merit which did not belong to those fes- | tivals in an equal degree. It cannot be doubted that the Amphictyonic laws, which regulated the originally small confederacy, were the foundation of that international law which was recognised throughout Greece; and which, imperfect as it was, had some effect in regulating beneficially national intercourse among the Greeks in peace and war, and, so far as it went, was opposed to that brute force and lawless aggression which no Greek felt himself restrained by any law from exercising towards those who were not of the Greek name. To the investigator of that dark but interesting period in the existence of the Greek nation which precedes its authentic records, the hints which have been left us on the earlier days of this council, faint and scanty as they are, have still their value. They contribute something to those fragments of evidence with which the learning and still more the ingenuity of the present generation are converting mythical legends into a body of ancient history. ANARCHY (from the Greek avapxía, anarchia, absence of government) properly means the entire absence of political government; the condition of a collection of human beings inhabiting the same country, who are not subject to a common sovereign. Every body of persons living in a state of nature (as it is termed) is in a state of anarchy; whether that state of nature should exist among a number of persons who have never known political rule, as a horde of savages, or should rise in a political society in consequence of resistance on the part of the subjects to the sovereign, by which the person or persons in whom the sovereignty is lodged are forcibly deprived of that power. Such intervals are com monly of short duration; but after most revolutions, by which a violent change of government has been effected, there has been a short period during which there was no person or body of persons who exercised the executive or legislative sovereignty, that is to say, a period of anarchy. Anarchy is sometimes used in a transferred or improper sense to signify the condition of a political society, in which, according to ne writer or speaker, there has been an undue remissness or supineness of the sovereign, and especially of those who wield the executive scvereignty. In the former sense, anarchy means the state of a body of persons among whom there is no political government; in its second sense, it means the state of a political society in which there has been a deficient exercise of the sovereign power. As an insufficiency of government is likely to lead to no government at all, the term anarchy has, by a common exaggeration, been used to signify the small degree, where it properly means the entire absence. [SOVEREIGNTY.] ANATOMY ACT. Before the passing of 2 & 3 Will. IV. c. 75, on the 1st of August, 1832, the medical profession was placed in a situation at once anomalous and discreditable to the intelligence of the country. The law rendered it illegal for the medical practitioner or teacher of anatomy to possess any human body for the purposes of dissection, save that of murderers executed pursuant to the sentence of a court of justice, whilst it made him liable to punishment for ignorance of his profession; and while the charters of the medical colleges enforced the duty of teaching anatomy by dissection, the law rendered such a course impracticable. But as the interests of society require anatomy to be taught, the laws were violated, and a new class of offenders and new crimes sprung up as a consequence of legislation being inconsistent with social wants. By making anatomical dissection a penalty for crime, the strong prejudices which existed respecting dissection were magnified tenfold. This custom existed in England for about three centuries, having commenced early in the sixteenth century, when it was ordered that the bodies of four criminals should be assigned annually to the corporation of barber-surgeons. The 2 & 3 Will. IV. c. 75, repealed s. 4, 9 Geo. IV. c. 31, which empowered the court, when it saw fit, to direct the body of a person convicted of murder to be dissected after execution. Bodies are now obtained for anatomical purposes under the following regulations enacted in 2 & 3 Will. IV. c. until forty-eight hours after death, nor until twenty-four hours' notice after death to the anatomical inspector of the district of the intended removal, such notice to be accompanied by a certificate of the cause of death, signed by the physician, surgeon, or apothecary who attended during the illness whereof the deceased person died; or if not so attended, the body is to be viewed by some physician, surgeon, or apothecary after death, and who shall not be concerned in examining the body after removal. Their certificate is to be delivered with the body to the party receiving the same for examination, who within twenty-four hours must transmit the certificate to the inspector of anatomy for the district, accompanied by a return stating at what day and hour and from whom the body was received, the date and place of death, the sex, and (as far as known) the name, age, and last abode of such person; and these particulars, with a copy of the certificate, are also to be entered in a book, which is to be produced whenever the inspector requires. The body on being removed is to be placed in a decent coffin or shell and be removed therein; and the party receiving it is to provide for its interment after examination in consecrated ground, or in some public burial-ground of that religious persuasion to which the person whose body was removed belonged; and a certificate of the interment is to be transmitted to the inspector of anatomy for the district within six weeks after the body was received for examinatica. Offences against the act may be punished with imprisonment for not less than three months, or a fine of not more than 50%. 75, which is entitled 'An act for regulating | The supply, under this act, of the bodies of persons who die friendless in poor-houses and hospitals and elsewhere, is said to be sufficient for the present wants of the teachers of anatomy. The enormities which were formerly practised by "resurrection-men" and "burkers" have ceased. The number of bodies annually supplied in London for the pur poses of dissection amounts to 600. ANCIENT DEMESNE. [MANOR.] ANGLICAN CHURCH. [ESTABLISHED CHURCH OF ENGLAND AND ANNALS, in Latin Annales, is de- | of which there was as yet no example in the Latin language. It belongs, he says, to the highest class of oratorical composition ("opus oratorium maxime"). rived from annus, a year. Cicero, in his second book, 'On an Orator' (De Oratore, 12), informs us, that from the commencement of the Roman state down to the time of Publius Mucius, it was the custom for the Pontifex Maximus annually to commit to writing the transactions of the past year, and to exhibit the account publicly on a tablet (in albo) at his house, where it might be read by the people. Mucius was Pontifex Maximus in the beginning of the seventh century from the foundation of Rome. These are the registers, Cicero adds, which we now call the Annales Maximi,' the great annals. It is probable that these annals are the same which are frequently referred to by Livy under the title of the 'Commentarii Pontificum,' and by Dionysius under that of iépai déλToi, or 'Sacred Tablets.' Cicero, both in the passage just quoted, and in another in his first book On Laws' (De Legibus), speaks of them as extremely brief and meagre documents. It may, however, be inferred from what he says, that parts of them at least were still in existence in his time, and some might be of considerable antiquity. Livy says (vi. 1) that most of the Pontifical Commentaries were lost at the burning of the city after its capture by the Gauls. It is evident, however, that they were not in Livy's time to be found in a perfect state even from the date of that event (B.C. 390); for he is often in doubt as to the succession of magistrates in subsequent periods, which it is scarcely to be supposed he could have been, if a complete series of these annals had been preserved. The word annals, however, was also used by the Romans in a general sense; and it has been much disputed what was the true distinction between annals and history. Cicero, in the passage in his work De Oratore,' says, that the first narrators of public events, both among the Greeks and Romans, followed the same mode of writing with that in the Annales Maximi;' which he further describes as consisting in a mere statement of facts briefly and without ornament. In his work 'De Legibus' he characterizes history as something distinct from this, and 6 This question has been considerably perplexed by the division which is commonly made of the historical works of Tacitus, into books of Annals and books called Histories. As what are called his Annals' are mainly occupied with events which happened before he was born, while in his History' he relates those of his own time, some critics have laid it down as the distinction between history and annals, that the former is a narration of what the writer has himself seen, or at least been contemporary with, and the latter of transactions which had preceded his own day. Aulus Gellius (v. 18), in his discussion on the difference between Annals and History, says that some consider that both History and Annals are a record of events, but that History is properly a narrative of such events as the narrator has been an eye-witness of. He adds that Verrius Flaccus, who states that some people hold this opinion, doubts about its soundness, though Verrius thinks that it may derive some support from the fact that, in Greek, History (ioropía) properly signifies the obtaining of the knowledge of present events. But Gellius considers that all annals are histories, though all histories are not annals; just as all men are animals, but all animals are not men. Accordingly Histories are considered to be the exposition or showing forth of events; Annals, to contain the events of several successive years, each event being assigned to its year. The distinction which the historian Sempronius Asellio made is this, as quoted by Gellius"Between those who had intended to leave annals, and those who had attempted to narrate the acts of the Roinan people, there was this difference :-Annals only affected to show what events took place in each year, a labour like that of those who write diaries, which the Greeks call Ephemerides. To us it seemed appropriate not merely to state what had been done, but also with what design and on what principle it had been done." Accordingly Annals are materials for History. [HISTORY.] Tacitus has himself in one passage intimated distinctly what he himself understood annals to be, as distinguished from history. In his Annals' (commonly so called) iv. 71, he states his reason for not giving the continuation and conclusion of a particular narrative which he had commenced, to be simply the necessity under which he had laid himself by the form of composition he had adopted of relating events strictly in the order of time, and always finishing those of one year before entering upon those of another. The substance of his remark is, that "the nature of his work required him to give each particular under the year in which it actually happened." This, then, was what Tacitus conceived to be the task which he had undertaken as a writer of annals, "to keep everything to its year." Had he been writing a history (and in the instance quoted above, he insinuates he had the inclination, if not the ability, for once to act the historian), he would have considered himself at liberty to pursue the narrative he was engaged with to its close, not stopping until he had related the whole. But remembering that he professed to be no more than an annalist, he restrains himself, and feels it to be his business to keep to the events of the year. It is of no consequence that on other occasions Tacitus may have deviated somewhat from the strict line which he thus lays down for himself - that he may have for a moment dropped the annalist and assumed the historian. If it should even be contended that his narrative does not in general exhibit a more slavish submission to the mere succession of years than others that have been dignified with the name of historians, that is still of no consequence. He may have satisfied himself with the more humble name of an annalist, when he had a right to the prouder one of an historian; or the other works referred to may be wrongly designated histories. It may be, for instance, that he himself is as much an historian in what are called his Annals' as he is in what is called his History.' In iii. 65, of his Annals,' Tacitus tells us that it formed no part of the plan of his Annals to give at full length the sentiments and opinions of individuals, | except they were signally characterized either by some honourable or disgraceful traits. In chap. 22 of the treatise on Oratory, attributed to Tacitus, the author expresses his opinion of the general cha racter of the style of ancient anuals; and (Annal. xiii. 31) he carefully marks the distinction between events fit to be incorporated into annals and those which were only adapted to the Acta Diurna. [ACT.] The distinction we have stated between history-writing and annal-writing seems to be the one that has been commonly adopted. An account of events digested into so many successive years is usually entitled, not a history, but annals. The Ecclesiastical Annals' of Baronius, and the Annals of Scotland,' by Sir David Dalrymple (Lord Hailes), are well-known examples. In such works so completely is the succession of years considered to be the governing principle of the narrative, that this succession is sometimes preserved unbroken even when the events themselves would not have required that it should, the year being formally enumerated although there is nothing to be told under it. The year is at least always stated with equal formality whether there be many events or hardly any to be related as having happened in it. In this respect annals differ from a catalogue of events with their dates, as, for instance, the Parian Chronicle.' The object of the latter is to intimate in what year certain events happened; of the former, what events happened in each year. The history of the Peloponnesian war, by Thueydides, has the character of annals. The events are arranged distinctly under each year, which is further divided into summers and winters. All political reflections are, for the most part, placed in the mouths of the various leaders on each side. In the Rheinisches Museum für Philologie,' &c. ii. Jahrg. 2 heft. pp. 293, &c., there is a disquisition, by Niebuhr, on the distinction between History and Annals, in which he limits the latter nearly as has been done above. There is a translation of it in the sixth number (for May, 1833) of the Cambridge Philological Museum.' It scarcely need be noticed that the term annals is popularly used in a very loose sense for a record of events in what- | 1, De Annuis Legatis et Fideicommissis, ever form it may be written-as when Gray speaks of "The short and simple annals of the poor." In the Romish church a mass said for any person every day during a whole year was anciently called an annal; and sometimes the same word was applied to a mass said on a particular day of every year. (Du Cange, Glossarium ad Scriptores Media et Infima Latinitatis.) ANNA'TES, from annus, a year, a sum paid by the person presented to a church living, being the estimated value of the living for a whole year. It is the same thing that is otherwise called Primitiae, or First-Fruits. [FIRSTFRUITS.] Domat's Civil Law, 2nd part, book iv. tit. 2, sec. 1.) In the middle ages annuities were frequently given to professional men as a species of retainer; and in more modern times they have been very much resorted to as a means of borrowing money. When the person who borrows undertakes, instead of interest, to pay an annuity, he is styled the grantor; the person who lends, being by the agreement entitled to receive the payments, is called the grantee of the annuity. This practice seems to have been introduced on the Continent with the revival of commerce, at a time when the advantages of borrowing were already felt, but the taking of interest was still strictly forbidden. In the fifteenth century contracts of this kind were decided by the popes to be lawful, and were recognised as such in France, even though every species of interest upon money borrowed was deemed usurious. (Domat's Civil Law, 1st part, book i. tit. 6.) The commercial states of Italy early availed themselves of this mode of raising money, and their example has since been followed in the national debts of other countries. [NATIONAL DEBT; FUNDS; STOCKS.] ANNUITY. An annuity consists in the payment of a certain sum of money yearly, which is charged upon the person or personal estate of the individual from whom it is due; if it is charged upon his real estate, it is not an annuity, but a rent. [RENT.] A sum of money payable occasionally does not constitute an annuity; the time of payment must recur at certain stated periods, but it is not necessary that these periods should be at the interval of a year; an annuity An annuity may be created either for a may be made payable quarterly, or half-term of years, for the life or lives of any yearly (as is very generally the case), or at any other aliquot portion of a year; and it may even be made payable once in two, three, twenty, or any other number of years. persons named, or in perpetuity; and in the last case, though, as in all others, the annuity as to its security is personal only, yet it may be so granted as to descend in the same manner as real property; and hence such an annuity is reckoned among incorporeal hereditaments. It was not unusual among the Romans to give by way of legacy certain annual payments, which were a charge upon the A perpetual annuity, granted in conheres or co-heredes: a case is recorded sideration of a sum of money advanced, in which a husband binds his heredes to differs from interest in this, that the pay his wife, during her life, ten aurei grantee has no right to demand back his yearly. The wife survived the husband principal, but must be content to receive five years and four months, and a ques- the annuity which he has purchased, as tion was raised, whether the entire legacy long as it shall please the other party to for the sixth year was due, and Modes- continue it:-but the annuity is in its tinus gave it as his opinion that it was nature redeemable at the option of the due. There were also cases in which grantor, who is thus at liberty to disthe heres was bound to allow another charge himself from any further payyearly the use of a certain piece of land; | ments by returning the money which he but this bears no resemblance to the lias borrowed. It may, however, be annuity of the English law, which, as agreed between the parties (as it genestated above, is essentially a periodical rally has been in the creation of our own payment in money. (Digest, xxxiii. tit. national debt, which consists chiefly of |