affairs, cxiii. 282; English cha- racter deficient in, 283 Origen (185-254), his admiration of St. John's Gospel, cxix. 590
his doubts concerning eternal punishment, cxx. 300 Orissa, scheme for irrigation of, cxix. 125; proposed diversion of the Mahanuddee river, ib.
conquest of, by Bactrian
Greeks, cxxx. 504
recent famine in, cxxxi.
337 Orleans (Louis, Duke of, murdered 1407), his graceful address, cxix. 535; assassinated by John of Bur- gundy, 536
Orleans, Jean Baptiste Gaston, Duke
of, 1608-1660), his plots against Richelieu, cxii. 67
Orleans (Philip, Duke of, 1674- 1723), his profligate rule as Re- gent, cxxv. 473, 474
Orléans (Marie Louise d'), negotia- tions for her marriage with Charles II. of Spain, cxxix. 16; her per- sonal appearance, ib. ; her journey to Spain, 18; first meeting with Charles, 19; her troubles at Court, 20, 28; her suspected poisoning,
Orleans (Princess Marie of), her in- timacy with Ary Scheffer, cxii. 167; her genius for sculpture, ib.; specimens of her art, 169 Orleans, Maid of. See Arc, Joan of Orleans (Bishop of), his 'Letter on the coming Ecumenical Council,'cxxx. 297; his mistake as to the invita- tion of Protestants, 309 note; on the authority of Councils, 317 note; on the relations of the Papacy with the State, 329
recriminations at the Vatican Council, cxxxiv. 135; opposes the dogma of infallibility as inoppor- tune, 142; his evasive excuse, 146
Orloff (Alexis, Count), his services to
Catherine II. of Russia, cxxxviii. 432; his breed of horses, 433 Orsini (Paolo Giordano, Duke of Bracchano), his supposed murder of Peretti, cxxxii. 296; brigand- age in his family, 299 Orsini (Giordano, Cardinal), his dis- covery of twelve comedies of Plautus, cxxxvi. 124
Orvieto, bas-reliefs in Cathedral at, cxxi. 530, 531
Osten (Baron), story of his escape from a lion's jaws, cxix. 335 Ostriches, their motion described by Shakspeare, cxxx. 87
Ostrovsky (A. N.), Dramatic works of, cxxviii. 158; national character of his plays, 159; his powers of satire, ib.; outline of his 'Storm,' 160; sketch of town life and cha- racter, 168; the 'Vospitannitsa,' 170; story of 'Whom may not Sin and Sorrow touch ?' 174; the 'Penniless Lass,' 177; the 'Profit- able Appointment,' 181; farcical plays, 186; specimens of court- ship, 187; Heavy Days,' 188; his plays wanting in plot and situations, 190
Otho (King of Greece, b. 1815), his unfitness for his position, cxvii. 579; good measures of his ad- ministration, 581; his expulsion,
his efforts at monastic re- form, cxxii. 558 Oude, the Company's policy of non- interference.cxvii. 8; treaties with,
10; evils of native government, 11; system of British government in, on its annexation, 445; first. symptoms of the Mutiny in, 457; it assumes the aspect of a popular insurrection, 466; Lord Canning's proclamation, 474; success of his policy, 476; position of the Ta- lookdars defined, ib.
the rising in 1857-8, cxxiv. 325; alleged grievances of the
Talookdars before the Mutiny, 326, 327
Oudenarde, battle of (1708), cxvi. 524
Outram (Sir James, 1805-1863), ap- pointed Resident at Lucknow, cxvii. 11; his report on the con- dition of Oude, 12; his noble cha- racter, 467
Outram (Mrs.), her remonstrance to Sir W. Napier, cxxi. 97 Overstone (Samuel Jones Loyd, Lord, b. 1796), his tracts on the National Debt and Sinking Fund, cxvi. 137
Owen (Professor R., b. 1804), his 'Palæontology' and 'Address to the British Association at Leeds' (1858), cxi. 487; on the operation of a secondary creative law on species, 500; his law of irrela- tive repetition,' 503, 506; on In- vertebrate Animals, ib.; on the stages of organisation, 513
on the antiquity of the An- daman Islanders, cxvi. 172
his cerebral classification of Mammalia, cxvii. 557; on the dental structure in man, 564
on the propagation of infu- soria, cxxv. 392
his mistaken notion of the antiquity of the Bos longifrons, cxxviii. 427
on the valuable functions of infusoria, cxxx. 161 Owen (Robert Dale), his experiment in co-operative manufacture at New Lanark, cxx. 422 Oxford (Robert Harley, Earl of, 1661-1724). See Harley Oxford, examination for a degree at, formerly a farce, cxx. 150; low standard of entrance examinations, 154; study of modern languages at, 174; religious agitation at, after the Essays and Reviews' judgment, 275; Declaration' of the Oxford Committee, 277
Oysters, way of opening them in Scotland and France, cxviii. 230
publications respecting, cxxvii. 43; they are alive when eaten, ib.; supposed allusion of Homer to, 44; the words Theos and oσтpeov, ib., 45; rare refer- ences in Greek authors to, ib.; oyster-culture popular with the Romans, ib.; artificial oyster-beds of Orata described by Pliny, 46; vivaria depicted on old Italian vases, 47; knowledge of, ascribed to the Ethiopians, ib.; varieties mentioned by Pliny, 48; British oysters imported by Agrippa, 49; Roman use of, before dinner and at supper, ib.; Juvenal's allusions to, ib.; immoderate love of Vitel- lius for, 50; denounced by Seneca, ib.; receipt for cooking, by Api- cius, 51; the κápкivos, or oyster- crab of Oppian, ib.; supposed lunar influence on, 52; anecdote by Aulus Gellius, ib.; oyster-shells used as medicine and for cement, 53; oyster-lovers among great men, 54; physical structure of, ib.; theory of Galen, ib.; they are hermaphrodites, 55; embryonic development of, 56; simplicity of their nervous system, 57; their habits, ib.; partly susceptible of education, ib.; food, early size, and duration of life, 58; their enormous fertility, 59; ravages of star-fish, ib.; and of 'dog-whelks,'
61; enemies of, among birds, 62; | injuries of sand and frost, ib.; protection of fry at Lake Fusaro, 63; oyster-culture in France, ib.; greening of, 64; scarcity and dearness of, in England, 65; the cause yet unknown, ib.; warm weather required for spat, ib.; familiar saying on the months for eating oysters, 66; they should be masticated, 67; receipt for artificial sea-water, ib.; foreign oysters, 68; fishing regulations of the
Convention Act of 1839, ib.; enforcement of close season, 69; deep-sea beds, ib. ; trade in 'channels, 70; beds within the threemile limit, 71; private fisheries, ib.; questions of close season and limitation of size, 72; Report of the Commissioners of 1866 thereon, ib., 76; recent powers of the Board of Trade, ib.
Oysters, Homeric allusion to, cxxxiii. 361
PACIFIC OCEAN, physical character of the basin of, cxvii. 92; supposed subsidence of its bed, 94 Paganini, munificent caprice of, cxxxiii. 51
Paganism, moral ethics of, cxxx. 41 Paget (Mr. J.), his New Examen,' cxiv. 279; his carping criticism of Macaulay's History of England,' 287; his attempted defence of Claverhouse, 299
Painting, connexion of, with religion,
cxx. 95; the devotional and historical classes of sacred paintings, 97; the art preceded by sculpture, 105; first use of, in churches, ib. ; legendary subjects chosen by Christian painters of the Renaissance, 106; conventional treatment of Scripture subjects by the Old Masters, 107 Painting, modern reproduction of preRaphaelite defects of detail, cxxxi. 407
in Italy. See Italian Painting Paixan (or Paixhans, General), his application of hollow shot to ship's guns, cxix. 518
Paladine (General Aurelles de),
made Commander of the Na
sketch of England at the Conquest, cxx. 498
Palgrave (Sir Francis, b. 1802), his History of Normandy and England,' Vols. III. and IV., cxxi. 1; his unfinished works, ib. 2; improvements in his later volumes, 3; his theories compared with those of Thierry, 4; his habit of withholding references continued, 5; failure of his original design, ib.; his mild view of the Norman Conquest, 9; his treatment of authorities, 16; on the claims of William I. to the crown, 22; his wrong account of Harold's acces- sion, 23, 24; defends William's toleration after the Conquest, 29; on the transfer of land to the Crown, 36; his protest against the term 'Anglo-Saxon,' 37; his masterly portrait of William Rufus, 39, 40; best passages of his history, 40; his unfair strictures on the Crusades, 41 Palgrave (W. G.), his 'Journey through Arabia,' exxii. 482; his acute observation, 483; his first mission to Arabia, 484; recent errand to Abyssinia, ib.; general accuracy of his narrative, 485; his travelling disguise, 486; alleged recognitions, 487; his contempt of the Bedouins, 493; respect for the settled population, 494; criticism of Bedouin beauty, 495; his novel view of Arabian character, 498; his picture of their religious con- dition, 499; ascribes Christianity to the Solibah tribe, 500; on the Moslem colony at Oman, 502; his religious theories summarised, 504; his hatred of Mahometanism, 505; denunciation of the Wahha- bees, 506, 509; on Wahhabee rule, 516; conclusion of his travels, 517; his literary merits, ib.
alleged superfluity of his dis- guise in Arabia, cxxv. 12 note
Palissy (Bernard), on the good effects of the Reformation in France, cxxiv. 88
Pall Mall, origin of the street-name, cxxxi. 184
Palmer (Sir Roundell, afterwards Lord Selborne, b. 1812), his Ad- dress in 1870 on the proposed Legal Education Association, cxxxiv. 507, 510 Palmer (Rev. W.), his Treatise on the Church of Christ, cxx. 379 Palmerston (Henry John Temple, Vis- count, 1784-1865), on the Turkish settlement of 1840 and 1841,cxi.153
his extravagant expenditure on fortifications, cxvii. 275; his Russian policy in 1853, 334
his death, cxxiii. 263; his genial disposition, 264; his high reputation, 265; causes of his suc- cess, 266; his assiduity, ib.; his speeches, 267; wrongly accused of levity, ib.; his fearlessness, 268, never deserted his subordinates, ib.; his enviable death, ib.; his long public experience, 269; energy as War Minister, 270; his speech in 1829 on Portugal, 271; his spirited foreign policy, ib. ; not responsible for the Crimean War, 272; pros- perity of his two administrations, 273; his vast powers of statesman- ship, ib.; his character as a de- bater, 274; unrivalled faculty of leadership, 275; exceptional quiet of his sway, 276
remonstrates with Mahomed Ali on his invasion of Arabia, cxxv. 10; alleged overtures of Lord Wharncliffe to, in 1831, for a compromise on Reform, 537
wrongly accused of indiffer- ence to Reform, cxxvi. 546
called the French alliance the 'pivot of his foreign policy,' cxxxiii. 31; his late hours in the House of Commons, 82; 'Life' of, by Sir H. Lytton Bulwer, 287;
unfinished state of the work, 288; his proposals in 1839 of interven- tion in Syria, 332; policy to Mahomet Ali, 333 Palmerston (Henry John Temple, Vis- count), letter of, on the change of government in 1834, cxxxvi. 390
his appearance when five years old, described by Lord Minto, cxxxix. 196
-Madame de Lieven's strictures on, cxl. 521; Mr. Greville, on his abilities as Foreign Minister, 522 Panics, religious, instances of, cxiii. 461
Panizzi (Sir Anthony), his reforms at the British Museum, cxxiii. 66; cxxxix. 37, 40
Pantheon, the, at Rome, consecra-
tion of, cxviii. 356; belfries added by Urban VIII., 363
Panvini (Onofrio, 1529-1568), his intended work on Christian in- scriptions, cxx. 221
Paoli (Antonio), his mistaken de- ciphering of an early Christian inscription, cxx. 225, 226 notes Paoli (Pascal, 1726-1807), his insur rection in Corsica, cxxxix. 205; article in Edinburgh Review (ci. 442), referred to, 206 note; in- duced to leave the island, 207 Papacy, the, early equality of the Pope as Bishop of Rome, cxii. 105; overthrow of the Lombards, 107; first schemes of temporal power, 108; the fabricated dona- tion of Constantine, ib.; influence of Germany in the middle ages, 109; Hildebrand's idea of a spiritual empire, 111; the title of Pope confined by him to Rome, 112; donation of the Countess Matilda, ib.; temporal aggrandise- ment renewed by Alexander III., 113; belief of the Papacy in its perpetuity a cause of its worldly success, ib.; the charter of Rodolph (1278), the real foun-
dation of the Papal power, 114; dark period of the exile to Avig- non, 115; schism on the election of Urban VI., 117; profligacy of his successors, 118; the Papal power established, 121; suppres- sion of municipal rights, ib.; annexation of Ferrara and Urbino, 122; indivisibility of the Papal States disproved by history, 124; degrading effects of Papal rule, 127; vicious system of election, 128; popular hatred of the Government, 129; scandal of the French occupation, 131
Papacy inseparable from Rome, cxiii.
temporal power of, incom- patible with the Monarchy, cxiv. 233; Ultramontane views of the temporal power, 254; problem of Papal independence examined, 260; Cavour's scheme, 269; early relations of, with monasticism, 320
the temporal power of, cxvi. 261 sqq.; its Ultramontane suppor- ters, 263; its origin, 265; grievances of nepotism, 266; evil effects of clerical government, 268; unsuc- cessful rule of Pius IX., 270; low standard of Roman theology, 274; evil effects of monastic establish- ments, 275; influence of 'Ita- lianism' on, 276; proposed re- formation of, 280; moral influence of, the measure of its spiritual authority, 287; its probable future, 292
fortunes of, connected with those of Rome, cxviii. 343; vir- tual foundation of, by Pope Gre- gory, 354; the temporal power becomes an object of worldly am- bition, 364; position of the Popes in the Leonine City, 367
anti-Papal movement throughout Europe, cxx. 460, 461 early projects of union with the Greek Church, cxxi. 485
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