I hope that there are fewer errors in the list given than in the only entry of which I have competent knowledge, namely "Hertford Cathedral School, 1381." In this, to begin with, the common pen-slip or misprint of spelling Hereford with a "" t' seems to be made, for in Phillott's Diocesan History of Hereford,' the Cathedral School there is stated (erroneously) to have been founded by Bishop Gilbert in 1384. But both Mr. Parry, the editor of Bishop Gilbert's Register in the Cantilupe Society's series, and Canon Capes, in an article in the defunct Herefordshire Magazine, point out that this statement is founded on an inaccurate reading of the register, which related to the neglect of the Chancellor to appoint a master to a Grammar School of the City of Hereford " to the prejudice of Holy Church and the grievous loss of eager scholars." Bishop Gilbert therefore appointed a master to what was obviously then an ancient school. Canon Capes thought that "there can be no doubt that there was a Cathedral School in Hereford in very early days," and quotes evidence inferring one in the eleventh century; he speaks of charters of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries mentioning an Oldeschole Street which is now the Harley Court in which I pen this reply. ALFRED WATKINS. 'DISMISSED": CASHIERED (clii. 46). The Dict. Mil. Sc.,' as quoted by the O.E.D.,' is not accurate in its statement. Section 44 of the Army Act reads as follows: 44. Punishments may be inflicted in respect of offences committed by persons subject to military law and convicted by court martial, In case of officers, according to the scale following: a. Death. e. Dismissal from His Majesty's service. f. Forfeiture The section further provides that an officer shall be cashiered before being sentenced to penal servitude or imprisonment. An officer in the British service may be dismissed generally or specifically. When an officer is dismissed generally, it is signified to him, that his Majesty has not any further occasion for his services. When an officer is dismissed specifically, it is expressly notified, that he is rendered incapable of ever serving again. A colonel of a militia regiment has not only been rendered incapable of ever serving again, but has been expelled from the House of Commons for military misconduct. The charges against him, together with the circumstantial proofs of his guilt, and the King's approbation of the sentence were read in the circle of every regiment throughout Great Britain, in 1795, and nothing but a plea of severe indisposition saved the culprit from having the minutes publicly communicated to him at the Horse Guards. In the Austrian service a colonel has been dismissed at the head of The Army Act makes it quite clear that his regiment, and has had his sword broken cashiering and dismissal " before him, etc. are two distinct and separate punishments, of which dismissal "" is the less severe; it is therefore incorrect to say that when an officer is sentenced by Court Martial to be dismissed the service he is said to be cashiered." An officer sentenced by a general courtmartial, or peremptorily ordered by the King, to be dismissed from the service, is said to be cashiered. ALFRED SYDNEY LEWIS, t 4 C TIRONIAN NOTES: ORIGIN OF SHORTHAND (clii. 46).--The mediaval legend about Cicero "that he had a wonderful power of penmanship, and wrote the whole of the Iliad in such compass that the manuscript could go into the shell of a walnut" may perhaps be connected, as Sir Charles Oman suggests, with the notac Tironianae. But I should think that at least a contributory cause is to be seen in the following passage from Pliny's Natural History: Oculorum acies vel maxime fidem excedentia invenit exempla. In nuce inclusam Iliadem Homeri carmen in membrana scriptum tradit Cicero.-N. H.' vii. 21, 85. no Calculations based on the number of lines that can be written on a small strip of parch. ment have shown that such a feat was by means miraculous, unless the ancient pen was distinctly inferior to the modern. The story, whether drawn to begin with from the passage of Pliny or from a treatise of Cicero now no longer extant, may have ended by taking Cicero as its hero. There is a very useful' Introduction à la lecture des notes tironiennes with an album of 18 photographic reproductions, by Emile Chatelain (Paris, chez l'auteur, 1900); whether still obtainable and at what price I cannot say. It contains a bibliography of the subject. EDWARD BENSLY. SIGNATURES OF PEERS (clii. 46).— The strange combination of surnames and titles was apparently due to patrician anxiety lest the subsidiary strain should be entirely absorbed in the predominant. Thus the signature Salisbury sufficiently indicated the head of the Cecils, but it was felt that the Gascoynes ought not to be forgotten, and for a short time the compound form "Gascoyne-Salisbury" was in use. This, however, was too cumbrous and awkward to be long tolerated: there would be no end to the prospect of additional prefixes as fresh connections were formed. So it was happily dropped. W. E. B. The frank of 1839 by "Furnival " was that of Lord Talbot of Malahide, created a peer of the United Kingdom 8 May, 1839, as Baron Furnival of Malahide. He died s. p. in 1849, when this barony became extinct. His brother succeeded as Lord Talbot of Malahide. R. S. B. GONGORA (clii. 37, s. v. Memorabilia '). -Lewis de Gongora y Argote was born at Cordova, July 11, 1561. His father was Don Francisco de Árgote, but he seems to have been known among his contemporaries, no less than in after times, simply by the surname of his mother (Donna Leonora de) 'Gongora." Should any of your readers be specially interested in this Spanish poet, I would refer them to a goodly review (32 pages) on an essay on the subject, by Edward Churton, Archdeacon of Cleveland (1862), contributed to The Dublin Review in January, 1864. V. C. CHARCOAL-BURNING (cli. 441; clii. 52). -Mention may be made of the fact that this ancient industry furnished the "" working for secret societies of considerable political importance, namely, the Carbonari. Discussing the Carbonaro legend of their own origin Frost says: It is said that the charcoal-burners of Ger- ' many formed themselves into an association for mutual assistance, and recognised each other by secret signs and pass-words. Their secrets and the oath which bound them to each other were called the Faith of the Kohlen-Brenners. Important services rendered to the Order sometimes obtained admission into the society for persons of rank. The organisation must have had an early origin, for Theobald de Brie, who is said to have been one of the honorary members, died in 1066, and being canonised, became the patron saint of the society. The association in course of time extended its ramifications into France, Flanders and Holland. Francis I. is when being separated from his company in the chase and benighted in an extensive forest, he shared the hospitality of some of its said to have been initiated into its secrets, members. the use of charcoal braziers for heating. Hougham, novelist. An ornamental picture. This was in Lord Falmouth's time. The of Ralph Pepworth Hougham, given the estate has just changed hands. Whether name of Dr. Glorm, occupies much space in the new owner (Lord Browne and Oranmore) The Street of Velvet' (T. Fisher Unwin). continues it I do not know, During the His Hammer Marks is partly autobiowar charcoal-burners were sent across the graphical. The introduction, Gambit,' Channels to provide charcoal for heating chapter to Gabriel Quelford' (Edward the trenches and dug-outs. Collier street, Arnold and Co.) has a family story of Brooknear here, bears witness by its name to its land in it. former inhabitants of charcoal-burners, for 19 collier meant a charcoal-burner till the north began to send its coal south. E. A. CLARK. 1859.", second name is on Although R. P. H.'s spelled Papworth, on the record of his burial, he has spelled it Pepworth the christening certificate of his second son, Sam. Sam Hougham was born Feb. 4, 1814, and baptized Aug. 29, 1815, at Brookland, as the son of Ralph Pepworth Hougham and his wife Ann; father, surgeon of Brookland; ceremony by Thos. Rowland. This son's name is given as Sam and not Samuel in most places; on his marriage certificate, to Sarah Ann Bailey, at Radford Parish Church, Nottingham, on July 10, 1848; also on the birth certificate of his first son, Richard Hougham, born at Nottingham, April 18, 1849. But it is Samuel on the marriage certificate of this Richard Hougham to Julia Ann Rollson, at St. George's Parish Church, Birmingham, Oct. 24, 1859. On this certificate there are two other variations from christening and birth certificates, Ann, daughter of William Rollason,' of Birmingham," on birth certificate; Julia Ann Rollason," on certificate of baptism. Sam Hougham died in Birmingham, Nov. 6, 1893; buried at Yardley. Nov. 11. Richard Hougham die at Birmingham Jan. 15, 1895, buried at Yardley Jan. 19. He has issue living. Two sons of Richard being Richard and Richard William, died young, Two sons survive. Frederick, 3rd son, and Arthur Sam Hougham had five sons. Of these, apart from Richard, the name is continued only by Charles (the youngest, married Hannah Fullard) who has three sons and one of more grandsons by each. The registers of burials at Brookland, show that R. P. H. repeated the names of his children. Jane Hougham, aged 14 months, bur. Ap. 10th, 1817" "Jane Hougham, aged 2 years, bur. 1820"; "Marie Hougham, aged 3 years, bur. Ap. 2nd, 1822"; "Marie Harriett Hougham, aged 6 years, bur. Feb. 8th, 1830." Two other daughters by his first wife, Ann, were: Ann Maria, married Ann; married Mr. Lee. Also he had a son Mr. Wilson from near Brookland, and Eliza (named after the Dr.Josias, whom MR. CROWTHER mentions) Josias Hougham who settled in London. He had a son Charles.. The relationship of R. P. H. as brother to Dr. Josias Hougham, of Deal, is proved in a letter from the lawyers of Mary Hougham to one of the sons of Sam H. "" This lady (Mary Hougham), who died in June, a first cousin of your 1887, at Deal, was father, being the eldest daughter of Josias Hougham," etc. As this letter deals with a division of property by gavelkind, another quotation may aid MR. CROWTHER in his search. "In consequence of the decease of an annuitant under her will and a decision of the Court of Chancery [the date of the letter is October, 1897] a sum is now divisible amongst her co-heirs and next of kin.' of. A Medical Register of physicians, surgeons and apothecaries for 1813, gives under Deal, Jos. Hougham." A clue that MR. CROWTHER asks for may be provided by a note which F. Weatherhead, bookseller, of Folkestone, sends me in answer to a request to examine a Pollbook for the year 1832-3. The book is in manuscript, so there is a possibility of "R. H. H." being an error of copying for R. P. H. I have looked at the Poll book and find that R. H. Hougham of Brookland, also T. Hougham of Broadstairs, voted for Knatchbull. (I. I)." The baptism registers of Broadstairs, searched 1780 to 1790, do not contain mention of a Hougham. The marriage registers of Brookland have been thoroughly searched for either marraige of R. P. H.; also those of Lydd, for 1803 to 1820 inclusive, without success. The second marriage must have taken place in 1827 or 1828, since Ann, the first wife, was buried at Brookland, Feb. 17, 1827, aged 47 years, and Gabriel Lee Hougham, the first child by the second marriage, was born in 1828 (Reg. of Graveney, Kent, "Gabriel Lee Hougham of Graveney Court, buried 2nd Nov., 1905, aged 77 ys."). The other four children by this marriage were: Emily Marie H., buried at Brookland, May 9, 1831, aged 16 months; Amelia Sophia H., bur. at Brookland, July 12, 1844, aged 12 years; Tom Huntley Hougham, buried at Brookland, Oct. 13, 1834, aged 8 months; and Tom Huntley Hougham (an example of R. P. H.s repetition of names) still living in Birmingham, about 90 years of age, having a son Charles, who has two sons, Charles and Edward. In registers of Brookland is also: "Frederick George Hougham, buried March 18, 1845, aged 1 year 1 month.' Respecting the cup given to R. P. H., which MR. CROWTER suggests might serve as a clue, the late Gabriel L. Hougham, of Graveney Court, formerly had such a cup. It is now in the possession of his only surviving son, Bertram Larkin Hougham, whose only son, Captain B. W. Hougham, M.C., was killed in the Battle of the Somme. The cup has no inscription, but a note is with it explaining the gift. Graveney Court was leased by Houghams of a former generation. In case they may be of service to the enquirer I submit, collected from Graveney Church registers, the family of Henry Hougham, of Graveney Court, and from Goodnestone Church (near) registers, the family of Richard Hougham, of Goodnestone. A marriage of the daughter of one who was niece of the other makes it clear that the two men were brothers. The marriage, from Canterbury Licences 16771700, gives that John Bayley, of Goodnestone, aged 22 years, was married <4 April, 1682, at Canterbury, to Catherine Hougham, aged 20, and Richard Hougham was uncle and guardian to both. Henry Hougham, of Graveney Court, was buried May 5, 1674. His wife, Marie, was buried Nov. 17, 1666. Their children baptised or buried at Graveney were: Margar ette, b. Oct. 28, 1655, bur. Oct. 10, 1671. Richard, bapt. Aug. 8, 1661. Catherine, bapt. Sept. 23, 1662. Sarah, bapt. Jan. 27, 1663. Michael, bapt. Nov. 23, 1665, bur. Jan. 16, 1666. Ann, bur. Oct. 31, 1667. Jane, the wife of Richard Hougham, of Goodnestone, was buried Oct. 2, 1670, at Goodnéstone. There are entries of three children of Richard and Jane Hougham there: Ann, bapt. June 18, 1666, bur. Sept. 7, 1666; Michael, bapt. Oct. 25, 1667; Francis, born Feb. 12, 1668, bapt. March 4, 1668. Further there are these marriages in the above licences 1661-1676. "Richard Huffam of Graveney aged 27, married 11th Feb. 1664 to Jane Chambers aged 27, both parents dead, Abraham Chambers bond." "John Bloxland of Monkton, widower and Elizabeth Huffom, widow, of Goodnestone, 7th Sept. 1695." John Smith of Ickham, aged 27 yrs, married 24th Jan., 1682, to Sarah Hougham of Goodnestone, aged 19 yrs.' Married at Canterbury (series No. 1)— Michael Hougham, born 1667, of Goodnestone and Faversham, to Elizabeth Thurston, born 1664, of Ospringe, May 18, 1688. If the Girling suggested by MR. CROWTHER as the first wife of R. P. H. was one of those of Gravesend, there is no marriage recorded there for Hougham in probable years, nor in Milten-next-Gravesend, 1810--13, inclusive. ARTHUR HOUGHAM. GORING OF SUSSEX (clii. 46).—In Baronetage,' Buccaneers of America.' This is vol iv. of the author's A Chronological History of the Discoveries in the South Sea or Pacific Ocean': London, 1803-1817, 5 vols. 3. ? Bartholomew Sharp, 'The Voyages and Adventures': London, 1684. 4. Id., The Dangerous Voyage and bold Attempt of Capt. B. Sharp. This is vol. ii. of J. Esquemeling, Buccaniers of America' London, 1684, etc. 5. (Lionel Wafer), A Short Account from, and Description of, the Isthmus of Darien London, 1669. : 6. ? John Smith, 'A Sea Grammar': London, 1627. This is an enlarged edition of the following book published at the date mentioned by MR. COOPER-PRICHARD: An Accidence, or the path-way to experience necessary for all Young Seamen': London, 1626. 8. Sir J. S. Corbett, Drake and the Tudor Navy': London, 1899, new edition, 2 vols. 9. Pedro de Cieza de Leon, 'The Seventeen Years Travels of Peter de Cieza': Lon the Island of Jamaica': London, 1678, 2 vols. reference 26. MR. COOPER-PRICHARD'S applies equally well to two works by Lady Maria Nugent: A Journal of a Voyage to, and residence in, the Island of Jamaica, from 1801 to 1805': London, 1839, 2 vols.; A Journal from the Year 1811 till and, the Year 1815': London, 1839, 2 vols. 27. ? W. F. Finlason, Report of the case of the Queen v. E. J. Eyre, on his alprosecution . for high crimes leged to have been committed by him in his office as Governor of Jamaica': London, 1868. 33. Id., Histoire et description generale de la Nouvelle France': Paris, 1744, 3 vols. 34. I do not know of any book with this title among Joseph Justin's works on Haiti. THEODORE BESTERMAN. also in Burney's Chronological history of 1. London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1891; the discoveries in the South Sea, etc.,' Vol, iv., 1816. 4. The dangerous voyage and bold don, 1709. The surname is not Leon but attempt of Captain B. Sharp will be found in the second volume of Exquemelin's 'Bucaniers of America,' London: W. Crooke, 1684-5. Cieza de Leon. 10. Sir Richard Hawkins, The Observations of Sir Richard Hawkins in his Voyage into the South Sea.' This is in vol iv. of Purchas his Pilgrimes': London, 1625. 11. ? Nathaniel Boteler, Six Dialogues about Sea Service': London, 1685. 12. Sir William Monson, Naval Tracts.' This is in vol. iii. of A. and J. Churchill, A Collection of Voyages: London, 1732. 13. John Charnock, 'A History of Marine Architecture'; London, 1800, 3 vols. 14. G. T. F. Raynal, A Philosophical and Political History of the Settlements and Trade of the Europeans in the East and West Indies': London, 1776. 15. Joseph de Acosta, 'The naturall and morall historie of the East and West Indies': London, 1604. 17. Thomas Gage, The English-American his travail by sea and land': London, 1648. 17a. Id., 'Histoire de This is in vol. iv. of voyages': Paris, 1663, 19. Antonio de l'Empire Mexicain.' etc. 8. London: Longmans and Co., 1898, 2 vols. 9. The Travels of Pedro de Cieza de Leon, A.D. 1532-1550, contained in the first 10. London: J. D. for J. Jaggard, 1622. 11. Boteler, Nathaniel (not Nich.). Six dialogues about sea services, between an High Admiral and a Captain at Sea': London, 1685. 5 vols. 12. London, 1902-1914. 14. Translated from the French by J. Justamond. London, 1776. 4 vols. 15. Translated into English by E. G. [rimstone ?] London, 1604. 16. Rochefort, Charles de., 'Histoire naturelle et morale des Isles Antilles de L'Amérique.' (By L. de Poincy.) Seconde édition, revue et augmentée, etc. (By C. de Rochfort.) Roterdam, 1665. Or The history of the Caribby-Islands in two books,' etc. Rendered into English by I. Davies. (Translated from the · Histoire naturelle et morale des Iles Antilles,' by L. de Poincy.) London, 1666. |