ing, had said more than he intended. One reasonable explanation seems to be that, like most Liberals, he believed the King to be quite ready to grant a constitution when the demand was made; but it is not unlikely that in the meantime he had sounded him and when he found that Victor Emanuel was resolved not to grant any concessions felt that, as a Prince of the House of Savoy, his duty lay in obeying the Head of his house even at the cost of abandoning his friends. Whatever his motives his refusal undoubtedly struck the Liberal cause a heavy blow, and the movement was thrown out of gear at its inception. The events which followed can be related very briefly. On the morning of March 10 Captain Count Palma called to arms the Regiment of "Genova" which garrisoned the citadel of Alessandria, and declared himself in favour of the Spanish Constitution. He was immediately joined by the King's Dragoons and 600 other conspirators; and a provisional government was established on the spot. The senior officers of the revolted regiments and the Governor of Alessandria, who had not sufficient troops to suppress the movement, marched out of the fortress, the strongest in Piedmont, at the head of the Savoy Brigade, which remained loyal. Meanwhile another cavalry regiment had revolted at Fossano; and the news of this rising reached Turin. The chiefs at the capital realised that the matter had gone too far for them to draw back. Santa Rosa and Lisio hurried to Pinerolo, San Marzano to Vercelli, two other important fortresses, and Collegno and Radice to Alessandria where they found the place in the hands of the Liberals. There they were joined by Santa Rosa and Lisio who had induced 300 cavalry from Pinerolo to join them. San Marzano, however, had failed to bring over his regiment, the Queen's Dragoons. The troops now gathered in the Piazza of Aless andria, set up the Carbonari flag, black, blue and red, and proclaimed the Spanish Constitution. A detachment was sent to occupy Casale, an important strategic point, and on the next day the Provisional Government began to issue decrees in the name of the Kingdom of Italy and declared war on Austria. Meanwhile, the King, who was in the country, had reached Turin, but neither his presence nor his proclamation arrested the rising. On the 11th a company of the Royal Legion raised the green, white and red tri-colour (not the Carbonari colours) and marched off to Alessandria unmolested. Next day two companies of gunners and seven of infantry rebelled inside the citadel and raised the tricolour. The city was now in an uproar. Surrounded by conflicting counsels, alarmed by rumours, mostly false, of revolts throughout the country, the old King, unable to bring himself to making any concession, abdicated in favour of his brother Charles Felix, who was then at Modena, and nominated Charles Albert Regent. The conspirators thus suffered their second great disappointment. They had hoped to carry Victor Emanuel with them; they had now to deal with the resolute though bigoted Charles Felix. The Regent found himself face to face with a most difficult situation. The tumult was increasing, and there were many who thought that unless concessions were made the dynasty would fall. Charles Albert with his usual vacillation at first refused to yield, only to decide a few minutes later that it was preferable to keep safe the throne for the new absent King by giving way. went out on to the balcony of the Royal Palace and proclaimed the Spanish Constitution, while declaring his loyalty to Charles Felix. A convention was elected to act as a Parliament and new ministers were appointed. . He So far the Liberals had to outward appearance succeeded, but the success was more apparent than real. Even in the army a large number of troops had remained loyal. A serious deficiency, the lack of field artillery, was partially remedied by Radice. He rode to Genoa from Alessandria and called on the Governor to join the Liberals. The Governor, who was waiting to see which way the cat would jump, refused, but did nothing to stop Radice. The latter then went to the Artillery barracks and finding there two batteries ordered them to follow him to Alessandria, which they duly did. While the original promoters of the movement were thus acting as best they could, the provisional government in Turin was deliberating and doing nothing. The Liberals in Lombardy pressed urgently for the army to cross the Ticino, and promised to revolt; the Government replied that they would send their army when the revolt had begun. The militia was indeed called to arms, but the troops were left without orders, the frontiers were left unguarded; nobody in fact in Turin seemed to realise that a powerful enemy, only too anxious for a pretext to interfere, lay but few miles away. Charles Albert had duly reported to the new King what had happened. Charles Felix's reply was most uncompromising. He declared all Constitutionals rebels, refused all concessions and stated that if order was not immediately restored he would call in his allies, meaning the Austrians. The Regent and his advisers were thunderstruck, and acted as if they were. They sent an emissary well primed with explanations hurriedly to Modena, and in the meantime, fearing the result of the publication of Charles Felix's declaration on the people, gave out that the Government was of opinion that the King did not appear, from his message, to be fully cognisant of the situation, and that they were communicating with him. A further letter, however, was received by Charles Albert in person ordering him to report immediately at Novara, where General della Torre lay with 1,500 loyal troops, on pain of being disinherited. Charles Albert was forced to choose between abandoning all hopes of succeeding to the throne, making way in this manner for an Austrian prince to succeed Charles Felix, the consequence of which would have been the extinction of any hope that the Sardinian Kingdom might lead the national crusade against Austria, and abandoning the Liberals. He obeyed the King and set out for Novara at the head of the Turin Regiments, who had not revolted. would never fight by the side of the Austrians. On April 8 the Liberal forces advanced their rifles at the shoulder towards the town, when to their surprise the garrison opened fire. Greatly shaken the Liberals put up a short fight. San Marzano Lisio Collegno and Radice did all they could, but their men were thoroughly demoralised. Radice's gunners fired one volley and then cut their traces and fled, leaving their commander alone in the face of the advancing enemy. Some of the infantry fought well, but once these were overwhelmed the flight became general. The This small skirmish was sufficient to crush the revolt. The Government at Turin dissolved itself. The troops at Alessandria lost heart and threw up the game. leaders of the Liberals fled to Genoa, and after several narrow escapes, for the country was now hostile and full of enemies, they succeeded in taking ship for Spain; 1,200 of their followers also left the country. A mixed civil and military commission was at once set up by Charles Felix, and his vengeance fell far and wide. It is at this time that the proclamation printed at the head of this article was promulgated. Seventy-three liberals were condemned to death, of whom sixty-six in their absence. These were all duly hung in effigy. It Rosa went to fight for liberty in Greece and, The fortunes of the exiles were various. Spain proved no secure refuge, as shortly Scarcely had he left Turin before Santa afterwards the French army under the Duc Rosa and his friends, exasperated at the d'Augoulême overthrew the constitutional Government's lethargy, arrived at the capi-government and restored absolutism. Santa tal. He at once issued orders to all regiments who had joined the Constitutionals to concentrate for an offensive in Lombardy; but as his orders had not the sanction of the Government they were not obeyed. The militiamen in the meantime, left without provisions or equipment, had been rapidly scattering to their homes. The revolution was in fact disintegrating of its own accord. At this juncture arrived the news of the suppression of the Neapolitan revolution. The frightened Government were only too glad to accept the mediation of the Russian minister, and authorised the opening of negotiations with della Torre-another blunderfor an Austrian army under Bubna was already gathering on the Ticino. As soon as their force had become sufficiently strong della Torre summoned the constitutionals to surrender at discretion. No negotiations were now possible. The Liberals under Colonel Regis advanced towards Novara hoping against hope that the Royalists The movement of 1821 was foredoomed to failure almost from the beginning. The doctrinaires who led it never had any hold on the masses who were left indifferent by their theorising. Filled with good intentions and ready for any sacrifice they had a been led away by their own enthusiasm. Moreover, they made blunder after blunder. The two risings at Alessandria and in Turin were never even properly co-ordinated. As in Naples the revolt in Piedmont was mere military pronunciamento with no solid foundations. The events of 1821 were destined, however, to exercise a baneful influence on Italy's future. The truth about Charles Albert's conduct will probably never be known, but the breach between him and the Liberals was complete. When in 1848 a great opportunity was presented to Italy for reconquering her freedom and Charles Albert at last burnt his boats behind him and marched on Milan, he was met with diffidence and suspicion. When unity was essential and his Sardinian regulars indispensable if Radetzki's trained troops were to be overthrown the Liberals could not but remember 1821 and fear another volte face. It is true that Charles Albert committed many errors, but hampered and hindered at every turn as he was success was impossible. Italy thus failed to free herself and had ten years later to accept foreign help, a help which had to be paid for at a heavy price. F. R. RADICE. AN A club existed forty years since in London, called You should have been here before,' it consisted of an equal number of theatrical and literary persons, originally but four, ultimately upwards of fifty. A new member was added every week; no ceremony was gone through of making the members, which is customary in other clubs, but the new member partook of a splendid dinner, &c., and when the party were about breaking up, and the bill was called for, it was handed over to him, the president bidding him to pay it. 'I' the stranger would generally exclaim, why should I pay all? To this was replied, You are the last among us-you should have been here before.' This was the inauguration. Merry was, I believe, the last member; his bill amounted to nearly 100l., and it was then agreed that the whole affair was rather too keen a joke, and You should have been here before was changed into We'll never go there again.'"-New Monthly. The last member was Robert Merry 1755-1798. E. H. FAIRBROTHER. which one would apply the term to the whist and Pope Joan scene at Dingley Dell, and the card-room at Bath in 'Pickwick Papers.' BASIL DALTON. [See S. Ronan's Well' chap. xviii.]. SIR ARTHUR GORGES. May I inquire through your pages whether any reader can give me information about literary papers left by Sir Arthur Gorges (of Chelsea, d. 1625), other than those already in print, or described by the Historical Manuscripts Commission, the Calendar of State Papers, and the printed catalogues of manuscripts? Gorges was the friend of Raleigh and a patron of Spenser, who praises his Eglantine of Meriflure,' now unidentified; his son spoke in 1614 of the many manuscripts in his father's study. BURGUNDIANS HELEN E. SANDISON. IN ENGLAND XV CENTURY.-Is there any list or record of the Burgundians who came to England during the XV century in connection with the marriage of Margaret of York to Charles the Bold of Burgundy, or otherwise? DECEM. A GAPEMONITE BAPTISM. Can any SNAKE-CHAINS.-I should be glad of in reader inform me what form of baptismal service was used by the Agapemonite Sect, and the details thereof ? JOHN JAMES FRICKER (OR FRAZER): VAN DEN LINDEN.-He was a celebrated operatic tenor at Covent Garden and composer about 1840-50, who married Elizabeth van den Linden at St. Andrew's, Holborn, 27 June, 1829. Wanted biographical and genealogical information of both families. C. L. FOUR LIONS RAMPANT.-Can any reader tell of a missing coloured glass shield with above charge? It may be found in a cathedral, church, college, castle or private house among Royal or Founders' Arms. One instance is known where it existed and there are possibly others. BURDETT.-Who was E. E. COPE. formation as to when, where, and to what extent these were made, particularly their history in this country. Also their uses, and the metals employed. SEPTIMUS H. ASKEW. DUNNE. I should be exceedingly grateful for any EDWARD information relating to this gentleman who died about 1840, in Ireland. Previous to his death he practised as a doctor, or surgeon, in Tullamore, having obtained his degree and a special diploma for midwifery at the Rotunda, Dublin. Information as to where any particulars helpful to the completion of this pedigree may be found would also be most welcome. E. A. K. DUNNE. alderman of London? Did he marry? BLACK CHAMPAGNE.-Goldsmith, in his Description of an author's bedchamber,' wrote: If so what descendants? ROBIN REDBREAST. HAR [ARRIET SMITHSON.--Can any reader throw any light on the earlier life or career of Harriet Smithson, an English actress quite well known circa 1735. would much appreciate the assistance of your journal. R. SMYTHSON. I Where the Red Lion, staring o'er the way, Regale the drabs and bloods of Drury Lane. 101, Piccadilly. J. LANDFEAR LUCAS. LIGHTHOUSES OWNED BY OR LEASED TO PRIVATE PERSONS. Replies. PEPWORTH HOUGHAM (cli. 423). THE probable reason why Ralph Pepworth I should be glad of information about light- Of those owned by private proprietors I Here lyeth the body of Thomas Smith, of West Kennet, Gentleman. He departed this life the 14th of November, 1662. "Mors Mihi Lucrum," he left with other issues, Mary, wife of Henry Goldsmith, Gent. I should be glad to know the Christian names and surnames of the wives of the above mentioned Smiths. The Smiths married into the family of Yate of Charney, Berks. Jane, daughter of Robert Yate and Elizabeth Blandey, married Henry Smith of West Kennet. Barton's Court was pulled down long ago. Any information respecting the family would be gratefully received. Hougham cannot be located by your correspondent in the printed pedigrees of Hougham is that the compilers of thesePlanché, Hasted, Berry, Boys, the Harleian Soc.-concentrated on two branches descending from Michael Hougham and Edith Austen at the eleventh generation down usually given, while they neglected entirely an equally important and possibly more illus trious branch descending from a younger brother of Michael, named Richard Hougham and married to Joan Forde (Foade). Planché gives odd items on this collateral branch but no guidance. If, however, Ralph Pepworth Hougham descended from Michael, I can follow the branch a little further. Francis the 7th, son of William Hougham and Susan Clark (usually given), is mentioned in Chancery Proceedings, C7/181/109, April, 1682, together with his brothers Osbert, Richard, and Charles, who with Francis were then the only survivors of the eight sons of Wil liam. Much writing in this document is destroyed owing to grease in the parchment, but there is left sufficient to provide the foundation for the note which Planché publishes as written by Francis, stating that he is the only son surviving, or heirs of same, in 1717, and naming his son, Gervase, by his first wife, Mary, daughter of Gervase Plumb as his heir. Gervase Hougham had two Christ Church, Newgate, London, thus: sons recorded in the Christening Register of ham, Born 6th. Oct. 1728, Baptised 24th "Francis son of Jarvis and Elenor HougOct. 1728." "Gervis son of Jervis and Elenor Hougham, Born 20th Oct. 1729, Baptised 25th. Nov. 1729." Bridges Division, Hougham v. Taylor. Mar. 7, 1669, deals with the father of Francis in business: |