it had come in July, 1834, did not take any steps to insist upon its faithful execution. Before separating, they voted, on the 24th of August, the following instructions to the directory in regard to foreign affairs-1. The directory will scrupulously watch over the honour. dignity, and independence of the Confederation, as is suitable to a free and neutral state. That body is earnestly invited to require the cantons to put their military organization in the state which is prescribed by their federal obligations. 2. The directory will watch over the preservation of pacific and amicable relations between the Confederation and foreign states, taking for its basis the faithful execution of the duties resulting from the rights of nations. 3. For this purpose the directory will keep up a regular correspondence with the cantons and with the Swiss agents abroad, so as to be made acquainted with all that can interest Switzerland. 4. In case of sudden danger from abroad, the directory is authorized to set on foot the necessary troops, and to designate their temporary chiefs, and at the same time will convoke the Diet, to which body is reserved the appointment of commander-inchief and the chief of the staff, as well as the direction of such other general measures as it may deem requisite. 5. If war should break out in any of the states bordering on Switzerland, the Diet shall be immediately convoked.

The political dissensions, which cubittered the peace of Switzerland, began now to be mixed up, in some of the cantons, with religious animosities. Among other innovations, an earnest desire had been expressed, in some of the Catholic cantons, especially in Argau,

that Catholic Switzerland should have a national Church by means of an union of provincial synods. The project was not acceptable at Rome; for every arrangement of this kind diminishes the direct dependence of the bishoprics and the church on the papal see. In Argau, the little council having laid certain propositions before an assembly of the clergy, a papal circular was addressed to the latter, and at the same time was clandestinely circulated in the canton, for the purpose of creating odium against the intended ecclesiastical changes. The little council immediately issued a proclamation, warning all the inhabitants, whether clerical or lay, against circulating the document, and calling upon them not only to deliver up all copies which might have reached them, but likewise to state the name of the persons by whom they had been distributed or transmitted. The bishop of Argau, imagining that ecclesiastical rights had been violated, or ecclesiastical powers illegally assumed, by certain judicial sentences of judicial bodies, issued an inhibition. The great council referred the matter to a committee, who reported, on the 2nd September, that it should be declared to the bishop, by a letter from the great council, that the great council considered the inhibition against judicial sentences to be illegal, and to be a violation of the duties which the bishop has sworn to fulfil; and it, therefore, called on the bishop to withdraw the inhibition in due form, and in case he did not, to expect the consequences that would necessarily follow: That if the bishop should not be induced, either by this letter, or by the intervention of the diocesan authori

ties, to conduct himself properly, his revenues should be sequestrated, the canton should declare its separation from the bishopric; the canon residing at Soleure should be recalled, and the great council immediately assembled: That all clergymen, having the cure of souls, should take an oath of obedience to the canton of Argau.

By treaties entered into in 1827 and 1828, France and Switzerland had regulated the conditions under which the citizens of the one country should be allowed to settle and acquire property within the territories of the other. A. M. Wahl, a French banker of Muhlhausen, had purchased an estate in the division of the canton of Basle, now called Basle-country. He had made his acquisition under the authority of the legislative council of the district; the price had been paid, and the transaction completed. M. Wahl, however, was a Jew; the grand council, on this ostensible ground, opposed itself to his settlement amongst them, and by a decision of the 18th April, annulled the contract. Repeated applications and remonstrances for au alteration of this decree having been in vain addressed by France to the canton itself, an ordinance was issued from the Tuileries, on the 12th September, suspending all diplomatic intercourse, and the operation of the treaties of 1827 and 1828, between France and Switzerland, in so far as regarded the canton of Basle-country, unless the latter, within twelve days, should repeal its decree of the 18th April. This ordinance being communicated likewise to the directory, the latter expressed regret that the French legation had not sooner brought the matter under its notice, but promised, if it found,

upon inquiry, that the authorities of Basle-country had acted in coutravention of the treaties, to use every means to bring back its government to the performance of its duty. The canton itself did not allow its determination to be affected by these proceedings. The great council decided almost unanimously, on the 18th October, that all the measures, which had been taken to annul the purchase, should remain in full force.

In the autumn, the king of Prussia, and the emperor of Russia met at Kalisch, on the western frontier of Russian Poland, and the autocrat subsequently met the emperor of Austria at Töplitz; but neither of these meetings seemed to have been brought about for the purposes of political deliberation, and the first of them was devoted to the reviewing of some corps of the Russian army. On his return to St. Petersburgh, the emperor Nicholas passed through Warsaw. The civil authorities waited upon his majesty to pay him their respects, and he addressed to them a speech, which having been retained with wonderful accuracy, and having found its way into the French papers, excited much attention in the rest of Europe as being an impudent declaration of the rigorous principles on which Poland was to be governed, and a plain avowal that she was thenceforth to be treated as a Russian province. "You have desired to see me, gentlemen," said the emperor; "well then, I receive you. You have wished to make me a speech; but in order to spare you a lie, I have not thought fit that this speech should be addressed to me. Yes, gentlemen, to spare you a lie; for I know your sentiments are not such as you would have me

believe, and most of you, if placed again in the same situation, would be ready to begin again what they did during the revolution. Are not you the same persons, gentlemen, who, five years, eight years ago, spoke to me of loyalty and devotedness, and gave me the fairest assurances of your attachment? A few days afterwards you broke your oaths, and committed atrocious deeds. The emperor Alexander, who did more for you than any emperor of Russia ought to have done, (I say it because I think so,) who loaded you with benefits, and favoured you more than his own subjects who made you the happiest and most prosperous nation -the emperor Alexander was rewarded by you with the blackest ingratitude. You have never known how to be satisfied with your own condition, favourable as it was; you have ended with destroying your own prosperity, by renouncing your institutions, and trampling them under foot. I tell you the truth plainly, in order, once for all, to make our respective positions clear, and that you may know what you have to think of it. Actions are required not words; repentance must come from the heart.

You see that I speak to you without anger-you see me calm, without rancour. I have long pardoned the offences to myself and my family. My sole desire is to return you good for evil, to make you happy in spite of yourselves; for so I have sworn before God, and my oaths are sacred to me. The marshal here, who fulfils my intentions, seconds me in my plans to take care of your welfare. (At these words the whole deputation turned towards Prince Paskevitsch, bowing to him, but the emperor proceeded.)

Well, gentlemen, what does this salutation prove? Nothing at all. Above all things you must fulfil your duties, and conduct yourselves like honest men. Gentle. men, you have two ways before you; you may either persist in your illusions of an independent Poland, or continue to live in tranquillity as faithful subjects under my government. If you choose to persist in cherishing your dreams, your Utopias of nationality, of an independent Poland, and such other phantasms, you can only bring down on yourselves great misfortunes. I have caused the Alexander citadel to be erected here, and I declare to you, that on the smallest insurrection, I will have the city cannonaded. I will destroy Warsaw, and certainly it will not be rebuilt by me. It is very painful to me to speak to you in this manner-it is always hard for a sovereign to treat his own. subjects in such a manner; but I say it for your good. It depends on you, gentlemen, to deserve that what is past should be forgotten. It is only by your conduct, by showing yourselves faithful to the government, that you can attain this object. No police in the world can hinder secret intercourse with foreign countries. But you yourselves must exercise the police to prevent the evil. By giving your children a good educationby imprinting on their minds the principles of religion and of fidelity to the sovereign, you may remain in the good path. In the midst of so many troubles that agitate Europe, in spite of all the doctrines which shake the social edifice, you have the good fortune to live in peace under the eyes of Russia, which remains strong and untouched, and watches for you. Believe

me, gentlemen, it is a real blessing to belong to Russia, to enjoy its protection. If you conduct yourselves well, if you perform all your duties, my care will extend to you all, and, in spite of everything that has passed, my government will constantly be interested in your prosperity and happiness. Let what I have said to you remain fixed in your memory.'

In an earlier period of the year, the Russian government had contracted a loan of 150,000,000 Polish florins in name of Poland. The Polish refugees in France, styling themselves "The Polish emigrants, organized in democratic society for the emancipation of the

Polish nation," published in the principal newspapers of Europe, a protest against this loan, giving warning to the lenders that Pola d, when it should have recovered "ts liberty, not only would not rec gnize the title of the creditors, but would insist upon recovering such payments as might have been made to them-proclaiming every Pole aiding in this loan, whether directly or indirectly, an enemy to his country, and holding up to universal execration all in general who should contribute to this augmentation of the burthens of subjugated Poland. The protest was dated from Poitiers, in the department of the Vienne.

N the end of 1834, the seat of the Greek government had been transferred from Nauplia to Athens, with a view to the approaching majority of the king, and the consequent dissolution of the regency. His majesty himself landed at the Piræus, on the 13th of December; he was met by the demogerentes, or aldermen, and the municipal officers of the city, who accompanied him in procession to the Temple of Theseus, where his arrival was celebrated by the performance of a Te Deum. The court and its unavoidable attendants, the staff and the diplomatic body, suffered much inconvenience from want of accommodation, the king himself being housed in only a pro tempore palace; but their presence contributed greatly to the renovation of Athens by the demands which it created. Old streets were cleared out, and new ones laid down; private dwellings

and public buildings rose rapidly on every side. Warehouses began to be built along the Piræus; and a great number of men were employed to clear away from the Parthenon the accumulated rubbish of so many centuries.

The regency, too, had been gaining in the opinion of the Greeks, since the recal of its unpopular members Mauer and Abel, in the preceding year. Count Armansperg, whom they had attempted to expel, was presented by the Athenians with the freedom of their city, and a very flattering address, thanking him for the wise measures which he had followed in governing the kingdom. The principal occupation of the regency during what remained of its existence consisted in completing the judicial organization of the kingdom. Greece was divided into ten judicial departments, or Nomoi. In each of these was established a