ABOARD. ABLU of whom the Roman Catholics still occasionally practise it before and after mass. The Syrians, Copts, &c. have their annual solemn washings; the Turks their greater and lesser ablutions. The superstitious attachment of the Hindoostanees for the river Ganges is such, that ablution in its streams is placed amongst the first duties of their religion. And when, from necessity, they cannot reach that river, if in bathing they use the exclamation, O Ganges, purify me!' the Brahmins assure them that the service is equally effi.cacious. All the oriental religions abound with this ceremony, which Mahomet very naturally adopted into his code of observances; and which has pervaded, under various modes, every religious institute, true or false. ABLUTION, in the Romish church, is also used for a sup of wine and water, anciently taken after the host, to wash it down. Sometimes it signifies the water used to wash the hands of the priest who consecrated it. AB'NEGATE, v. ABNEGATION, ABNEGA'TOR. at least needless. under the v. abjure, Ab: nego (quasi, ne ago, says Vossius), to deny. Perhaps all these words should be rejected as The verb is used by Dr. Johnson as synonymous with it. Let the princes be of what religion they please, that is all one to the most part of men; so that with abnegation of God, of his honour, and religion, they may retain the friendship of the court. Knor's Letter to the Queen Regent of Scotland. ABNOBA, in Geography. See ABENOW. ABO, the capital of Swedish Finland, situated in the promontory formed by the gulfs of Finland and Bothnia, on the river Aurajocki, 120 miles north-east from Stockholm, E. lon. 22°, and N. lat. 20o, 20′. It has a foreign trade of very considerable extent with this country, the Netherlands and the Mediterranean; and contains an extensive glass-house, and manufactories of cotton, rope, cloths of various descriptions, and silk. It is a bishop's see, and the high court of justice for South Finland holds its sittings here. The number of inhabitants is about 12,000. Gustavus Adolphus, in 1628, established an academy here, which in 1640 was converted by Queen Christina into an university. The school of anatomy is in considerable repute; and enjoys, it is said, one very curious privilege. All persons who hold lands or pensions from the crown are bound to leave their bodies to be dissected for the instruction of the students. ABO-HUS, or ABO-SLOT, an ancient castle in Finland, near the mouth of the river Aura, and occasionally used as a state prison. It was the residence of Duke John, and the prison King Eric, in the 16th century. ABOARD', n. ABORD', v. or BORD', ABORD', n. of On board. See BOARD. Gower writes, on borde; on the borde. Chaucer, over the borde. Douglas, within burd, on burd, on bord. To Abord or bord, is to come or go on board; to approach, to accoast, or accost, and, then, to address. Of gold per is a borde, & tretels per bi, R. Brunne, p. 152. And how the tempest all began, Chaucer, Fame, b. i. fo. 277. c. 2. But there it resteth and abode, Gower, Con. A. book ii. And afterwards, a great wynde and tepest arisyng in ye sea, by meane wherof, thair shippes might no longar tary there, for that, And passing bifore a rokky place, called Ithis, they came to aborde that it was a place w' out porte; one part of the embarqued thëself. in the porte of Philie. Thucidides, by Thomas Nicolls, Lon. 1550, fo. 53. p. 1. Resolv'd he said: And rigg'd with speedy care, A vessel strong, and well equipp'd for war, The secret ship with chosen friends he stor'd; And bent to die or conquer, went aboard. Dryden, Cymon and Iph. We left this place about eleven in the morning, and were again conveyed, with more sunshine than wind, aboard our ship. Fielding's Voyage to Lisbon. I would at the same time penetrate into their thoughts, in order to know whether your first abord made that advantageous impression upon their fancies, which a certain address, air, and manners, never fail doing. ABODE', v. ABODE'MENT, ABOD'ING. Chesterfield, Letter clxxxvi. ABOARD. ABOLISH, Sax. Boda. The first outward extremity, or boundary of any thing. Tooke, i, 444. To abode, to bode, and to forebode, are used in the same manner, viz. To see or discern; to shew or exhibit some external, superficial appearance, sign or token, from which we infer good or ill. Nay nay, it may nat stonden in this wise Nay, such abodes ben nat worth an haw. Chaucer, the third Booke of Troilus, fol. 171, col. 2. Shakespeare, 3 H. VI. act iv. sc. 7. For he [bishop Felix] brought all the province unto the faith, and workes of iustice, and in the end to rewarde of perpetuall blessednesse, according to the abodement of his name, which in Latine is called Felix, and in our English tongue, Happie. Stow's Chronicle. Howes's ed. 1614, p. 61. ABOLA, a division of the Agow, in Abyssinia. It is a narrow valley, named from a river which runs streams. Here are many villages, and some romantic through it, whose waters receive many tributary scenery. ABOLISH,. Lat. Aboleo. Gr. Oλew, oλXvμe, to hurt, to destroy. To destroy, to deprive of power; to annul, to abrogate; to annihilate. The inhabitauntes of the north partes being by the meanes of cer tayne abbottes and ignorant priestes not a little stirred and prouoked for the suppression of certain monasteries, and for the extirpacion and abholishyng of the byshoppe of Rome, saiying, see frendes nowe is taken from vs fower of the vii. sacramentes, and shortly ye shall lese the other thre also; and thus the fayth of holy churche shall vtterly be suppressed and abholished. Hall, repr. 1809, p. 820. ABOMSH. He hath given it them moreover to doe these thinges to his glory, Now to thentent that ye may yet farther perceiue and se, that sinnes. With silly weake old woman thus to fight;- Spenser's Faerie Queen, book ii. canto vi. Dryden's Don Sebastian, act i. s. 1. The abolition of Spiritual Courts (as they are called) would shake the very foundation on which the establishment is erected. Warburton's Alliance between Church and State. NATE. cloak. Varro and Martial consider the toga to have ABOLLA. ABOMASUS, ABOMASIUS, or ABOMASUM, names of ABOM'INABLY, ABOMINATION. Ab: ominor, omen (velut oremen, Festus) to turn from as a bad omen. Malum omen deprecari. Junius. To turn from as ill omened. To loath or abhor, hate Thei knowlochen that thei knowen god, but bi dedis thei denyen And he seide to hem, ye it ben that justifyen you bifore men; And now thay moderis, and thay vnweildly men, Douglas, booke v. p. 153. Al whom therfore by the whole thousande on an heape (for no fewer blaspheme, and calleth them lyars and falsefiers of scripture, and he nombreth them) dothe thys dyuelyshe dronken soule abominablye maketh them no better then draffe. Sir Thomas More's Works, p. 679. upon as an unclean and impure creature, namely, wallowing in the That very action for which the swine is abominated, and looked Where all life dies, death lives, and nature breeds, Than fables yet have feign'd, or fear conceiv'd, Milton's Paradise Lost, book i Thy kingdom come, O Lord, for in this realme is nothing ABOLITION, in our law, a destroying, effacing, or putting out of memory; it signifies also the repealing any law or statute. The leave given by a prince or judge to a criminal accuser to desist from farther prosecution of the accused, is in the most appropriate sense denominated abolition.' 25 H. VIII. C xxi. ABOLITION is used, among civilians, for the remitting the punishment of a crime. It is, in this sense, a kind of amnesty; the punishment, not the infamy, being taken off. Among the Roman lawyers, it is the annulling of a prosecution and in this sense, it differs from amnesty: for, in the former, the accusation might be renewed even by the same prosecutor, but, in the latter, it was finally extinguished. Abolition also meant the expunging a person's name from the public list of the accused, hung up in the treasury. Under Augustus, all the names which had long hung up were expunged at once; or it was done privately at the motion of one of the parties. Abolition of debts, according to amongst such as should punish vice and maintain vertue, but abomithe Theodosian code, was sometimes granted to those who were indebted to the fiscus. A medal of the emperor Adrian has come down to us, which represents that prince with a sceptre in one hand, and a lighted torch in the other, with which he sets fire to several papers before the people, who testify their joy and gratitude by lifting up their hands towards heaven. The legend on the medal is, Reliqua vetera H. s. nummis abolita. An action of injury was abolished by dissimulation; a sentence of condemnation by indulgence. ABOLLA, (αμβολη, or αναβολη) an ancient military garment, lined or doubled, worn by the Greeks and Romans. Critics and antiquaries are greatly at variance as to the form and varieties of this garment. By some it has been thought to be a species of toga, or gown; by Nonnius and others, a kind of pallium or nation abounding without bridle. Knox's History of the Reformation. Such honour [lip-honour] is indeed no honour at all, but impudent abuse, and profane mockery: for what can be more abominably vain, than for a man to court and cajole him who knows his whole heart, who sees that he either minds not, or means not what he says? Barrow's Sermons. endeavoured to be awakened in children, surely there ought to be the other admission into their minds. Law's Serious Cali. ABOMINATION, a Scripture phrase for idolatry of various descriptions, and designed to express the Divine detestation of all false worship. The Jews were to sacrifice in the wilderness "the abomination" of the Egyptians; that is, their sacred animals, as a means NATE. ABORT. ABOMI of weaning them from their attachment to the customs of that singular people. Thus the Chaldee interpreters, the Syriac, St. Jerome, and others, quoted-by Whitby, understand the singular use of the word, Exod. viii. 26, which we can hardly suppose to have been addressed to the Egyptian monarch, as it literally stands. ABONI, a town in Africa, near the slave coast, which gives name to a province rich in gold. ABONNEMENT, a military agreement entered into by any corporation, or public authority, for supplying an army with provisions. ABORAS, in Xenophon called Araxes, a river of Mesopotamia, which rose near the Tigris, and flowed into the Euphrates at Circesium. In the negociation between Diocletian and Narses, it was fixed as the boundary between the Roman and Persian empires, A. D. 297. ABORIGINES, a people of Italy, who inhabited the ancient Latium, now called Romania, or Campagna di Roma. The origin and propriety of this appellation is a subject of so much controversy among antiquaries, that we can only profess to give the leading opinions. The Aborigines, then, are distinguished from the Janigenæ, who are stated to have inhabited the country before them; from the Siculi, whom they conquered; from the Grecians, from whom they are said to have been descended; from the Latins, whose name they assumed after their union with Æneas and the Trojans; and lastly, from the Ausonii, Volsci, Oenotrii, &c. Dion. Antiq. Rom. 1. i. c. 10, ap. op. t. i. p. 8-11 ed. Oxon. St. Jerome derives their name from their being absque origine, the primitive planters of the country after the flood. Aurelius Victor suggests that they were called Aborigines, q. d. Aberrigines, from ab "from,” and "to wander;" as having been before a wandering people, and met by accident in Italy. Pausanias thinks they were thus called, año opeσi, "from mountains;" which opinion seems confirmed by Virgil, in the eighth book of the Eneid, v. 321. Others again maintain them to be Arcadians, brought at different times into Italy, and to have derived their name from he mountains of Arcadia, opɛwv yevoç: affirming that they were first planted here under the conduct of Oenotrius, son of Lycaon, 450 years before the Trojan war; then in a second party from Thessaly; a third under Evander, sixty years before the Trojan war; besides another under Hercules; and another of Lacedemonians, who fled from the severe discipline of Lycurgus: all of whom constituted the Aborigines. errare The name Aborigines, is used in modern times to denote the primitive inhabitants of a country, in contradistinction to colonists. she bare; it lay thenceforth open and clear in every man's eye, that ABORT. she gone, without any slip remaining, who had been the fastest cement to hold her father and husband together; there ABOVE. would ensue but a dry and sandy friendship between them. The latter casuists Reliquia Wottoniana. justly hold, that to give any such expelling or destructive medicine, with a direct intention to work an aborsement, whether before or after animation, is utterly unlawful and highly sinful. Bishop Hall's Cases of Conscience. The like may be said of the other law of Aristotle concerning abor tion or the destruction of a childe in the mother's wombe, being a thing punished severely by all good lawes, as injurions not onely to nature, but also to the common-wealth, which thereby is deprived of But power, your grace, can above nature give, Cowley's Poems. ABORTION, among gardeners, signifies such fruits as are produced too early, and never arrive at maturity. ABORTIVE CORN, a distemper in corn mentioned by M. Tillet, and suspected to be occasioned by insects. It appears long before harvest, and may be known by a deformity of the stalk, the leaves, the ear, and even the grain. ABORTIVE VELLUM, is made of the skin of an abortive calf. ABOU Hannes, a bird of Abyssinia, so called, because it appears on St. John's day: the term signifying father John. At this season, all water-fowl that are birds of passage resort to Ethiopia, when the tropical rains first mix with the Nile. This bird, in the opinion of Mr. Bruce, is the Ibis of the ancients. It is four and a half inches in length. Bove, top ABOVE', prep. A. S. Bufan-Be-ufan. or head. R. Brunne, and the elder English authors write it, Abouen-Abowen-G. Douglas, Abone, Abuse. In R. Gloucester and R. Brunne, it is applied as uppermost or superior in rank and power, rank, &c.; and beneath, is opposed to it. It is usual to consider above as a preposition and an adverb: but the meaning remains the same. It is much used in composition. Above-board has a metaphorical application to that which is uncovered, unconcealed, undisguised. & God sent him tokenyng on nyght als he slepe, & if he wild praie him, for Jhesu Criste's loue, R. Brunne, p. 32. I'll sing the mighty riddle of mysterious love, How all the whole world's life to die did not disdain! They that speak ingenuously of bishops and presbyters, say, that a bishop is a great presbyter, and during the time of his being bishop, above a Presbyter: as your President of the College of Physicians is above the rest, yet he himself is no more than a Doctor of Physick. Selden's Table Talk. The religion of the gospel is spiritual: the religion of the Jews, as they made it, was carnal. The gospel places morality above rites and ceremonies: the Jews preferred, in their practice at least, the ritual jaw to the moral. Jortin's Discourses. ABOUKIR, an inconsiderable town of Egypt, about 10 miles from Alexandria. It is the Canopus of the ancients, and is described by Strabo as situated on an island. It has been brought into notice in modern times by the expedition of the French into Egypt, who took the town, after a vigorous defence, from the Turks; and here Sir Ralph Abercromby, in 1801, landed the British army, which finally expelled the French. The BAY, which is formed on the west side of the town by the promontory on which it is situated, is distinguished for another memorable triumph of the British arms here the glorious battle of the Nile was fought by Admiral Lord Nelson, in 1798. as it is writun, he delide abrood, he ghaf to pore men his rightwys- ABOUND. Hesse dwellith withouten ende. Wiclif. 2 Corynth, chap. ix. Sewerly the scripture aboundeth with examples, teching vs, all present and longe felicite to be grettly suspect. The Exposicion of Daniel, by George Joye, f. 50. c. ii. Chaucer. The Marchantes Tale. This helly's monstoure [Alecto] ful of wrath and fede, Wyth glourand ene byrnand of flambis blak. The bodily marchandize, that is leful and honest, is this, that ther as God hath ordeined, that a regne or a contree is suffisant to himself, than it is honest and leful, that of the haboundaunce of this contree men helpe another contree that is nedy; and therfore ther must be marchants to bring fro on contree to another hir marchandise. Chaucer. The Persones Tale. Euery wight in soche yearthly weale habundaunt is holde noble, precious, benigne, and wise, to doe what he shall, in any degree that men him set, all be it that the sothe be in the contrary of all tho thinges; but he that can ne neur so well him behaue, and hath vertue haboundant, in manifolde manners, and be not wealthed with soch yearthly goodes is holde for a foole, and saide his witte is but Chaucer. First booke of Test of Love, fol. 294, ch. iv. sotted. And britheren, we preien ghou, that ghe knowe hem that traueilen ghou that ghe have hem aboundauntli in charite, and for the werk among ghou, and ben souereyns to ghou in the lord, and techen of hem haue ghe pees with hem. Wiclif. 1 Tessal. chap. v. Shakespeare, 2 Henry IV. act iv. sc. 4. "There did I see our conquer'd fathers fall "Before the English, on that fatal ground, "When as to ours their number was but small, "And with brave spirits France ne'er did more abound ; "Yet oft that battle into mind I call, "Whereas of ours, one man seem'd all one wound." Drayton's Battle of Agincourt. Aristotle, in his Politics, hath proved abundantly to my satisfaction, that no men are born to be slaves, except barbarians: and these only to such as are not themselves barbarians. Fielding's Voyage to Lisbon. ABOUT', Sax. abuza. On buta. On boda. Boda, the first outward extremity or boundary of any thing. It is variously written-Abouten, Aboute, About. ABOUT. Who? What an asse am I? I sure, this is most braue, A scullion? Fye vpon't, foh.-About my braine. FAC. I; if I can strike a fine hooke into him now; Jonson's Alchemist, act ii. sc. 2. First, for your bees a proper station find, That's fenc'd about and shelter'd from the wind; For winds divert them in their flight, and drive The swarms, when loaden homeward, from their hive. Addison's Translation of Virgil, Georg. iv. We are always intending to lead a new life, but can never find a time to set about it. Tillotson's Sermons. For men to judge of their condition by the decrees of God which are hid from us, and not by his word which is near us and in our hearts, is as if a man wandering in the wide sea, in a dark night when the heaven is all clouded about, should yet resolve to steer his course by the stars which he cannot see, but only guess at, and neglect the compass, which is at hand and would afford him a much better and more certain direction. Ib. ABOUT, the situation of a ship immediately after she has changed her course by going about and standing on the other tack. About ship,' is the order to the ship's crew for tacking. ABOUTIGE, a town of Upper Egypt, near the Nile, where they make the best opium in the Levant. It It stands on the was formerly large, but is now mean. site of Abotis: the burgh of Settefe, a little above it, 50'. represents the small city of Apollo. N. lat. 26°, ABRA, a silver coin in Poland, worth about an ABRA English shilling. It is current in several parts of ABRADE. Germany, and through the dominions of the Grand Seignior. ABRACADABRA, a magical word, which has been recommended as an antidote against agues and several other diseases, particularly the fever called by the physicians hemitritæus. The word is to be written on paper as many times as the word contains letters, omitting the last letter of the former every time, and repeated in the same order; and then suspended about the neck by a linen thread. ABRACADABRA, being the name of a god wor◄ shipped by the Syrians, wearing it was considered as an invocation of his aid. ABRADE', v. Ab: rado, to rub or scrape off. ABRA'SION, ABRAIDE', BRAIDE'. i. "The verb to bray, (french broyer,) e. to pound or beat to pieces, though now obsolete (says Tooke) was formerly very common in our language." The past tense is written indiscriminately braide, abraide, and the word is applied to any sudden or violent action or motion. To break, pull or tear; to start, leap or spring. To make an eruption, assault, sally, onset, insurrection, revolt. In Wiclif we find Debreyd. And Up braid is in common use. A gret ok he wolde breide a doun, as it a smal gerde were, And bere forth in his hond, þat folc forte a fere. R. Gloucester, p. 22. De letter in his hand laid enselid and in silke bounde, De envenomed knyfe out braid and gaf Edward a wounde. R. Brunne, p. 229. And Jhesus answerde and seyde to hem, a unfeithful generacioun and weyward: how longe schal I be at you, and suffre you? bringe hidur thy sone; And whenne he cam nygh, the devel hurtlide him doun and to brayde him and Jhesus blamede the unclene spirit; and heelide the child, and took him to his fadir. Wiclif, Luk. chap. ix. Jesus answered and sayde O faithlesse generacyon, and croked nacion; how longe shall I be wyth you, and shall suffre you. Bryng thy sonne hyther. As he was yet a commyng, the fend rente him Bible, 1539. and tare him. And Jhesus thretenyde him and seide, wexe doumbe and go out of the man. And the unclene spirit dedreydynge him and cryinge with grete voys went out fro him. Wiclif, Mark, chap. i. This John answered; Alein, avise thee: Chaucer. The Reves Tale. Up to the heven his hondes gan he hold, "Chaucer. The Frankeleines Tale. Surrey. |