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AMERICAN TARIFF.

both houses of Congress have concurred in The woolen manufacturers would gladly
raising the scale of duties for the avowed have made an exception in favour of their
purpose of protecting domestic industry. own material, but the alliance of the wool-
It is not necessary to inquire into scanda- growers was indispensible to the protection-
The ists.
lous reports of personal corruption.

agents of different trading interests may
Many Americans are probably disappoint-
bring much influence to bear on members
without resorting to direct bribery. It is ed at the prosperity of Canadian trade,
not denied that the manufacturers, the iron- notwithstanding the abolition of the Recip-
masters, and especially the wool-growers, rocity Treaty. Similar experience awaits
have exerted their utmost activity in the them when they shall have excluded Euro-
lobbies of the Capitol; but their efforts pean manufactures from the Union. It is
would have been ineffectual if any strong not likely that protected manufactures will
and general conviction had been opposed create formidable competition in foreign
to the selfish demands of interested classes. markets, and it will be better worth while
The opponents of extravagant rates of du- to sell dear and bad articles at home than
ties have almost uniformly confined them to cheapen and improve them for exporta-
selves to the vague and inconclusive asser- tion. English manufacturers who see their
tion that the actual tariff affords sufficient property endangered or impaired by the
protection. It may perhaps have been use- demands of their workmen may be excused
less to challenge the principle of a protec- for regarding with complacency the volun-
tive tariff; but the mere comparison of ar- tary assumption of gratuitous burdens by
bitrary bounties can lead to no useful result. their most formidable rivals. Some branches
A partial or an entire monopoly of produc- of American Industry are already on the
tion is equally unjust, and proportionally verge of extinction, and the new tariff will
injurious to the consumer; and if a cotton- extend the operation of the laws by which
It would be ungracious to
spinner has a right to a domestic market political economy avenges the violation of
for his goods, it is difficult to show that he its doctrines.
Free
ought to be exposed to any kind of compe- triumph in the avoidance of a flagrant er-
tition. The wool-growers may allege with ror as a proof of superior wisdom.
plausibility that they are imperfectly secured trade might perhaps not yet have been ap-
as long as a single bale of wool is imported preciated in England, if protective duties
from foreign countries; and as exclusion had not accidentally been associated with
tends to increase the cost of home produc- aristocratic privileges.
tion, the argument for an additional percent- laws are consigned to oblivion, it is possible
age of customs' duties becomes constantly that a Parliament elected by operative pro-
stronger. It is only surprising that the ducers may, as in America, devote itself to
great bulk of the community should consent plotting against the interests of the con-
to be taxed for the benefit of an insignifi-
cant minority; but the greater energy of
concentrated interests makes up for the de-
ficiency of intrinsic strength. The weaver
is more in earnest in keeping up the price
of cloth than the purchaser in obtaining on
fair terms one among many articles of con-
sumption; yet the conspiracy of producers
would probably be defeated if wool had not
happened to be at the same time an agri-
cultural product and a considerable article
of importation. The farmers want no pro-
tection for their corn, but they either grow
wool or sympathize with the flock-masters.

sumer.

When the Corn

The artisans of New South Wales are at this moment demanding a protection of 15 or 20 per cent. against the neighbouring colony of Victoria, and Trades' Unions would soon find that they ought in consistency to protect their employers against foreign competition. For the present generation the popular dislike to the Corn-laws will probably secure England against an imitation of American tariffs. Mr. BRIGHT himself hates an error which to his imagination is permanently embodied in the class of land-owners.

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THE BISHOPS ON CEREMONIALISM.

as the real thing now wrangled about is the revival of disused vestments and the meanSo long as the controversy about a more ing of them, as well as their form, the antisplendid or more sordid Church service Ceremonialists and the more cautious High confined itself to an abstract discussion, it Churchmen have a very strong ground in was but a very dry bone to wrangle about. their appeal to fact, first that chasubles and Viewed either purely on its inherent merits, incense never have been used in the reor surveyed only under its historical aspect, formed Church of England, and that it is a there was nearly as much to be said on one matter of policy not to insist upon them, or All this, side as on the other. To all but the tech- not to urge them as de fide now. nical and legal mind ceremonialism and an- mutatis mutandis, applies with a sufficiently ti-ceremonialism could produce a justifica- rough and practical accuracy to doctrine as When it is pretendtion equally substantial and equally incon- well as to ceremonial. clusive. And, even as regards the legal ed that doctrine, so closely akin to the mind, it was six of one and half a dozen of teaching of the Latin Church as to require the other whether the chasuble had or had a theological microscope to detect the faint not the law on its side. Eminent counsel variety of tissue, is an absolute novelty have pronounced, with equal certainty and among English theologians, this can only be the impartiality of a common assurance, said by those who enjoy the fool's paradise totally opposite opinions. And this oppo- of literary and historical ignorance. There sition is precisely what the historical facts never was an hour of the later English of the case would have led any student to Church in which this taunt or boast could anticipate. The English Reformation- not have been, and as a matter of fact has instead of being what prejudice or igno- not been, urged, and it is incapable of disrance is pleased to consider it, a well-con-proval. Nor is the recent Eirenicon, as far sidered protest against abuses, and a large as its principle goes, nor again the recent well-weighed embodiment of fixed princi- inchoate desire after a general pacification ples is known to have been an inconsis- of Christendom, nor the extant attempt to tent, vague, vacillating series of hand-to- harmonize differences on all sides, a new mouth expedients, tried in succession by thing. Now upwards, now downwards, now all sorts of people, under all sorts of influ- this side, now that, now east and now west, ences, to meet all manner of fluctuating the path of English Christianity has been necessities, by inventing compromises and an ecliptic, with torrid and frigid tendenAll that anybody bargains to suit every passing emergency, cies in alternation. the whim of a tyrant, the imbecility of a ought to feel is, that it is better to leave child, the cupidity of a knave, and the things as they are, because they always caprice of a woman. The question of cere- have been so. This was the principle of the monies, because it deals with concrete and Gorham judgment; not a very logical, but material subjects, forcibly illustrates, not a very practical, one. If the chaos, which only the character- which is no character is after all no sueh bad thing, is ever to at all—of the Reformation period, but the take definite form and order, it will be by whole of our ecclesiastical history since the subtle and gradual and imperceptible influsixteenth century. Born in a compromise, ences. A cataclysm and violent interrupthe Church of England exists, and has suc- tion of causes working somehow or other ceeded, as a compromise. Its outward steadily enough, though always in the dark, aspect faithfully reflects its inward spirit, is not to be desired. And an artificial and neither in form nor substance has it any cataclysm, such as the promoters of penal reason to be ashamed of this. Only let it suits against either party desire, is a be confessed. The Ceremonialists have contradiction in terms. It will remove no much to say for themselves, because they evil. When we have got that Free Church may point, not only to their famous rubric of pure Protestantism which the impotent about the usages of the second year of despair of Lord Shaftesbury contemplates, Edward VI., but to the principle of the or even the petite église of M. Jules Ferrette, thing, to show that there is no argument, as when Syrian Jacobites and Scotch Presbythe Puritans very well knew and admitted, terians meet together, and when the Direcfor or against the surplice, which is not torium and the Directory have kissed each equally strong for or against the cope. The other, what then? Why the English mind old and intelligible ground urged by the and English people will remain much as first Puritans was that any distinction of before. We shall have a very little schism. ministerial dress meant everything. It con- But the British father of a family will have ceded the principle. On the other hand, a Church and will have an Establishment,

and in that Established Church there must be room made, as the Bishop of London sensibly enough says, for Dr. Pusey and Dr. Daniel Wilson. It might be well if this lesson of mutual tolerance were more explicitly learnt.

well-known letters on a private matter of ancient date which was no concern of his, and of which the result was that he received a stern rebuke for his impertinent interference from the family who alone were interested in it. With that singular mixture of impolicy and candour which belongs to the man of the cloister, Dr. Pusey permitted himself to argue, with an unequal opponent, subjects which, one would have thought, might have been considered too delicate, if not too sacred, for public discussion in a newspaper. But the floodgates were opened, and from the Confessional to Ritualism the transition was easy. Lord Shaftesbury followed " S. G. O.'s" lead, and believing, or affecting to believe, that education and intelligence had all gone over to Tractarianism, the veteran Head of Protestantism wrote to the Times, announcing that only a miracle could save "the doctrine of the Reformation," menaced somewhere in Baldwin's Gardens by an enthusiastic curate in gorgeous apparel.

Such tolerance, however, is not one of our middle-class English virtues. During the last few months Ceremonialism has been debated in a very fierce and aggravating way. The leaders in the movement of which the external forms are embodied in incense and chasubles have gone far beyond the innovators of 1842; and they are a very inferior set of minds. Their sole literature is confined to the very husks and rinds of archæology. They have only carried with them the feminine mind of the Church. It is remarkable that the really great minds of the High Church party have always stood aloof from the revival of excessive Ceremo nialism. Dr. Newman, Dr. Pusey, Mr. Keble, the Bishops of Exeter and Oxford, have, though in various degrees, shown a marked disapproval of what has culminated Lord Shaftesbury's notion of miraculous in a district church in Holborn. But what intervention seems to be that of a Commit Laud in the plenitude of his power, what tee of Religious Safety, of which he is to be Wren and Juxon and Sheldon in the full perpetual Chairman, and so thinks the tide of reaction against Puritanism, never Record. But so do not, for some reason or dreamed of doing, has been attempted by other, some other influential people. We the congregations and nameless curates of a do not pretend to know how it has come to few district churches in London. Unde- pass that Lord Shaftesbury is not so popular terred by the significant events of 1842, as he was. The Committee on Ritualism— when the late Bishop of London beat a which means the Committee against Cereretreat more hasty than dignified from a monialism has thought proper to commit position which, with his usual precipitancy, its interests to Mr. Robert Hanbury and Mr. he had occupied, the Ceremonialists of 1866 John Abel Smith; and for some weeks the have been gradually innovating on the Evangelical organs have been favouring us Church services till the British mind has with the details of the domestic dispute got fairly frightened. We are only surprised which has taken place for the honour of that the explosion was not earlier. The heading the protest of the Protestant public Ceremonialists were over and over again against incense, lighted candles, and chasuwarned of what was sure, sooner or later, to bles. It is not improbable that the cashiercome of their pertinacious and irritating ing of Lord Shaftesbury was a politic moveattacks on English prejudice or English ment on the part of the Committee. There tradition. But they persisted in a course are plenty of churchmen, who have no symwhich was certain to end in a popular agi-pathy with the Ceremonialists, who would tation. Utterly careless of general interests, be at once repelled by Lord Shaftesbury's and too conceited and self-reliant to accept leadership: but it remains to be seen whether advice or to listen to even friendly remonstrance, they thought they were strong enough to reverse English history and to brave English opinion. The consequences are now before them. It is useless to recall the steps which have led to the recent combined mandement of the English Bishops. Towards the close of the year, when the silly season had touched its nadir, that particularly pleasant-tempered gentleman "S. G. O." favoured the Times with one of his

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they have greater confidence in Lord Ebury and Mr. John Abel Smith. It is too much, however, to believe that this Committee has had any real influence on the settlement of the question. The Bishops of London, Oxford, and St. David's had delivered their Charges before the Buckingham Street conclave was formed; and when three such Bishops had pronounced an opinion which was substantially identical on the Ceremonial question, the mind of the Church had

been practically declared; and the question | portion to the moderation with which it might be considered as settled, as far at least as settlement was possible.

may be expected to be employed. To all this the Bishops-who do not seem, as the Bishop of St. David's informs us, to have spent much time on elaborating it—must have made up their minds when they passed their hastily drawn Resolution. Be this as it may, they have appealed to an authority which is certainly not extra vires; the baldest view of a superintendent's office must trust them with the responsibility which they now claim. Till they have failedand we do not see how they can fail so long as they remember that they are officials and not partizans we are quite content to let matters stand. An appeal to good sense and good feeling on both sides is seldom made in vain. And at any rate the fussy programme of deputations to Lord Derby, and applications for Royal Commissions, speeches in Parliament, and petitions from all parts of the country, is effectually shelved. Few people will be disposed to call in quacks while the regular practitioners are in consultation; and till the Bishops abandon the case we shall not send either for Lord Shaftesbury or Mr. Hanbury.

The recent Resolution of the Upper House of Convocation, adopted without much difficulty and with a general sanction by the Lower House, is in fact only a condensed epitome of the course indicated by the three influential Bishops whose Charges we have just mentioned. The Resolution follows precedent. We know that in fact the safe and prudent course of Archbishop Howley and the English Bishops, in 1842, not only allayed public discontent, but secured the peace of the Church for many years. The same result will probably follow in the present emergency. The Bishops, as Bishops, have come forward, not as the representatives of their own private opinions, but they claim a position analogous to that occupied by the Judges whose business it is to give a legal interpretation, and not private glosses of a statute. The framers of the present Prayer Book could not but foresee that what is now happening would be sure some day or other to happen. "Doubts" must sooner or later arise" in the use and practice of the same;" and a provision for meeting the case is made in the Act of Uniformity. On this provision the Bishops now fall back; and their strength is that it is a legal provision, a fair provision, and a reasonable provision. It does not mean, because it cannot mean, either that there are to be twenty-six coordinate authorities all interpreting a disputed point in conflicting decisions, or that in the two Archbishops is vested a para- M. DU CHAILLU, in his recently publishmount authority of deciding in possibly two ed book, describes a belle of Equatorial Afdiscordant judgments. What the reference rica with a chignon not at all unlike what to the Bishop of the diocese and the appeal may be seen any day in Regent-street or to the Archbishop announces is a decision Piccadilly. The difference between the "not contrary to anything contained in this Ishogo and the English lady is that the Book." This can only he arrived at by the former manufactures the chignon out of her Bishop deciding, not in his back parlour, or own hair and head while the latter buys it. according to his lights great or small, but ready-made in the shops. In Ishogo, as in upon legal grounds, arrived at in some legal England, there are also varieties of chigway. How the Bishops are to inform them- non. M. Du Chaillu presents us with selves must be left to the Bishops to dis-drawings of the vertical, the oblique, and cover. Sensible and moderate people will the horizontal. Here we bave improved be quite content to leave this matter to the upon the attractive device until poetry and Bishops themselves. Difficulties enough French dictionaries are ransacked to chriswill they have. When appealed to by dissident parishes and congregations their course is sufficiently clear; but to intervene, if they intend to intervene, without being appealed to either by minister or people, is another affair. Their Resolution may be used in far Carlisle as an engine of mischievous interference. In Salisbury it may remain a dead letter: and in London it is sure to provoke censure and strife in pro

From the London Review.

CHIGNONOLOGY.

ten the ornamental subdivisions. The chignon being, so to speak, a more etherial grace than the hoop or crinoline, admits of minuter descriptions, and the artists employed in the new branch of industry are permitted to entitle their designs as multifariously as the recondite inventions of the milliners, who have at least fifty different species of bonnets already catalogued. Such primitive terms as vertical, horizontal, or oblique,

merely expressing position, may do well | Do men fali in love with chignons? Does enough for Ishogo, where dress and lan- an Isbogonian and a Cockney share in this guage are restrained within the simplest elements, and where, in fact, very little more than a chignon and a necklace is required for ordinary promenade costume. But in a civilized community the chignon keeps pace with other developments, and though the female taste for the thing itself may be universal, it is only to be expected that, with our superior advantages, we should have superior chignons.

Decorations are often an index to disposition, and when they are accredited with a certain style and character, this notion becomes still more probable. "Show me your chignon and I will tell you what you are," appears to be at first a wild parody upon a sensible proverb, but there is as much truth in the parody as in the primitive saw. If chignons increase and multiply we see no reason why a science of comparative chignonology a gay science not unlike that of Mr. Dallas' - may not be established, and at present there is almost sufficient data for an Owen in that line to start with. Here, for instance, is a list embracing a few of the varieties of this charming object:

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Chignon

extraordinary sentiment, and both lay their hearts at the back of their respective Juliet's heads? Ladies, of course, are the best judges in such matters, and it would be well if some of them who write on political economy would enlighten us on a point of this kind. Given the chignon, to find the reason for it; such would be the problem. Even a lady's reason would be better than none. The hoops were driven out by fire, and the chignons are threatened with gregarines." The "gregarines," according to the Lancet, haunt the chignon, and gentlemen who have refreshed themselves with an examination into the domestic affairs of these hypothetical creatures testify to the fact that chignons are good for gregarines, but that gregarines are destructive to health. It is strange that ladies are invariably unfortunate in this respect, that they never manage to combine the principles of fashion with the rules of hygiene..

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Artificial wreathes contain arsenic, tight lacing produces consumption, low dresses are not healthy, high-heeled boots encourage corns, small bonnets invite neuralgia, face powder results in blotches, and now the Marchioness chignon breeds gregarines. It is awkward, Soleil too, that the gregarines should have been Unique discovered just as a report appeared in the Perfection papers that a lady's life had been saved by Elegance a chignon. The chignon might have had a Duchess long career before it, and we think may have: but its popularity has received a momentary check. The Daily Telegraph had a chignon boiled on its own account this week, having first rehashed and served up a stolen dish from the medical papers, and the results of the experiment were so awful that we are surprised they were not made the subject of a leader. This chignon, besides being boiled was put round the neck of a hen, its situation there being considered by the experimenter to represent closely its office and position in the fashionable world. The consequences had to be partly expressed in Latin, and were exceedingly disagreeable. Now the chef who prepared this dish for the Telegraph used even more than the ordinary quantity of piquant sauce so popular in his establishment. The gregarines are possibly not animals at all, and may be a comparatively harmless though disgusting vegetable formation. They are not "epizoa," and they never develop into pediculi. In fact, pediculi are never found in dead hair. Then, again, artificial hair for the most part comes from France and Germany, and not from the "filthy Bur

It will be perceived how the fashion accomodates itself to all minds as well as to all polls. We have no doubt but that the mourning-houses have already supplied themselves with chignons for sad occasions, vidual excrescences, lumps indicative of mitigated affliction, or globular and hirsute monuments to the memory of remoter relatives. The chignon cannot be confounded with other artificialities which ladies put on and off. It is even superior to that mysterious fabric which is now substituted for the sansflectum. It holds a more dignified sitnation, and is in its youth and vigour, while the latter is only the shred or shadow of its former self-shrunk, like the Roman's fame, to a little measure. Embonpoint has had its day, and contours are shifted. The chignon of our great great grandmothers was what. in Ishogo, they would term a perpendicular; and the Pompadour style is closely followed in the chignon, oblique of the same country. But now comes the question, Why do ladies wear chignons?

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