ing the southern half of the western hemisphere to develop into independent nations with governments similar to our own. The later results and the enlarged conception of the Monroe Doctrine will be treated under March. Topics for discussion Hidalgo and Bolívar. England uses the United States to block the Holy Alliance. The Monroe Doctrine. Read: Narrative and Critical History of America, vol. The Monroe Doctrine, an Obsolete Shibboleth, The Pan-American Union, John Barrett. Munder The United States as a World Power, Archibald C. A History of the American People, Woodrow Wil- James Monroe, D. C. Gilman, American States- Diplomacy of the United States, Theodore Lyman. The Monroe Doctrine, George F. Tucker. Rockwell Outline of the Revolution in South America, "by A South American" (pseudonym). Eastburn. History of the Pacific States of North America, vols. x and xi, Hubert H. Bancroft. A. L. Bancroft & Co. Story subjects: Metternich, Alexander I, Padre Hidalgo, Simon Bolívar, George Canning, Lord Byron. James Monroe and John Quincy Adams. Emphasize the heroic figure of Simon Bolívar, sometimes called the Washington of South America; styled the "Liberator" for his efforts and leadership in releasing five nations from the bonds of Spain. A great warrior, although a greater statesman. Native of Venezuela, he became President of Colombia in 1821. Entered into treaty relations with Peru in 1822, with Chile in 1822; with Mexico in 1823; with Central America in 1825; and with the United States in 1824. He took the advanced stand of providing for arbitration of disputes which might arise between the contracting parties. 66 While Bolívar was at work in northern South America, the great San Martín, the 'Liberator' of the southern part of the continent, was by his own personal example of heroic unselfishness and devotion to the cause of freedom preparing the way for the peaceful development of such progressive countries as Argentine and Chile." 1 On the south wall of the Governing Board Room of the building of the Bureau of American Republics in Washington is a panel representing Bolívar and his army. It represents him leading his dismounted cavalry across a mountain pass. "The "Liberator' of South America," says John Barrett, "won his greatest successes by his lighting dashes through almost impassable mountain fastnesses, surprising and routing large forces with but a handful of men." At the right of this panel is one representing the meet 1 John Barrett, The Pan-American Union. ing, at the battle of Chacabuco in 1817, of San Martín and Bernardo O'Higgins. "San Martín," continues John Barrett, "one of the truest patriots and one of the ablest generals ever produced by the three Americas, relinquished his leadership at the very moment of victory in order that Bolívar might assume the hard-won mantle of authority and coalesce the warring factions that disrupted the revolutionary movement and threatened internal strife. San Martín deliberately sacrificed his own future for the cause he loved, but left behind him a name untarnished by suspicion of self-seeking or personal aggrandisement." In the Foyer of the Hall of the Americas in this same building is a remarkably fine bust of Bolívar by Rudolph Evans, and also an equally fine one of San Martín by Herbert Adams. JANUARY: THE UNITED STATES A MELTING-POT FOR RACES HUMAN BROTHERHOOD JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER O brother man, fold to thy heart thy brother! Each smile a hymn, each kindly deed a pray'r. Follow with rev'rent steps the great example Then shall all shackles fall; the stormy clangour And in its ashes plant the tree of peace. Although the United States had proclaimed it an unfriendly act for any foreign power to acquire territory in the New World, it welcomed to its shores any person who sought political freedom or who desired to gain an honest livelihood. Between the close of the Revolution and 1820, two hundred and fifty thousand immigrants came to this country, and as far as records can show, they came chiefly from Great Britain. Thus, at the time of the announcement of the Monroe Doctrine we find the people of the United States of the same race as that of the colonial period. To get a clear understanding, however, of the real significance of the later streams of immigration, one ought to have exactly in mind the composition of the American race at this time. We must remember that one of our colonies was Dutch; that there had come to New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina a large immigration of the people called Scotch-Irish, the Protestant inhabitants of the north of Ireland; that to the Middle States had come a large immigration of Germans; and through all the colonies were found the Huguenot-French, comparatively few in number, but strong in character and influence. The immigration of other nationalities was so small as to have no practical effect upon the formation of the race. This, then, was the situation when the United States assumed its new rôle of assimilating the great masses of foreign population. We may outline the streams of immigration as follows: 1800-35, English and Scotch. 1835-50, English and Irish. 1845-48, Irish (due to famines). 1845-70, Germans. 1865-85, Scandinavians. 1885-1913, Italians, Slavs, Greeks. Point out the chief causes of immigration in these different periods. Read: Emigration and Immigration, Richmond Smith. Nature and Man in America, Nathaniel S. Shaler. The Promised Land, Mary Antin. Houghton Mifflin The American Commonwealth, second part, James Albert Gallatin, J. A. Stevens, American Statesmen The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, F. Bancroft and Story subjects: Alexander Hamilton, John Paul Jones, Albert Gallatin, Louis Kossuth, and Carl Schurz. Emphasize the life of Carl Schurz as an exemplary American citizen. Tell of his serving a sentence in a German prison in his youth on account of his love of liberty, and how he came to the United States for political freedom. Point out the chief events of his career as scholar, journalist, soldier, and statesman. Tell of his great devotion to American ideals, his love for mankind, and his often expressed opinion that the cardinal duty of the United States was to take the lead among |