ment of the Ommeiades, 356; the Arab horses, native neglect of, for Persian invasion, ib. ; Arab rule in useful purposes, cxxxviii.430; their Africa, 357 crossing with indigenous breeds, Arabia, physical features of, cxxii. 444; Nejed horses, 447; royal stud 489; peculiarity of uplands, 491; at Riad, ib.; native horsemanship, snakes in, 493; the Bedouins, ib.; 448 494; the settled population, ib.; Arago (Dominique François, b. 496; Arabs of the interior, 497 ; 1786), his estimate of the numtheir supposed fitness for civilisa- ber of comets, cxl. 399 tion, 498; the Wahabees, ib. ; re- Aral, Sea of, question of its existligious condition of the Arabs, ence in the 13th century, cxxxv. 499; star-worship of the Solibah 5, 11 tribe, 500, 501: contradictory ac- Ararat, Mount, ascents of, cxxx. counts, ib. ; the 'Biadeeyah' sect, 339 502; ancient Sabæan worship, 503; Arbroath (Angus), Benedictine 'Abtheory of Monotheism in, 504; re- bey of, cxx. 320, 321; descripligious revival in the last century, tion of the battle of, in 1445-6, · 505; cholera in 1854 at Nejed, 324 613 Arc (Jeanne de, 1410-1431), her sudden importance of, after patriotism not understood by her the death of Mahomet, cxxiv. 1; countrymen, cxix. 531 preparation for his mission, 2; M. Guizot's treatment of the perfection of the language, ib.; episode, cxl. 217 animosity of tribes, 3; the Yeme- Archæology, prehistoric, recent nites and Maadites, 4; Himyarite study of, cxxxii. 440; prominent language, ib.; ancient commerce, questions suggested, ib.; classifica5; caravans, ib. 7.; temple of the tions of periods, 441; .ages' of Caaba, 8; obscure heretical sects bronze, etc., not strict chronologiin, 13; unpopularity of Christian cal divisions, 442 ; the Palæolithic doctrines, ib.; idolatrous worship age, 443 (see Geology); views of in, 25; duties of hospitality, 26; French archæologists on the antidestruction of the Jews, 38-41; quity of man, ib.; drift-deposits feebleness of Islamism in, 47 and bone-caves, 447-454; M. piracies in the Persian Gulf Lartet's Quaternary system critiin 1809, cxxv. 8; Egyptian inva- cised, 415; cave-bears, 456; Quasion of Nejed, 9; British policy ternary cave-dwellers, 459 (see respecting, 11. See Wahabees Man); the Neolithic age, 463; probably once the home of polished stone-axes, ib.; remains the Ethiopians, cxxxv. 97; ancient of tumuli, 465; the Bronze Age, stone-implements in, 102 467-477 ; the Iron Age, ib.; eviancient libraries in, cxxxix. dences of, regarding mankind, 16 479; questions left for ethnology, Arab horses, compared with Eng lish racers, cxx. 124–120 ; superi- Architecture (Greek), Mr. Fergusority of Barbs over, 130 note ; son's doctrine of definite proporearliest introduction of, into Eng- tions, cxvi. 485 land, 133-138; popularity of, in Architecture, eclectic system of, in England during the last century, England, cxv. 542; causes of 141 modern inferiority, 513 ib. Architecture, commencement of the Renaissance era, cxviii. 72; Gothic effects of exigencies of altered laws of proportion in, cxxxii. 172 polar sea, cxii. 309; possible ac- weapons used by natives of, sea temperature of the Atlantic, cxxxv. 461 Jerusalem in 680, cxii. 448 plagiarism from Procopius, cxxiv. 357 1832), his interview with Napo- leon in 1806, cxxviii. 482 Letters of, published by M. Rath- XV., 488; his dismissal, 503 of, d. 1661), his sentence and exe- cution, cxxxix. 184 note Christianity, cxi. 443 of astronomy, cxvi. 94 ment in England from 1688 to 1832, cxxv. 580 on the effects of bad on good Aristophanes, Frere's translations from, cxxxv. 495; Cumberland's the Ravenna MS. of, cxxxvii. supposed to have written on the his system of astronomy, his remark on hereditary unsuitable to English trans- question of his un-Greek on Aristotle, Strabo's account of his MSS., criticised, cxxxvii. 59 note his sound criticism Homer's account of the pursuit of Hector, cxxxix, 537, and note Arkwright (Sir Richard, 1732-1792), patent for his Spinning Jenny, cxxi. 598 (Mrs.), her touching lyric songs, cxl. 380; lines on the seasons, 381 Arles, Council of (314), cxi. 440 Armada, the. See Spanish Armada Armies, moral qualities more valua ble than numbers, cxxvi. 277; motive force and mechanical power cf, 285 Armstrong (Sir William, b. 1810), his system of rifled ordnance, cxix. 482; negative results of experiments with his heavy guns, 483; his first contract limited to fieldartillery, 486; his coil principle imitated, 487 note; success of his field-pieces in China, 487 ; fundamental error of breech-loading for field-guns, ib.; the shunt principle substituted, ib. ; want of simplicity due to form of projectile, ib.; his system of double fuzes, 488; his theory of windage opposed to that of the French, 490; his guns liable to fouling from absence of windage, 491; leaden coating of projectile dangerous to gunners, 492 ; special characteristics of his field-artillery, 493 ; his vent-piece too complicated for warfare, ib.; his evidence before the Select Committee, 495; over-estimates the value of his invention, 496 ; his system of field-guns based on the enlargement of an ordinary rifle, 498; number of his guns rejected after trial, 504; advocates heavy bursting charges, 509; his evidence on his 100-pounder guns, 514; his coil system criticised, 516; bis appointment to the Ordnance Committee injudicious, 520 Armstrong (Sir William), his evi dence against the Patent Laws, cxxi. 605 Army (British), its weakness during the American War of Independence, cxvi. 141 improved condition of, in India, cxxxi. 321 expectations of reform, cxxxiii. 207; want of cohesion and unity, 208; defective state of, due to absence of organisation, 209; constitution of, since 1688, ib.; 'Army Extraordinaries,' ib.; early contracts for recruits, 210; enlistment regulations, ib.; agitations for reform after 1835, 211; old system of departments, 212; changes during the Crimean War, ib.; the new system, 213; classification of responsibility, 214; Board of 1866 on transport duties, ib.; the Control Department created, 215; evils of dual government, ib.; want of training in the Militia, ih. (see Militia); recent efforts to form an Army of Reserve, 217; failure ascribed to optional terms of enlistment, 218; the present system mere patchwork, ib. ; remedies proposed, ib.; compulsory hallot for Militia, ib.; question of exemptions, 219; scheme of annual contingents, 220; present percentage of recruits to the population, ib., note; details of proposed Army-Reserve system, ib., 224; the purchase system doomed, ib.; principle of selection urged in its place, 225; together with limitation of regimental command, 226; value of a cadet system, 227 ; summary of proposals, ib. ; need of reserves to replace casualties in war, 229; additions to cavalry and artillery, ib.; Mr. Cardwell's short-service system, 230; district organisation, ib.; field commissariat, flogging, 310 cxl. 464 (see Grenadier Guards) ; precedency o various arms, 478 574, 576 England, cxiv. 307 Lives and Works of, cxxxii. 414; his devout spirit of patriotism, ib.; ib.; death, ib. Marie Antoinette's letters, cxxiii. 424; evidence of handwriting, 425 his scheme of a liberal Theological - his defence of the authen- on the authenticity of Cæsar's his sound principles of State idea of State Education, cxiv. 11; on the grand style,' in critical works of, cxxix. 486; the Grand Style, ib.; his loose remarks on the Ballad Style, 502 ; denounces the ballad metre for Homeric translation, ib.; bis slovenly treatment of his subjects, 503 Arnold (Matthew), his ‘St. Paul and Protestantism,' cxxxiii. 399; polemics provoked by his book, ib.; his argumentin opposition to M. Renan, 400; bis division of Calvinists and Lutherans, 401; on Nonconformist tendencies to political dissent, ib.; on their abandonment of original Puritanism, 402; Mr. Dale's reply, 403; on historic Churches,' 406; on the doctrinal causes of Dissent, 422; on the 'Epistle to the Romans,' 423; contrasts Puritanism with St. Paul's doctrines, 424; his views on Pauline teaching criticised, ib. Arnold (Mr.), his Report on the British and Foreign Training School, cxi. 354 Arnold (Mr., Police Magistrate), his articles in • Fraser' on the alleged Shakspeare forgeries, cxi. 456 Arnolfo del Cambrio, his position among Tuscan sculptors, cxxi. 526; his works, 527 Arras, Treaty of (1435), cxix. 537 Art, its practical connexion with Science, cxviii. 502 effect of theological opinions on, cxxi. 444 intolerance in judgments on, cxxï. 77 galleries of, cxxiii. 57. See Exhibitions of Art and Science controversy as to expression in, cxl. 171; imaginative power of Association, ib. Art, Christian, the term explained, cxx. 98, 99; its growth coincident with the progress of Christianity, 108; idea of the purifying effects of physical pain represented in, ib. Sacred, travesties of sacred subjects by great painters, cxxiv. 349 Artesian wells, proposed scheme of, for London, cxxiii. 413, 414 Arthur (King), early English ro mances of, cxxv. 246; Sir Gawayne and the Grene Knight,' 247; Breton legends of, 248; growth of his romances, 250 Mr. Cox's theory of the tradition of, cxxxi. 504 note; popularity of, as a national hero, 505; growth of the tale, ib. Articles (the Thirty-Nine), invalu able as a bond of union, cxiii. 9; qualified subscription to, recommended, ib.; their silence respecting biblical inspiration, 491 origin of, cxv. 582 ; subscription not obligatory at first, 585; mischief of plenary assent, 603; deferential declaration of allegiance suggested, 606 their cautious language on inspiration, cxxi. 160 ratification of, cxl. 438 Artillery, advantages of riflemen over field-batteries, cxix. 481; two systems of rifling, 482 (see Rifled Ordnance); vent-pieces (see Armstrong, Sir William); objections to breech-loading fieldguns in warfare, 495; publicity of experiments in, confined to England, 496; nominal weight of projectile no index to size of the gun, 508; two classes of field-guns in England, 509 ; inferior bursting charges of British shells, 510; purposes of heavy ordnance, ib.; effect of iron-plating on marine artillery, 511; American mania for huge guns, 512; their doubtful value, 529 use of, in warfare (see War, Art of); in naval tactics, cxl. 16, 19 Artists, their need of corporate ac tion, cxviii. 485; social characteristics of, ib.; attempt in 1755 to |