gate, London, Grocer. Of the twelve children the daughters were: Ann, Susan, Elizabeth, Margaret, Bennet and Magdalen. Osbert and Richard were both of Barbados, West Indies. Charles (an infant) was of Warwick Lane, Christ Church, London. Francis (an infant) was living with Mr. Tomas Spenson of Ludgate Hill, St. Bride, London. Waters's 'Genealogical Gleanings,' Vol. ii., p. 1,056, deals with Osbert Hougham, of St. Michael's in the Island of Barbados. A list of marriages issued by the Faculty Office, B.M. 2100E, gives the second marriage of Francis:

"Francis Hougham Elizabeth Thoughton. 13th. Oct. 1711."

In Hasted's Collections, Brit. Mus. Add. MSS. 5520, the father of Francis is referred to as William, the eldest son of Michael Hougham and Margaret Courthope."

Which suggests that there another son, not recorded on the pedigrees. But if one is to believe Hasted, Vol. iv., p. 43, the whole of that line descending from Houghams of Weddington was extinct in 1799 (date of pub.). There would yet remain On the printed pedigrees three possible sources for the descent of Ralph Pepworth Hougham. They are in Knight's Visitations of Kent,' 1663-1668: Richard, 3rd son of Henry Hougham, and Edward and Fagg Hougham, the sons of Edward Hougham and Mary Fagge. Hasted's rather dogmatic statements (Vol. iv., p. 277) respecting the carriage of Edward the elder's estate to two daughters by his first marriage, which suggests that his sons died before him, is dismissed by documents in the Record Office-Reynardson 60/62, Hougham v. Wood et al. May 18, 1672.

your orator Edward Hougham of London, gentleman, executor of the last will and testament of Edward Hougham, late of Chislett, co. Kent, gentleman, deceased. That your orator proved the will of the said Edward Hougham, deceased, who died about the 6th Dec. 23 Charles II. (1671) at Chislet, co. Kent, and by virtue thereof became entitled and ought to have and enjoy the personal estate of the said deceased. Etc.

The defendants are: Courthope Wood, Edward Rose the Elder, of Chislett, and Elizabeth his wife, Ann Rose, spinster, and Ambrose Rose of Chislett, gent., son of aforesaid Edward Rose, and John Harrison and his wife Elizabeth of Chislett. Compare

defendants with Hasted.

The following from church registers applies to this group:

The possibility of these lines of descent being open, makes one hesitate before assigning certain groups of Houghams to the unexploited branch mentioned in the first paragraph. They are as follows:

Since he possessed inherited land at Brookland, Co. Kent, the group surrounding Richard Hougham, citizen and upholder, is the most likely to aid in the search for the ancestors of Ralph Pepworth Hougham. The following particulars of this group are acquired from Chancery Proceedings: Hougham v. Hamilton, 1680, bundle 151, No. 44, and Hougham v. Delayney 1690, Ham. 176/14, and Hougham v. Buckingham, 1699, Raynardson division, bundle 331, No. 37, and Hougham v. Delayney, 1704, Raynardson Division, bundle 490, No. 144, and the marriages from Harl. Soc. Pub. xxxiii.

Stephen Hougham of London, merchant, dead in 1680, had a brother Richard Hougham, merchant, made citizen and upholder between 1662-72; of St. Bennet Fink, London. Richard had a brick mansion at Northborne, Co. Kent, and possessed land there and at Mongham and Brookland. He was born 1633. First married Oct. 4, 1662, at Camberwell, Surrey, to Margaret Page, of St. Mary Magdalene, Bermondsey, born 1634. He married, secondly, at Camberwell or Lee, Co. Kent, July 15, 1672, Mary, daughter of Peter De le Noy, of Lee. She was born 1650. Dead in 1690. Richard's will was made 25 Oct., 1693, and he died in 1693. By his second wife he had four sons: Stephen, Richard, Peter, Benjamin, and a daughter Elizabeth, all under age in 1690.

mention of these, as also names on the pedi grees published, as they are easy of access. to those interested as your correspondent is. (I cannot say if this applies to F. H. Suck

There is also a group commencing with a doctor, as follows, from registers of the churches mentioned. Dr. James Hougham of Ditchling, Sussex, died Nov. 2, 1700. Buried Nov. 4, 1700, in the chancel of Ditchling church. Formerly a memorial brass was there with the original coat of Hougham of Huffam impaling Culpeper, Arg. five chevronels sa., and arg. a bend engrailed gu. A sketch of this was made by Sir William Burrel. With Dr. James Hougham was buried Mary his wife who died 5th Oct., 1688, being of the a'ntient family of Culpepers. Sussex Arch. Coll. Vol. xlvii., says that she was the daughter of William Colepeper of London, citizen and leatherseller, who was the fourth son of Sir Thomas Colepeper of Folkington, and that Culpeper Hougham was her son, giving a will as evidence. Culpeper Hougham, of the parish of St. Vedast, Foster Lane, London, was married Jan. 21, 1724/5, to Ann Conant, of St. Catherine Creechurch, London, at St. Paul's Cathedral, London. She was buried Jan. 7, 1731, at St. Vedast's. Culpeper Hougham was buried Sept. 3, 1740, in the church vault, St. Vedast's. From the church registers of St. Vedast:-given as his daughter, Elizabeth, born Aug. 22, 1730. Bap. Aug. 30, 1730. Also given, Frances Hoffam (a child) buried Jan. 27th. 1731-2," and 66 Susannah Hoffam (a child) buried

Feb. 29th. 1731-2."

I have no evidence of the position of Culpeper Hougham as a merchant, but the daughter of a merchant (given to me as cloth-merchant of St. Paul's Church-yard, but with no substantiation) was Mary Hougham of the above parish of St. Vedast, who was married to Robert Udney, of St. Bennet Fink, afterwards of Udney Castle, Aberdeenshire, on Oct. 26, 1749, at St. Vedast, Foster Lane, London. Her sister, Ann Hougham of East Barnet, Middlesex

(at time of marriage), was married to Spencer Compton, 8th Earl of Northampton, on 16 May, 1769, at East Barnet Church. She was his second wife.

Merchant Houghams and others in this period, approximately, are given below. Planché gives many to assist in the connecting of collateral branches with the lines he is concerned with. But I have avoided

tains two pedigrees of Hougham, as I have not seen the book. A copy of it is in Folkestone Public Library.)

From Hougham v. Mills, C. 12/216/16, May, 1796. Joseph Hougham of Tooley Street, Southwark, Surrey, stationer and ship's chandler, entered into a partnership with John Mills.

From Hougham v. Bing, A. 15/11, bundle. 11/4, No. 18, and another Hougham v. Bing, Chanc. Proc. Charles C/10, bundle HH. viii., No. 25; Thomas Hougham was living in September, 1635. The numerous depositions are taken at Wingham, Kent.

From C. 11/749/58, year 1726, Charles. Hougham (of St. Nicholl's or St. Michall's) and Mary his wife, claim under the will of Robert Hopper, of Finchley, Middlesex.

From Hougham v. Stanley, 1706. Raynardson, No. 65, Bundle 444, Jan. 14, 1706. Charles Hougham of London, Goldsmith, demands payment for gold and silver laceagainst the Hon. Charles Stanley.

From The London Merchant's Trade 138, Aldersgate Street, Working GoldCharles Hougham, Register,' year 1775: smith."

From Obituary notices of considerable persons, 1793,' in the Gentleman's Magazine, "Mr. Charles Hougham of Aldersgate Street, Goldsmith, died 18th Jan. 1793.' From the Gentleman's Magazine of various dates: -In "Col. Huffam regiments.' Huffam and aunt of the Earl of Coventry, Obituary. "Mrs. Huffam, widow of Col. died March, 1760.”

a list of promotions, 1743.
made Col. of one of the vacant

Christopher Hougham of Carshalton, Kent, Esq., died 25th May, 1748."

The wife of S. Hougham, Esq., of Charterhouse-square, died 1st Jan., 1812." From Reg. of St. Dionis Backchurch Hougham of Bromley, Co. Kent, bachelor, Parish, London: Marriages. Solomon and Lydia Hunt of Canterbury, in said county, by licence, Dec. 18, 1739.

From Marriage Reg. of St. Martin's Outwich, London, Oct. 16, 1694: Solomon Hougham of the parish of All Hallows the Great, London, and Mildred Milles of the Parish of St. Mary Bothaw. (See 8 S. xii.

107 for a Solomon Hougham, relative and godfather of Charles Dickens.)

are

In the Record Office there are many Hougham lawsuits which I have not examined. Some of them as follows:Chancery Proceedings 1641-1714. Reynardson Division: Hougham v. Stredwick, 1706, 407/65; Huffam v. Buckingham, Knt., 1699, 438/85. Chancery Proceedings filed in the reign of Charles I. Offam v. Parker, 02/17. Ougham v. French, 011/37. Ougham v. French, 012/32. Ougham v. Cowland, 012/42. Ougham v. Ougham, Etc., 011/42. Ougham v. Õugham, 015/55.

The branch of the Hougham pedigree, mentioned in the first paragraph as having been neglected by genealogists, descends from Richard Hougham and Joan Forde by one of their sons, Thomas, Stephen, Edward or Christopher (George, John and Vincent, their other sons appear to have left no male heirs. See an extensive treatment of this group given in Arch. Cant. Vol. xxxii., pp. 27 to 35. There, also, is pointed out the rather big error in F. H. Suckling's Forgotten Past,' where the authoress gives one or two names on this branch-commencement and states that they are all that there were). The Visitation of Kent, 1619-1621, gives the wife and sons of Thomas, the eldest son. Further joining and extension would seem to provide a most intriguing playground for a genealogist.

M. D.

KNIFE AS A MARK OF ATTESTATION (cli. 405, 446; clii. 10). Such a knife, together with the deed to which it belongs, dated 1135, is still preserved in the muniments of Trinity College, Cambridge. The blade is broken, but a little more than an inch of steel remains fixed in a handle of rounded horn. The deed, which consists of three lines of writing on a short but broad strip of parchment, records a gift of tithes to the Church of Hatfield Broad Oak, in Essex, by the first Aubrey, Lord de Vere. It runs as follows, when the abbreviations are filled in:

Per istum cultellum feoffauit Albericus de veer primus Ecclesiam de Hatfeld Regis monachorum de duabus partibus decimarum de dominico Domini Reginaldi filii petri in Uggeley a die Assumpcionis beate marie virginis pro animabus antecessorum et successorum suorum. Anno ab incarnacione Domini millesimo centesimo tricesimo quinto.

Weever (Funeral Monuments,' p. 387: cf. p. 630, and Morant's Essex') quotes a similar gift later (probably in the year 1190)

lum Albericus De Vere tertius feoffauit, etc.' Weever adds: "To the instrument of his Donation he fixed by a harp-string a short black-hafted knife, like unto an old halfpenny whittle, instead of a seal." It would be interesting to know if this knife still exists, as well as the earlier one.

A. H. F. BOUGHEY, F.S.A. Trinity College, Cambridge.

ROMAN CATHOLIC BISHOPRICS IN 459). The question of the rival jurisdiction INDIA AND THE PADROADA (cli. in India of Propaganda and the Padroada (Portuguese Patronage) was finally settled by a concordat and the Bull (Humanæ Salutis Auctor) of 1 Sept., 1886. By this the Padroada sphere of influence was not restricted to Portuguese territory but allowed to remain in many parts of British India where the Padroada clergy were in actual possession. Goa was allowed to retain a considerable part of the coast country north and south of Goa. The suspended jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Goa in Cochin and Mylapore was restored to him, and a third suffragan diocese, Damâo added. Certain isolated parishes in British India which were actually under Portuguese clerical administration remained as exempted churches in the midst of Propaganda territority. Thus to the Bishop of Mylapore belong twenty-eight exempted churches, viz., fifteen in the Diocese of Trichinopoly, others in Madras, Calcutta and Dacca. On the other hand, six churches in the Island of Salsette (Diocese of Damâo) remain attached to Propaganda jurisdiction of Bombay. In Bombay there is a special arrangement, the Archbishop of Bombay (Propaganda) enjoying the territorial jurisdiction, while the Bishop of Damâo holds personal jurisdiction over those who are Goans or otherwise connected with the Padroada rule. At the same time, 1886, the Indian hierarchy was established and the whole of India divided into provinces, dioceses and prefectures Apostolic. The Archbishop of Goa has the honorary title of Primate of the East 99 and, since 1886, that of Patriarch of the East Indies, with the privilege of presiding over all national councils of the East Indies. Goa has four suffragans, Cochin, Damâo, and San Thome of Mylapore, all of which are

.

in British India, and Macao in China. The patronage of the See and its suffragans belonged to the Crown of Portugal as long as it remained a kingdom. In 1910 Portugal became a republic: in 1911 disestabLished the Church, abolished the Papal legation, and passed a number of anti-clerical laws. I do not know what has become of the Padroada, but in face of the Government's hostility to the Papacy it is unlikely that Rome would allow the exercise of this patronage at the present time. Probably it is in abeyance, appointments being made directly by the Pope after consultation with the Patriarch of Lisbon.

RORY FLETCHER.

DOWSING (cli. 305, 336, 355, 391, 429, 463). MR. BESTERMAN, at his last reference, raises, in effect, the interesting question of what constitutes scientific evidence. It is undoubtedly correct to say if one can prove in a single case that water, etc., has been found by dowsing, then dowsing is a reality; unfortunately it is only in the exact sciences and geometry and mathematics that proof (in the strict sense) is possible; in all other sciences we have as our only guide a higher or lower degree of probability. It is therefore impossible to prove that the finding of water was the result of dowsing. In this connection it may not be amiss to remind MR. BESTERMAN of the statement, which as far as I know has never been questioned, that out of a hundred hap-hazard trials in England, fifty per cent. will be found to yield water; if we add to this the help derived from geological or other indication of water, the large proportion of dowsing successes is readily explained.

F. R. S.

Readers of these notes may be left to decide whether "the larger part of [my] remarks at p. 429 is irrelevant," but I gladly assent to the statement "that IF it can be shown in any single case that water (etc.) has been discovered by dowsing, then dowsing is an unquestionable reality," provided that the word if" is printed in heavy capitals so that it be not missed; that by "shown "" is meant proved by evidence such as is required and provided in the case of scientific phenomena and the Chancery Court; and that by "dowsing is meant the discovery of water by means which involve facts at present unknown to science. I have already agreed that the dowsers do on occasion find water; it is only upon the explanation of hou: they find it

If

it

that I disagree from MR. BESTERMAN. dowsing is an unquestionable reality is more than unfortunate that so many dowsers failed to prove it so under the test conditions previouly referred to, and agreed to by them as satisfactory to them. A. S. E. ACKERMANN.

FRANKCHEYNEY: FRANK CHENE (cli. 459).-Henry de Francheyny was fifth of six witnesses to an exchange of land at Broadclyst for land, etc., outside the east gate of Exeter; dated at Exeter 25 Dec., 1287.

Simon Francheyny (without de) is third of four witnesses to a deed, dated at Bradenich (Bradninch) 21 July, 1292. In 1303 John de Valletorta (junior) together with Alicia de Froncheyney held Boterleigh (But-. terleigh near Cullompton) for fee. There are other later references in Devonshire deeds. HUGH R. WATKIN.

For the family of Frankcheyney see the following: Westcote's Devonshire,' edited by G. Oliver and P. Jones, p. 517; Visitation of Devon,' edited by F. T. Colby, L. Vivian, p. 292. p. 106; The Visitations of Devon,' by J. ALFRED SYDNEY LEWIS,

SHERIDAN AND HIS TAILOR (cli. 442).

-I think what Mr. F. A. Janson wants is the jeu d'esprit contributed by C. S. Calverley to the Pall Mall Gazette in 1865 (Literary Remains of C. S. Calverley, Bell and Sons, 1896). I transcribe the English; there is also a Latin so-called " original.

You may swear yourself black, Berry: but bill, Berry, as soon you have made a mull, Berry. I paid your as due, Berry: as the young woman in the bar, Berry, and your father, the elder Berry, know. I don't care a straw, Berry, for a goose, Berry, like you, Berry; but I'll let folks know, Berry, that you've made yourself a regular ass, Berry; and whort'll Berry senior say?

S.

The following version of Sheridan's letter was cut out of the prize story page of a newspaper many years ago. The sender did not say where he found it, so I cannot vouch for its accuracy. According to him it was the greengrocer, not the tailor, who sent his bill in too soon:

I say, here's a pretty mull, Berry; you have sent in your bill Berry, before it was due Berry. Your father the elder Berry would never have been such a goose Berry; but you needn't look so black Berry, for I don't care a straw Berry, and I sha'n't pay you till Christmas Berry. PRISCILLA.

CHRISTOPHER HARCOURT,

1478 (cli. 442).--The man enquired about is described in Burke's Pedigrees as Sir Christopher Harcourt, Knight (though when he was knighted I do not know). He was the eldest son of Sir Richard Harcourt of Wytham, Berkshire, and of Raunton Hall, Staffordshire, by his first wife, Edith, daughter and co-heir of Thomas St. Claire, of Westenfull, Co. Suffolk. He predeceased his father probably sometime between the years 1480 and 1490, having by his wife Jane, daughter and co-heir of Sir Miles Stapleton (or Stapylton) of Bedale, Yorks, and Ingham, Co. Norfolk, three sons, of whom the eldest, Sir Simon Harcourt, succeeded his grandfather in the Wytham estate in Berkshire, and on the decease of his second cousin, Sir Robert Harcourt, Knight Banneret (whose only son, John, predeceased him as minor) on 29 Sept., 1504, also succeeded to the entailed landed estates of Stanton Harcourt in Oxfordshire and Ellenhall in Staffordshire. There are many descendants of Sir Christopher Harcourt living at the present day, of whom the head in the male lineage is Captain Guy Elliot Harcourt, formerly of Ankerwycke Priory, Wraysbury, Buckinghamshire, and in the female lineage all the numerous Harcourts, Harcourt-Vernons and Vernon-Harcourts of the House of Vernon, of whom the present Viscount William Edward Harcourt is the chief representative. I possess no information as to the dates of the birth and mar

riage of Sir Christopher Harcourt, but they may probably be found in the Harcourt Papers' edited by Colonel Edward William Vernon-Harcourt, M.P.

WILLIAM HARCOURT-BATH.

ANTWICH, CHESHIRE (cli. 389, 431,

NA

463).-Fletcher Moss, in his Fifth Book of Pilgrimages to Old Homes,' says:Nantwich means the vale of overflowing salt springs or the vale of brine pits.... Domesday

"" wich Now my own type of evidence came from the observation that "wich "" and wick

coast.

places all over England fell upon alignments or trackways leading unmistakably to salt production spots, often salt-marshes on the I do not here attempt to detail this evidence, but the place-name element is usually most plentiful near such production spots, and often applies to marshes and hilltops where obviously there never was a village.

This derivation has escaped the experts, because they have always overlooked that type of evidence resulting from the fact that a place-name may be derived from some characteristic not of the place itself, but of the track or road which passes through the place.

The oversight is a strange one, for the existence of salt-roads which bestow a "salt " name to places on them, but a long way from the salt origin, is well known and recognised. Vol. i., Part 2, Eng. Place Name Soc.,' p. 52, for example: Salcombe (D.), Salford (O.Wa.). A salt-ford must have been a ford on one of the old saltroads."

ALFRED WATKINS.

COBDEN ON THUCYDIDES (cli. 214,

250, 358).-PROF. BENSLY's note at the last reference advances this matter appreciably. It may now, I suppose, be taken