tendencies. Her desperation, for all that we are told, may have been theological, like Cowper's, or may have been produced by Dudley's relations. with the queen, and by the rumors of an intended attempt on her life. But no one would commit suicide by jump He found to be contrary to that which was 1 Froude, i. 287, note 2. As 3 October 26, 1560, in the Hardwicke Papers, i. 121-124. mits that there had been an attempt of | after Amy's death. He admitted that some kind, and by some one.' Neither Leicester had procured him the office of Canon Jackson nor Mr. Gairdner al- high sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk, "to ludes to this curious phrase of Eliza- gain him credit and countenance," the beth's, which only serves to darken the year after Amy died, and that Leicesobscure. The queen heard Jones gra- ter had got him posts of emolument ; ciously, even when he rehearsed the but it is plain that he expected more. terms of veneficii et malefici reus. ." He admitted having said that he had The queen was looking ill; "the mat- often asked Leicester "to countenance ter of my Lord Robert doth much per- him in the prosecuting of the trial of plex her, and it is never like to take the murder of his sister." He admitted place." She had deferred creating him having said that, though he held the a peer, cutting up the papers with a earl innocent, yet there had been foul knife. play. He admitted having said that the jury (the second jury?) "had not as yet given up their verdict." Thus we make no progress; we only find that Throgmorton, at the moment, was no believer in Dudley, as Canon Jackson, by a curious letter found at Longleat, shows Lord Huntingdon to have been, or like Throgmorton, who also wrote a letter of condolence, to have pretended to be. There remains one circumstance in which Mr. Gairdner shows Mr. Froude to have pressed too hard on Dudley. We have heard of Appleyard, high sheriff of Norwich, Amy's half-brother, whom Dudley sent to the inquest. In 1567 Appleyard was examined by the Council concerning certain words which he had used about the affair. "He admitted," says Mr. Froude, "that the investigation had, after all, been inadequately conducted." In fact, Appleyard did not so much admit this, as admit that he had said this; and, under pressure of prison and hunger, he withdrew his remarks. His evidence is worthless to either side. First, when he grumbled against Leicester, he was really trying to "blackmail" him, to extort money or money's worth. When he withdrew his imputations, it was under stress of bonds, ruin, and imminent starvation. The story, in a nutshell, is this: In 1567 (the year of Mary's trial, such as it was, about the Casket Letters), Appleyard was called before the Council to answer for certain words concerning Leicester. He said that, in 1566, a mysterious stranger had offered him £4,000 to re-open the Cumnor affair. He had refused, and he spoke of it to Blount, Leicester's man, who was riding to Cumnor the day This is Appleyard's "confession," — that is, he confesses to having spoken about what he could do an he would. Another witness, Tryndell, had heard Appleyard "use words of anger, and say, among other things, that he had, for the earl's sake, covered the murder of his sister." Thus Appleyard, since Amy's death, had been a hanger-on of Leicester, disappointed, surly, and threatening. Next Blount writes to Leicester, after this examination of Appleyard's before the Council.1 . Blount tells Leicester that he, too, has been examined, as Appleyard admitted having spoken to him. He gives Leicester a précis of his own evidence before the Council, which was to this effect. Appleyard's brother-in-law, Huggon, had warned Leicester that "court persons "" were practising on Appleyard. Thereon Leicester sent Blount to ask Appleyard what was going on. Appleyard would not write, but promised to call on Leicester. He never came. Blount visited him again, and was told the story of the mysterious stranger and the bribe," a strange tale," as he himself says. Still Appleyard would not visit Leicester. Again Blount was sent to Appleyard, but only saw Huggon, who confirmed his story of the interview with the mysterious stranger, having witnessed it from the leads of his house. At last Blount brought Ap 1 The letter, in which some pages are missing, is in the Pepys Collection. Mr. Gairdner publishes what is extant (Hist. Rev. i. 251) 66 What Appleyard was doing is obvious. He was saying that he had offers of money (from Norfolk and Surrey, it seems) if he would open the Cumnor matter, and he was attempting to extort blackmail from Leicester. pleyard to Leicester in the open air, | 10, 1560, he wrote to Dudley a letter of near Greenwich. They spoke angrily, condolence on "the cruel mischance to and Leicester would have drawn his my lady your late bedfellow; " but we sword upon him, if they had been have seen what his real opinion of the alone." Finally, Leicester left Apple- mischance was, as expressed by Jones yard "with great words of defiance." to the queen.1 On May 9, 1567, ThrogLeicester then told Blount that Apple- morton, now on friendly terms with yard was a very villain." Here the Leicester, wrote to him about Appleletter ends abruptly. yard's examination before the Council.2 In 1571 Throgmorton died, and was said to have been poisoned by Leicester! Events subsequent to Amy's death may be studied in Mr. Froude's history. Dudley and the queen amused De Quadra by a proposal to marry, and bring back the Church, if the king of Spain would support them. Cecil, in a private memorandum, noted Leicester as "infamed" by his wife's death that is, taré, of ill repute. The queen continued to load Leicester with gifts and honors; much scandal was spoken about them, but scandal is always spoken of eminent people. Appleyard was now consigned to the Fleet Prison, which made him change his tune. He writes abjectly to the Council, asking for a copy of the verdict on his sister's death, "whereby I may see what the jury have found." If he really was at the inquest, this is a curious request. He adds that he has to buy his own food, and has very little money. So he writes on the last of To conclude, Dudley's letters to May, 1567. On the 4th of June he Blount, if carefully read, are exactly writes again. He has seen the verdict, what an innocent man would have writ"in which I do find not only such ten. As to Varney and Forster, there proofs attested under the oaths of fif- is not a tittle of evidence in support teen persons, how my late sister, by of the charges made against them in misfortune, happened of death, but also “Leicester's Commonwealth,” nor is it such manifest and plain determination even certain which of two Varneys is thereof " as quite suffices him, and "I intended. Forster received many fahave no further to say of that cause." vors from Leicester, but that is no He adds that he has been in prison for proof, nor are there presumptions of a month in "sickness and most miser- guilt in benefactions to the Odingsells.& able poverty," not having "money left Amy Robsart did not die in an untento find me two meals." A letter found anted house; there were several ladies at Longleat shows that, on June 6, he in it at the time. Her own maid, who' was brought before the Star Chamber,“ dearly loved her," declared her death and "showed himself a malytyous to be an accident. The suspicion enbeast, for he dyd confess he accusyd tirely rises from the coincidence of the my Lord of Lecyster only of malyes." death with the rumors of intended murder, and from the strange circumstance of her body being left, apparently for several hours, where it fell, till the servants found it on their return from the fair. Of all the rumors, the most strange and startling are those attrib What Appleyard confessed, under such a screw as the Council put on, is worth no more than what he said to extort blackmail. How fifteen persons can have seen and testified to the manner of Amy's death is a mystery; and a mystery is "the attempt at her house" of which Elizabeth spoke to Jones. The verdict which satisfied Appleyard in prison did not satisfy Throgmorton in Paris. Throgmorton was a very shifty person. On October uted to Elizabeth—first, in announcing | second, for she thinks she sees the way the death before it occurred; next, in to saving a shilling or two on the jourspeaking of "the attempt at her house," ney, by this needless sacrifice of personal not elsewhere alluded to by any one. comfort and dignity. "On ne fait pas So here we leave the mystery, only des économies en voyageant," was a remarking that, as Elizabeth succeeded favorite saying of a wise old French in life, she was left unscathed, whereas gentleman, which deserves rememberMary Stuart, in circumstances curiously ing; and yet it is precisely when rich parallel, was practically condemned un- folks are travelling that they make the heard. The only absolute conclusion most strenuous endeavor to keep their we can reach is, that Elizabeth had no purse-strings drawn. Who but the rich moral right to stand on her stainless man squabbles over his hotel bill, character and refuse an interview to and makes his wife and daughters Mary, when Mary was laboring under wretched by a sort of post-mortem exa charge like that of which Elizabeth's amination of it in the train when it is own ministers thought her possibly paid beyond recall, and there is no guilty. But then Mary, in Paris, had chance whatever of disputing it fursaid that Elizabeth 66 was about to ther? Hotel candles make the despair marry her horse-master, who had killed of the rich, who not infrequently carry his wife to make room for her." And on a few odd bits from one haltingthis very "horse-master" was proposed place to another, replacing the long by Elizabeth, later, as a suitable hus- new ones in their bedrooms by these band for Mary. Mr. Froude thinks the little short ends which if skilfully husproposal was honestly made. So natu- banded will go a long way. In this ral and likely was it that a proud queen manner as much as a franc a day may would marry a man whom she had de- be saved by each member of the party. scribed as a murderous horse-master! Five o'clock tea in hotel is sometimes dispensed with entirely among millionaires on the score of expense, but a few crafty ones know how to manage it without allowing the faintest trace of this indulgence to become apparent in the bill. Trouble is no object; inconvenience and secrecy add to its charm. You must surreptitiously collect all the remaining milk and sugar after the first breakfasts of the party are over, pouring the milk into a private jug kept for the purpose, and wrapping the sugar in a screw of newspaper. Then butter a croissant or two (or half ones if no whole are left), and hide them away in the luncheon basket till they are required. A small bottle of methylated spirit (eau de bois is cheaper in France), an Etna, and a pound of tea will do the rest, and the bedroom glasses and a single spoon may complete the tea equipage. A. LANG. From The Globe. THE ECONOMIES OF THE RICH. IT is hard to reconcile the saying Penny wise, pound foolish" with another quoted even oftener, "Take care of the pence and the pounds will take care of themselves." The latter as a motto for the lid of a child's money-box leaves nothing to be desired; the former is a text from which sermons innumerable might be preached. It is not the poor who are penny wise and pound foolish so much as the rich. It is the rich woman who, when she wants to take a pound of grapes to a poor old woman dying in the workhouse infirmary, drives from Covent Garden to Westbourne Grove, from the nurseries at Fulham to the Army and Navy stores, in search of some which shall cost a few pence less than those at her own immediate fruiterer's. And it is the rich woman who travels third-class though her footman and maid must go What pleasure is keener than that felt by a rich man who has got the best of a bargain, however trumpery! What grief it is to him to discover too late that by paying ready money he would have been entitled to a discount of five per |