he might not lack the means of performing the rite upon any children whom he met. Many of the Corean prisoners and slaves were baptized. Some boys were sent by Don Augustin to be educated by the Jesuits, and later on their names are found recorded as missionaries and martyrs. For nine years the Jesuits had managed to evade the edicts against them in a very politic

they still persevered in their work of conversion, caused six Franciscans, three Jesuits, and fifteen lay members of the mission to be impaled alive at Nagasaki on the 3rd of January, 1597.

According to the Japanese accounts the | never rode out without a servant folChinese envoys presented the siogun lowing him with a flagon of water that with a crown, a robe, and a golden seal, and after a splendid banquet Taicosama ordered two learned men to read the letter from the emperor of China, which was found to run somewhat as follows: "We specially invest you with the dignity of ruler of Japan and have sent our commission for this purpose. We also send you a crown and a robe, so that you may be in agreement with our ancient customs. Be careful manner, but Taicosama, seeing that to act in a way that is worthy of your position as our minister. Be grateful for the imperial favor bestowed upon you. Follow always our orders." Taicosama waxed furious at this insolent letter. "I am already king of Niphon," Meanwhile the Japanese troops had he cried. "I am so alone, and if it is been resting secure in their fortresses necessary, I shall know how to change along the Corean coast; and large reinplaces, making Tai-Ming my vassal." forcements were now sent over to The Chinese say that Taicosama ac- rekindle the war. The command of cepted the honor bestowed upon him the whole army was given to Quinby their emperor, but was offended by dono, a cousin of the siogun's wife. the low rank of the Corean envoys and Don Augustin was ordered to act upon the meanness of their gifts. The Jesuit the seacoast, and gained a great vicaccounts on the other hand maintain tory over a Chinese fleet of eighty sail, that Taicosama, though displeased with while two divisions of the army adthe scanty deference of the Coreans, vanced once more upon Seoul. The dismissed the Chinese envoys after king offered to pay a yearly tribute having made a peace with the emperor, and to give his two sons as hostages if and sent a message after them, which Taicosama would recall his army, but reached them at Sacay, asking if there his offers were rejected. A Chinese was any further favor which they could force was, however, more persuasive, request. The ambassadors, anxious to and the Japanese were compelled to make the best of the opportunity, an- | fall back upon two of their forts; in swered that it would crown the whole one of which, Wei-Chan, near the negotiation if the siogun would raze the forts and withdraw his troops from Corca.

It seems certain, however, that Taicosama was so much provoked by the Chinese embassy that he gave orders to renew the war. In the mean time the Jesuits had to suffer some persecutions in Japan, but they were not so severe or sustained as to check the work of propagandism, and the good fathers were moreover mightily cheered by the hopes that the Christian soldiers of Don Augustin might be spreading the true faith in Corea. One Japanese cavalier was indeed so zealous in baptizing the natives that he

south-west extremity of Corea, they successfully withstood an assault, killing, it is said, no less than ten thousand of the enemy. A second attack was made upon the strong position into which Don Augustin had retired, resting on the port of Ning-hai. The Chinese confess that their commander, Leou Ting, invited Hing Tchang (Dou Augustin) to an entertainment in his camp. The Chinese general caused one of his officers to take his place and name, that he might with more convenience give the signal to set upon the Japanese chief, who had only fifty horsemen with him; but Don Augustin becoming suspicious, the signal was

given somewhat too early. The Japan- | fourteen fortified ports. The military ese leaped on his horse, and his attend-governor of Tsusima, however, still ants, forming a triangular squadron, held the right of keeping some huncut their way with great slaughter dreds of Japanese soldiers at Fusan. through the Chinese, and got clear Europe has now been startled by the off. Don Augustin on his return to the news that the descendant of the dairis, fort sent Leou a woman's headdress; again grasping the power of his remote whereupon the Chinese general imme-ancestors, has renewed the invasion of diately ordered an assault, only to be Taicosama, and that the Manchu sucdriven back with heavy loss. The fur-cessors of the dynasty of Ming are ther prosecution of the war was now gathering their hosts to meet the Japslackened by the illness of Taicosama, anese on the old battleground where who died on September 15th, 1598, at the Chinese fought them three hunthe age of sixty-four. A magnificent dred years ago. What changes have temple was raised over his tomb at taken place since then have been Meaco, and divine honors paid to his memory. Within its walls was shown the place where were buried the ears and noses of three thousand Coreans who had been massacred at one time. He left behind him only one son, a child of six years old, whom he committed to the care of Ijejas, king of Kuanto, who was declared regent. It is said that Taicosama before he died had given orders that his troops should be withdrawn from Corea. At any rate this was soon done by Ijejas, who had other ends in view than prosecuting so wasteful an undertaking. Two hundred thousand troops had been employed in the war, and the loss of life had been very great.

The energics of the Japanese were now engaged in a civil war in which Don Augustin took sides against Ijejas; but he was defeated, made prisoner, and beheaded, dying like a good Catholic with the words Jesu Maria upon his lips. Ijejas, best known in history as Daifusama, in the end got rid of Fide Jori, son of Taicosama, and founded a new line of sioguns. Peace was made with China in 1607, but hostilities continued between Japan and Corea till 1615; and trade between the two countries was always kept under jealous restrictions.

mainly for the advantage of Japan. They seem at present to have the command of the sea, and the Chinese, if obliged to send their troops by land to Corea, will be exposed to the same difficulties as the Russians were in the Crimean war. As in the days of Taicosama the Japanese have gained considerable advantages at the outset; but if the struggle be prolonged I am inclined to think that they will fail to keep the peninsula of Corea against the might of China.

WILLIAM W. IRELAND.

From Longman's Magazine. THE ROMAN JOURNAL OF GREGOROVIUS. BY MRS. W. E. H. LECKY.

IN the autumn of 1893 a second edition appeared of the "Römische Tagebücher" of Gregorovius. This journal dates from 1852 to 1874, the most momentous period of his life. He bequeathed it to his friend, Professor Althaus, who prefaces it with a biographical sketch. Gregorovius left no directions for the publication of the journal, but the fact that he carefully revised it, while he destroyed his other papers and his friends' correspondence, speaks for itself. The journal reflects We are informed in the "Aperçu the many-sided culture of the writer, Général des Trois Royaumes," trans- the temperament of the poet, combined lated from the original Japanese by with the depth and thoroughness of the Klaproth, that the miseries they en- historian. It records the great events dured from this invasion awoke the of the day. It gives us glimpses of the military spirit of the Coreans, so that remarkable men with whom he came they had in 1786 a formidable fleet and in contact. To those who only care for

the objective side of an author, its seems to me, the highest calling; yea,

thoughtful introspection may sometimes appear egotistical. Others, who like to follow the inner workings of the mind in the conception and execution of a great work, will find a special interest in those passages.

an injunction from the Capitoline Jupiter himself. The thought struck me, impressed by the sight of the city from the island bridge of S. Bartolomeo, I must undertake something great which will give substance to my life. I communicated the plan to Dr. Braun, secretary of the Archeological Institute. He reflected and said, 'This is an attempt in which every one must fail.'” But nothing daunted, Gregorovius began to collect his materials, while working at the same time at various other things, chiefly poems. April 30, 1856, we read: "Rome is the demon with which I wrestle. If I am victorious in the struggle, that is, if I succeed in subduing this overwhelming world power by making it a subject of searching inquiry and artistic treatment, I shall be a conqueror indeed." On September 25, 1856, he writes from Genazzano: "To-morrow I return to Rome, where I will begin the first volume of the history of the city in the Middle Ages. I shall soon see whether by God's grace I am destined for this work or not."

The place where Gregorovius was born had an important influence on his intellectual development. His father was counsellor at Neidenburg, where stood the ruins of a medieval castle of the Teutonic knights. He was the means of procuring its restoration, and when it was completed the law offices were transferred thither, and the counsellor with his numerous family took up his abode in it. Such surroundings gave the youngest son, the future historian of Rome, an early interest in the Middle Ages. He used to say that but for his having spent his youth in this castle, the history of Rome might never have been written. Ferdinand Gregorovius first studied theology, but soon found himself unfit for it, and gave himself up to philosophy and history. After teaching some years at the University of Königsberg, where his first books appeared, he felt himself The journal suffers a good deal irresistibly drawn to Italy, and in spite of interruption, as Gregorovius now of small means he migrated thither in plunges into his new work, finishing 1852, following in the footsteps of a at the same time "The Tombs of the friend, the young historical painter, Popes," and the poem "Euphorion," Bornträger. The latter died before the which both appeared in 1857. In 1858 arrival of Gregorovius, and this, and the first two volumes of the history the death of a promising nephew, at were completed. He read parts aloud first so deeply colored his thoughts that to the Grand Duchess Helena of Rushe failed to find the stimulus which he sia, who was then staying in Rome, expected from Italian surroundings. He describes that remarkable princess Time, however, softened the blow, and as "a stately, beautiful woman, of rare in May, 1853, he says: "The Roman culture, and with vivid interests for all air has on me the effect of champagne, branches of knowledge." "Nothing This sunny atmosphere penetrates me calls the attention better to defects of as if from distant happy regions." He form than reading aloud to attentive went to Naples, Pompeii, La Cava, listeners. The grand duchess remarked Salerno, Pæstum. He found the three to me that my style was tendu. She temples magnificent and grand, like a hit on the right criticism. In the first trilogy of schylus. "Soon I shall chapters I am uncertain and therefore see Syracuse. I rejoice like a child at labored. I must become lighter." He the prospect of breathing the air of also read to Ampère, one of the most Greece." On October 3, 1854, we find genial of Frenchmen, good-natured, the momentous passage: "I intend kind, vivacious, and, what is rare writing the history of Rome in the among them, without vanity." He Middle Ages. This work requires, it made the acquaintance of Baron von

Haxthausen, a Westphalian, the well-able glimpse into the monastic life of known writer on Russia, who had a the Middle Ages," and the beauty of tendency to spiritualism and was inex- the place enchanted him. His room haustible in ghost stories. Gregorovius himself was a great dreamer. In the early part of the journal he tells an experience which might be recorded in the annals of the Psychical Society. When he was a boy at the Gymnasium, before his Abiturienten examination the equivalent of matriculation - he dreamt that the professor gave him the "Ode of Horace," "Justum ac tenacem propositi virum," to explain. "I studied it well," he says, "and when on the day of the examination I entered the hall with my schoolfellows, I told them in what way I had learned what I was going to be examined in. They laughed at me. Professor Petrany took up Horace and said to me

Open at the Ode, 'Justum ac tenacem propositi virum.'" The others looked at me in astonishment, and I passed brilliantly."

reminded him of his paternal Castle of Neidenburg, and in the companionship of the illustrious Tosti he found the greatest enjoyment. "In this extraordinary man," he says, "there burns a deep and beautiful mind. Everything is intuition with him, he works or studies little, he draws everything out of himself. He laughs heartily when he speaks; it is the laugh of a happy mind which is never tormented by ambition. Nevertheless, there is in his look something of a superior ability, which suddenly betrays the material for a prince of the Church. He has the inherited spirit of the Benedictine aristocracy. Tosti lives in connection with the minds which have influenced the world from Monte Casino." When Gregorovius saw to his surprise the portrait of the Police Minister del Caretto in full uniform in the Archive On April 29, 1859, the Allgemeine room, it was explained to him how this Zeitung announced the publication of man, before the Revolution of 1848, the first volume of the "History of the had granted the monastery a printingCity of Rome in the Middle Ages." press and had assented to a proposal of "Thus the beginning coincides with Tosti and the abbot for founding a what appears to be a complete revolu- paper, the Athenæum of Italy, in which tion of Italy." The events of this all Italian savants, even those who had momentous year keenly interested Gre- been exiled, should write. Rosmini, gorovius: "I look upon the indepen- Silvio Pellico, Manzoni, Cantù, all dence of Italy as a sacred national wished to contribute, and thus the right," he says, "and were every Aus- unification movement began in the trian in Lombardy my own brother, I monastery. However, an attack upon would urge the Italians to drive him the Jesuits by Gioberti caused bad away. But I cannot bear the thought Monte Casino was denounced that a man like Napoleon should take as the centre of unbelief and democthe glory of having liberated a people. racy, the printing-press taken away, Germany will renew its youth; Prussia and several of the monks - among is its Piedmont. The Protestant prin- others, Tosti - were banished. The ciple will triumph; but, by the possible portrait of Caretto remained as the destruction of the temporal power of monument of a promising scheme, to the pope, Catholicism will concentrate which the notorious minister had unitself energetically, and a struggle of consciously contributed. Since ten religious principles is at hand.” years the relations between the monasIn October of the same year Grego-tery and the government had not been rovius spent twelve days at Monte re-established, and Tosti called this il Casino, to which the librarian Kale fati decennio plumbeo. had invited him. There he distinctly heard the cannonading at Gaeta. If the Archives did not contain much that was of use to him, he had “au invalu

blood.

"A philosophic tradition, which dates from the days of Pythagoras, has been kept alive in South Italy, which has produced Thomas Aquinas, Gior

where I played my youthful games."

dano Bruno, Campanelli, Genovesi, and not moved me as much as this garden finally, Galuppi. . . . He has the merit of having revived the philosophic stud- He visits friends in Poland, and feels ies." The day before his departure renewed sympathy for this unhappy Gregorovius partook of a solemn his- people. "I wished them resurrection, toric meal with Tosti, Kalefati, and if ever the dead rise again." But we Wandel, and on October 18, he left are not surprised to hear that he soon Monte Casino. As he descended into longs to get back to his work. By the the mist of the Campagna, the monas-light of later events it is curious to read tery stood out clear and bright. On the following passage on his return arriving at the foggy San Germano, the journey: "I remained but three hours contrast reminded him of the two parts at Strasburg, full of sorrow that this of Raphael's "Transfiguration." The beautiful German town must now resummer of this year, he records, had main French forever." been one of the pleasantest of his wandering life, and its culminating point Monte Casino.

To

On his return in October, 1860, he found the national cause in Italy developing fast. "It is a wonderful spectaOn December 22 he finished the cle," he says, "to see the new kingdom third volume of the "History." Not of Italy rise up as if by enchantment. long after this he received, through the When time shall have obliterated all influence of Bunsen, a yearly subsidy the meaner elements in the struggle, of four hundred thalers for two years Cavour, Victor Emanuel, and Garibaldi towards the writing of the "History." will stand out as heroes of this era. In 1860 he paid a visit to Königsberg: the student of the struggles of Rome "After eight years of pilgrimage and in the past, the sight of the present, hard struggle, I shall see my native which accomplishes a work of which land again." He wished to spend his the ages had despaired, is invaluable.” last night in Italy, in the charming At a later period he writes: "It was island Isola Bella. He was now so the year 1859 which lifted a veil from fully under the spell of the south, that my eyes, so that I could recognize more among the Swiss Alps depression over- clearly the fundamental ideas of the came him at having left it, and he Middle Ages, and especially the relalonged to return. He stops at Stutt- tion of the papacy to Rome." The gart, Nuremberg, Leipzig, Danzig, and part played by Napoleon was a mystififinally reaches Königsberg. Here much cation. "Not even Tiberius had thus had changed. "I can go about un-understood the art of acting double. known, as if I wore a mask; and these He plays with both parties. He has changes have come about in eight given up the Marshes and Umbria to years." But he also finds friends who | Victor Emanuel, and allowed the Papał had remained stationary at the point army to be destroyed at Castel Fidardo, where he had left them, while to him the eight years had been "a great, yea, an immeasurable, epoch." In his native home, too, all is altered. Of his father's world but a shadow remains. He revisits Gumbinnen, where he was at the Gymnasium from the ages of eleven to seventeen, and where he had not been for twenty-one years. His uncle's house had been rebuilt, the poplars cut down, but the homely avenue of shady beeches welcomes him, and he finds birds' nests in the same trees. "The experiences of childhood overwhelmed me. Even Pompeii has

and at the same time he forces the pope to acknowledge that he is his only protector; for Goyon has driven the Piedmontese from the Southern Marshes, and invested Terracina, as he had done Viterbo. Napoleon simultaneously promotes and hinders the Italian Revolution." Gregorovius sinds three constantly recurring types in the history of Italy, Macchiavelli, Cæsar Borgia, and the condottieri.

The 13th of February, 1861, brought the news of the fall of Gaeta. When Pius IX. heard it he said, "Adesso tocca a noi." On the 15th, the last

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