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JOURNAL

CONDUCTED BY SAMUEL AND JOHN SIDNEY, AUTHORS OF "A VOICE FROM AUSTRALIA," "AUSTRALIAN HAND-BOOK,"

"RAILWAYS AND AGRICULTURE," &c. &c.

VOL. I.-No. 7.]

THURSDAY, 16TH NOVEMBER, 1848.

PRICE 2D.

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"THE COLONIZATION SOCIETY" AT LEEDS. IN the third number of this Journal we devoted an article to a description of this Association; we showed its real utility and its false pretences, we showed that while it professed to be actuated by nothing less than the purest feelings of philanthropy, it was in fact nothing more than an institution for providing Australian squatters with servants at the cheapest possible rate. In stating these truths, we freely acknowledged that the Association was doing a great deal of good, in the same way exactly that a shipowner does good by engaging a crew of seamen, or a manufacturer alleviates the poverty of a district by the employment of workmen in spinning or weaving. If either the shipowner or the manufacturer were to take a tour for the purpose of recruiting labour, professing at public meetings that he was actuated in his zeal by love for his country and pity for the poor, his professions would be treated with utter contempt. But in cases in which parties-whether as manufacturers, farmers, or squatters-give employment to the destitute poor, the important fact is what they do, not what they mean, or why they do it. At the same time it was our duty, as representing the emigrating classes, not to permit the helpless ignorant to deal with colonial recruiting sergeants, however excellent the pay and agreeable the service, as if these heroes had been the mild and disinterested almoners of patriotic charity.

We went a little farther, and pointed out that there were good grounds for looking with suspicion on the charitable professions of the Colonization Society, inasmuch as, although they had vigorously exerted themselves in order to obtain a large measure of emigration, by means of a general tax and a parish tax on the overtaxed people of this country, and although they had proposed to attach the wages of colonial labourers, sent out at the expense of the Society, for the repayment of the passage-money, they had never made the slightest effort to abolish the unjust system by which frugal labourers in Australia are systematically excluded from the posses

sion of land.

We noted the suspicious circumstance, that while the colonial capitalists, like the Messrs. Boyd, had always been successful in their contests with the Colonial-office-in this case-affecting alike the working men of the home country and the colony-they were dumb; and we accounted for it by the fact, that the capitalist members of the Colonization Society were especially favoured by the colonial land monopoly. And we expressed our suspicions that "they desired to perpetuate a land monopoly, and have emigrants introduced to become to them hewers of wood and drawers of water."

We are happy to find that this protest in favour of "the working man's share in Australian emigration" has had a very decided effect. Before the publication of the EMIGRANT'S JOURNAL, the most strenuous efforts were made to induce the Colonization Society to speak out against the colonial land monopoly, and take the just claims of emigrants of small capital under their care, but without effect.

Fortunately, the circulation we have already attained-the confidence we have already secured among the emigrating classes-has compelled the orators of the Colonization Society to alter their tone. They held a meeting at Leeds on the 6th inst.

Mr. Mark Boyd, we believe a brother, and a partner in a tract of land as large as an English county, owning a town, a port, and half a million of sheep in New South Wales, was one of the lions of the day. Mr. Boyd has hitherto been diplomatically silent on the land question at the meetings held in London, Southampton, Brighton, and Swindon, as have all his colleagues. On this occasion he puzzled and surprised those of his hearers not acquainted with our Journal, by an elaborate defence of himself

from the remarks made in what he mysteriously termed "certain quarters." He said

He would avail himself of the opportunity to notice some remarks made in certain quarters in reference to an important subject-the vexata questio of the price of land. It had been stated-coupling his name with other members of the Colonization Society-that he was opposed to a reduction of the minimum price of land in Australia. Now, although he would not answer for the views other gentlemen entertained regarding the Wakefield system, he was there to state that, so far from his being opposed to a reduction in the price of land, he had always been a staunch advocate for it. -(Cheers.) Whatever would attract a population to the boundless, fertile, and unoccupied regions of Australia, he had most earnestly supported. His opinions one way or other were certainly very unimportant, for like the hon. gentleman who made the statement elsewhere to which he had referred, he had never been in Australia. He gained his information like him, from those who had. Still he wished facts to be stated. Upon this point, the reduction of the minimum price of land, he had ever been a humble but a warm supporter of it. His opinion was founded on the information derived from a gentleman whose long experience in our Australian and other colonial possessions, as well as in the United States, lent the greatest weight to anything emanating from so well-informed a quarter. His hon. friend, Mr. Scott, has ever most strenuously advocated not with the Colonization Society; but nevertheless, do not suppose that a low price of land. This question, however, rests with the government, there is no land to be purchased in New South Wales at a much lower price than that fixed by the government. He was called upon in candour to state that although the high price of government land was, in his opinion an evil, as it inclined through misconception the stream of emigration of small industrious capitalists and their families to the United States, instead of Australia, where they would succeed infinitely better, still it was a less practical grievance than it appeared to be, for he found there was an abundance of the best land in private hands, in large and small quantities, to suit all classes of buyers, at less than one-fourth of the governclimate, be it recollected, infinitely superior, and where there is really no ment price, and quite as cheap as any land in the United States, with a winter, and a ready money market for all their produce, and no outlay for clearing the heavy timber as in the United States (applause). He had recently perused the report of a committee of the Legislative Council of New South Wales on this subject, in which he found it stated in August last, by Mr. Lyons, the well-known auctioneer at Sydney, that there was plenty of land for sale in the colony, and that he (Mr. Lyons) had recently made sales at 28. to 4s. 3d. an acre. He further stated that he and Mr. Smart had 10,000 acres in the rich agricultural district of the Macquarie, which they would readily sell at 3s. an acre. He likewise stated that he had land in other agricultural districts, which he was authorized to sell at 48. an acre. Mr. Lyons and others can therefore, it would appear, supply parties requiring land with any quantity, small or large, they may wish, and at a price they must be satisfied with.

glad to find that in future we are to have such powerful assisWe have read this speech with a great deal of pleasure. We are tance in extinguishing the colonial land monopoly. Hitherto the colonization orators have used all the thunders of their eloquence in stimulating the tide of voluntary and eleemosynary emigration. On the subject of the land question, if at all, the Messrs. Boyd, like the magnanimous Bottom, have "roared as gently as any singing dove." They have now spoken out, and we promise not to let their pledge be forgotten.

But if Mr. Boyd had wished those who understand the Australian land question to believe in his sincerity, he should have stopped short without entering on the sentence about being "in candour bound to state that the high price of Government land was less a practical grievance than it appeared to be," &c. Even if, from time to time, good land were to be had in small lots from private individuals at a low price-so long as Government land was only sold as a system that excluded all but the rich-we should still hold it a practical grievance that the frugal labourer should be debarred from all choice of lands in those districts in which labour

is best paid and savings most easily made; and we should hold it a practical grievance, that by the high price of land the fund for the conveyance of the destitute British labourer to Australia had been dried up. But the fact is, that there is nothing in Mr. Lyons' evidence to justify Mr. Boyd's conclusions. Land is not to be had in small lots at from 2s. to 5s. an acre. Such chances, if any, are extremely rare. Mr. Lyons has occasionally large lots of mixed land, chiefly bankrupt estates, for sale. It is not his business to sell lots of 80 or 100, or even 200 acres, but to clear the whole off in a lump, say 10,000 acres. As to what Mr. Boyd calls "the rich agricultural district of Macquarie River, lately taken into the settled districts, we know it well, and can state most positively that,

so far from being rich agricultural land, there are thousands of acres in it that would not grow a bushel of wheat to an acre-in fact, only fit for pasture, and for pasture too dear at 3s. an acre.

Mr. Boyd relied, in this hollow evasion, like Lord Grey, on the ignorance of his auditors. New South Wales is, perhaps, six times as large as England, and to defend a system-for it is not an accident but a system of land monopoly-on the ground that in certain places land is to be sold cheap, is much the same thing as if when a man applied to purchase a small plot of land from the Crown, close to his native village, in any part of Yorkshire, he were to be told that he could not have less than 1,000 acres there, but that if he pleased he might have 40 acres on Salisbury Plain, or on some mountain in Wales. What we demand is, that every man landing in Australia with, say 100l., and every man in the colony who can save 100l., may be able in every surveyed district, or, in fact, any district suitable for cultivation, to select 80 acres, pay his money, and register his title at a public land office, without being subject to the extortions of attorneys and land-sharks, or the disgusting delays that now harass every purchaser of Australian land, unless prepared to put down thousands of pounds for a special survey. We are not great admirers of republican America, but we want our complicated, exclusive colonial land system reduced to the low price and simple rules followed by the United States' land officers and registration.

It is right to state that we have no personal difference with the Messrs Boyd; we treat them as public men, as the representatives of the Australian wool-pack and tallow cask aristocracy, as men who have done essential service to Australia and to themselves, as men who have exercised great parliamentary influence here for their own benefit, as stockowners, and who must be sharply looked after, lest they turn against their adopted country their power and influence. The Messrs. Boyd went out to New South Wales with a large capital in times of deep depression; they bought sheep and cattle by thousands, at almost nominal prices. They started at once into the first rank of pastoral proprietors or squatters. They have now half a million of sheep alone. They found all this property was at the mercy of the government for the time being. That at any moment, the annual licence on which they pastured their flocks and herds could be revoked, and themselves ruined. Against this dangerous power they headed an agitation for fixity of tenure. The squatters beat the Governor and the Colonial Office, and the Messrs. Boyd boast that they are the men who turned the scale, and won the fight, by creating and managing parliamentary influence. Until the fixity of tenure in grazing was granted, all the squatters were in favour of reducing the price of land; now, they are more silent. Under this squatting act, Messrs. Boyd, for instance, can have, for 27. 10s. per annum, a lease of as much land as will graze 4,000 sheep or 600 head of cattle; at least, ten square miles, or 6,400 acres, and so on; and, practically, can never be disturbed in their occupation. Having gained this great, and in the main just concession, the Messrs. Boyd and great colonial capitalists have been silenced; have left the colonists, discontented with the absurd, unjust price of land, to fight their own battles; and have discouraged and discountenanced persons anxious to agitate the subject here.

For our own part, we are not accustomed to be daunted by trifles; we have succeeded in making Mr. Boyd break his prudent silence on the land question; we don't despair of seeing him head an agitation to put down this impolitic and injurious system. At Leeds, he was only anxious not to be opposed, perhaps the cheers he received may encourage him to go further. We feel assured that if his family, whose name is Legion, will only do half as much for this working man's question as they did for their own pastoral interest, the cause is won. They have wealth, influence, industry, energy, tact, and talent, which has all hitherto been employed most ingeniously to forward their breeches-pocket interests; we pray them, for once, to try the pleasure of heading and winning a really national cause. With one remark, personal to ourselves, we have done,-Mr. Boyd said, that the gentleman who attacked him had not been in Australia. This insinuation was a wretched, unworthy quibble, intended to diminish the effect of truths he could not answer. The parties conducting this Journal are brothers, holding, in common, strong and decided opinions on the Australian land question. The elder, like Mr. Mark Boyd, has not been in Australia; the younger, John Sidney, is "The Bushman;" whose career for five years in Australia is literally described in the first chapter of our " Australian Hand-Book."

* I went there a boy. I returned a man. Nearly the whole period was spent in the wildest part of the Colony, and the whole of my time was devoted to rearing what makes the true wealth of Australia-sheep, cattle, and horses. I lived in the far interior, on the rivers Macquarie, MacIntyre, and Barwen. I have passed through every grade of colonial life. I arrived in New South Wales at seventeen years of age, fresh from school, with a hundred pounds in my pocket, a stout constitution, a good seat on horseback, and the best sort of English and French education that a lad up to that age gets, when he prefers hunting, shooting, and fishing, to prizes and schoolmasters' praise. I suffered as a new chum (a raw settler) all sorts of impositions and hardships, then became an overseer of an agricultural farm just inside the boundaries, then superintendent of a grazing establishment in the far Bush, with 20,000 sheep, beside cattle and horses, under my charge, and at length a proprietor of sheep and cattle myself. I have had seventy men in my employ at one time, Englishmen, Irishmen, and Scotchmen, emigrants, ticket-of-leave men, and prisoners. I have had four men killed by my side in fights with the blacks, and on the MacIntyre alone I read the burial service over twelve who at different times were assassinated by the Aborigines. So, I think, I may claim the benefit of as much experience of Bush life as any man in England; whether my opinions are of any value, others must decide.

LIFE IN THE BUSH;

OR, PLAIN DIRECTIONS FOR THE AUSTRALIAN EMIGRANT. BY A BUSHMAN.-No. VI.

Sheep and Cattle Stations.

ALL the land at present unoccupied in Australia Proper or Australia Felix is a great distance from market, and will continue so until the ports and towns are formed on the northern side of the island. We shall then see those fine rivers discovered and explored partially by Lieut. Lort Stokes occupied by hundreds and thousands. Towns must be eventually built on such rivers as the Victoria, the Albert, and the Adelaide, and it strikes me that it would answer the purpose of some enterprising gentleman, possessed of a capital of from 10,000l. to 20,000l. to form a series of sheep and cattle stations on one of these large rivers, or for a public company; they would secure in this manner a considerable tract of country to themselves, and by going with such a number of men as would be necessary for a farm commencing with 20,000 sheep, 3,000 head of cattle, and 50 or 100 mares, secure themselves from all attacks of the aborigines.

Such an establishment would lead to a large fortune by any person commencing it under the guidance of an experienced bushman, who would enhurdles and yards for the reception of the sheep and stock. gage proper workmen to put up the necessary buildings, and prepare

The great advantage he would gain would be his proximity to market, throng to the place, and thus a town would spring up, in which it would be which market he would create, for hundreds of other settlers would soon his own fault if he was not a large holder of building land. The Sydney merchants, who are as enterprising as any persons in the world, would send vessels for the wool and tallow, and in a short time all those advantages monopolized by the few settlers within 100 or 200 miles of Sydney, Maitland, Melbourne, Brisbane, or Adelaide, would be obtained by the settler on these rivers.

Would it not answer the purpose of Archdeacon Sinclair to commence his parish-school plan on one of these rivers? Those parties desirous of knowing more about them, had better peruse Lieut. Lort Stokes' discoveries in Australia, in which he will find a full description of these rivers, and their soil,-large, running rivers, with open plains or downs touching the water's edge, different from most of our Australian rivers. These are navigable for 80 or 100 miles.

There is another class of squatters in Australia, viz., the 100,000%. men; these are all composed either of people who have been twenty, thirty, or fifty years in the colony, and have gradually worked their way up, or of persons, like the Messrs. Boyd, who, coming out to the colony at a time of depression with a large cash capital, have purchased largely in sheep and cattle, and become great graziers at once. These persons generally have 5,000 or 10,000 sheep at each head station, which is situated on a creek or river, and they occupy all the adjoining waterholes for ten, twenty, thirty, or forty miles round. They place two flocks of sheep at every station, and three men (two shepherds and one watchman); these men are all hired for a year or two, and are answerable with their wages for any missing sheep. Every Saturday, a cart or packhorse comes round, and The men draw their wages half

delivers them the rations for the week.

yearly or quarterly, during which time if they require anything in the shape of clothing or eating, it is supplied to them by the overseer from the master's stores, and charged in their account. The overseer keeps a regular debtor and creditor account for every man on the station, and when he settles with him hands him over a copy of his account. On every station of 1,000 sheep there is generally a superintendent as well as an overseer; he is generally a young gentleman of education; his duty is to hire and discharge the men, count the sheep occasionally, keep the books, see to the agricultural operations, fold the fleeces in shearing time, forward fat wethers down the country, and superintend all the operations of a woolgrower.

his

The overseer is generally a careful man, who has been promoted; duty is to count the sheep, weigh out the stores, deliver the rations, look after lost sheep, and other subordinate duties.

On very large establishments of 20,000 sheep and upwards, there is

often a storekeeper also, whose duty is to attend to the stores, weighing These large squatters, or graziers, as they call themselves, have, perhaps, out rations, serving out tea, tobacco, and slops, keeping a set of books. five, ten, or twenty such stations as these scattered over different parts of the colony. Every one is complete in itself; containing not only the sheep I have before mentioned, but also the following improvements, as they are called:-A good sheep station includes a superintendent's hut and store, which would cost from 251. to 501.; a detached kitchen, 107.; men's huts, 57. each; a wool-shed, with wool-press and yards, 2007.; milk yard about 88. a rod; milking bail, and gallows for slaughtering bullocks; wool press; horse paddock, which will cost from 2s. 6d. to 38. 6d. a rod of three rails; a paddock for wheat, maize, oaten hay, potatoes, and other vegetables-this ought to be four rails, and will cost an extra shilling a rod; a barn, 1007.; corn and horse sheds, 127.; a steel mill, 47.10s.

each.

These are about the contract prices, but it is a common way to hire a carpenter, who, with a pair of sawyers, fells neighbouring trees, and, with the assistance of your men, does all this work at wages. Of course, if you understand and can take a turn at such work yourself, it is so much money saved.

When you purchase an establishment, you frequently get these improvements thrown in.

The great graziers have also sometimes a large country house near Sydney, where they live, and grow large quantities of farm-produce, and breed a few select bulls from pure imported cows and bulls. These they use for their own herds and sell. They also often breed rams and blood-horses. In addition to the sheep-stations above described, each great squatter often has half a dozen or a dozen stations in different parts of the colony; or, perhaps, 6,000 or 10,000 head of cattle on the same run, divided into herds of 1,000 or 600 each, with three men to every 1,000-two stockmen and one hutkeeper. These herds consist of breeders, or cows, bullocks, or oxen; heifers to be kept from the bull, and one, two, or three year old steers. (The cattle are managed and broken in to the run as described in the Australian Hand-Book, pp. 53-57.)

Squatters like Mr. Lawson, Messrs. Boyd, and Rouse, and Kite, who have these large numbers of sheep and cattle, generally have large

paddocks near Sydney, where their fat bullocks are kept for market. These paddocks often consist of two square miles of ground, fenced in when bullocks were 61., 71., 81., 91., or 10l. a head, and these great men often sold 500 a year. It may be seen how easy it was to get rich in those days.

EMIGRATION FIELDS.-No. II.
West Canada.

COST OF FARM BUILDINGS AND FURNITURE.-A comfortable loghouse, 16 feet by 24, two floors, with shingled roof, 97.; log-barn, 24 by 40 feet, 107.; frame-house of same dimensions, 507.; ditto barn, 70%.; suitable sheds, &c., 201. Tables, 10s. to 178. 6d. ; stump bedsteads, 158. to 20s. each; chairs, per dozen, 17. 58. ; boilers, saucepans, kettles, knives and forks, &c., &c., about 50 per cent. over the retail prices in England. The settler very seldom spends money in erecting his buildings, they being generally built by himself, with the assistance of his neighbours, and added to as his wants and increasing prosperity may from time to time require. In most cases the household furniture of a new settler will not be found to exceed in value 107.; and is often altogether manufactured by

the settler himself.

PRICES OF FARM LIVE STOCK.-Yoke of oxen, 107. to 127. 10s.; cows, 21. 108. to 31. 10s.; farm horses each, 107. to 201.-lower in some districts; sheep, 10s. to 20s. each. Wagon, 157. to 201.; double harness, 67. to 77. 10s. ; common saddle and bridle, 37. 158.; a pair of drags, 17. 108. ; plough, 17. 158.; winnowing machines, 67. to 61. 15s.; pails, 28.; sacks for grain, 1s. 3d. to 1s. 6d. each; American scythe, 48.; reap-hooks, 18. 9d. to 2s. 10d.; farmer's sleigh for produce, 71. to 71. 10s.; spades, 3s. 9d.; bedding feathers, 1s. 10d. per lb.; wool, 1s. 2d. per lb.; hay, 27. 108. per ton; oats, 1s. per bushel. Clothing.-Fifty per cent. addition on old country price; crockery and common cutlery of all kinds, very cheap. Provisions.-Pork, 15s. to 20s. per 100 lbs.; flour, 17. 58. per barrel of 196 lbs. ; cheese, 17. 108. per cwt.; butter, 27. 10s. per cwt.; whisky, 18. 3d. to 18. 9d. per gallon; beef, 17. to 17. 10s. per cwt.; sometimes lower; oatmeal, 78. per cwt.

SEASONS.-The time of the setting in of the frost, and of its departure, varies in Canada extremely in different years. But no prudent man ought to calculate on being able to do anything in the open field after the 1st of November, or before the 1st day of April. Fodder must be provided for cattle sufficient to last till the middle of May, as although a surplus may be left from the early setting in of the spring, yet cases have been known of great distress prevailing from want of proper attention on this head. FARMERS' AVOCATIONS DURING WINTER.-The new settler's avocations during the winter months are generally confined to taking care of his cattle and chopping,—that is, felling and cutting up the trees ready for burning in the spring. The underbrush must be cleared off before the snow falls. The family, when industrious, find their time fully employed in spinning and other female occupations, and, when it is considered that almost every article of convenience or luxury must be made at home or be dispensed with, it may easily be imagined that the duties of a farmer's wife and grown up daughters are numerous and unceasing-for in proportion with their industry and abilities will be their domestic comfort and happiness. In the summer, from the scarcity of labour, all assist in the fields: the child of even five years old being usefully and healthily employed in some occupation befitting his age and strength. Amongst many Canadian 'farmers, however, the winter is a season of enjoyment, a great portion of it being spent in amusement and visiting.

FRUITS.-All the fruits generally found in England thrive remarkably well in Canada—but the plum, apple, strawberry, raspberry, and melon, attain a luxuriance of growth and perfection unknown in England. The melon planted in the open ground, in most years, produces excellent crops. In many places, vines prosper well. Peaches are indigenous south of the parallel of 43 degrees, or if not absolutely indigenous, grow rapidly from the stone and bear fruit within a few years, although good and richflavoured grapes and peaches are seldom met with, owing to their culture being neglected. The same observations apply to all garden produce, which will attain a degree of luxuriance unknown perhaps in Britain, with far less care and culture.

WAGES.-Farm servants per month, with board, 21.; ditto, without board, 31. Female servants, 17. per month, with board. Day labourers, 38. 9d., without board. The wages of carpenters and other tradesmen vary considerably according to the ability of the workmen; they all range, however, between 58. and 10s. per day, taking these as the lowest and highest prices. Newly-arrived emigrants do not get so much.

TAXES.-Each district elects its own council, and may therefore be said to tax itself. All the taxes raised by the council are expended within the district all the taxes taken together are extremely trifling, and to an old countryman, or person from the United States, will scarcely be felt, being only 1d. in the 17. upon assessed property.

PLACES OF RELIGIOUS WORSHIP AND SCHOOLS.-Places of religious worship are numerous throughout Canada; in the town of Guelph there are seven churches and chapels; in Chatham, W. D., four churches: both these places are comparatively new settlements. As to schools, in towns and well-settled localities, education is cheap in the extreme, and good. There are few parts of Canada where a man can be at a loss to give his children a decent English education at a very cheap rate. In the new district of Huron, there are twenty-five places of religious worship, and numerous schools. There are thirty places of religious worship in Toronto. WILD BEASTS.-Some severe seasons, wolves may annoy the farmer, but to a small extent. Sheep are, however, in the more settled districts, generally protected by a fold; and the farmer may now and then lose a stray hog by the bear-but many men have been settled ten years in the province without seeing either wolf or bear.

GAME.-The game in some parts is plentiful, and consists of deer, wood grouse (called partridges), quails, rabbits (called hares), and a great variety of wild ducks and geese. Wild turkeys are numerous in the London and Western Districts. Fish are also most abundant in all the lakes and rivers, and excellent of their kind; but an observation made by an old farmer and wealthy settler may be added to this answer, as it is a very true one, viz., that a new settler can earn a quarter of beef in the time which it takes him to hunt for a quarter of venison.

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LAND CARRIAGE, that is, the hire of a team of two horses, wagon and driver, which will take 18 cwt. of load, may generally be reckoned at 8d. per mile to the journey's end, supposing the team to come back empty; cheaper land travelling than this can, however, often be obtained by making a bargain.

Two steamers ply daily, in the morning and afternoon, from Lewiston, Queenston, and Niagara, to Toronto and Hamilton, distant thirty-six miles. There is a steamer plying three times a week from Rochester to Toronto, Kingston, and Hamilton. The distance, by railway, from Buffalo to Lewiston, is twenty-eight miles. The steam-boats London and Canada ply between Buffalo and Detroit, touching all ports on the Canada shore in connection with the steamer Brantford, of Dunville to Brantford, and a daily steamer between Detroit and Chatham. This route affords an easy and cheap access to the Gore, Brock, London, and Western Districts. Stages to and from the boat at Port Stanley for London and Goderich. The steamer Emerald plies between Buffalo and Chippewa twice a day, from whence there is a railway to Queenston.

Steamers ply between Kingston and Toronto, and Toronto and Hamilton daily.

Distance from Hamilton to Guelph, thirty miles; two stages and a post pass to and from daily. Note. The prices given are in Halifax currency, of which 1 dollar, or 58. is equal to 88. York, or 48. sterling.

UNITED STATES.

THE CLIMATE.

THE climate of the United States embraces every variety of temperature— from the cold sea air of Passamaquoddy to the dry, elastic, and severe temperature of the White and the Green Mountains, rising through all the degrees of the thermometer to the climate congenial to the olive, the sugar cane, and the orange. It is, however, excessive, and subject to great and rapid changes. Captain Smith, in his account of the Chesapeake Bay, presented to Queen Anne, says, that in this country the summer is as hot as in Spain, while the winter is as cold as in France or England; and Mr. Jefferson, in his "Notes on Virginia" says, "The extremes of heat and cold, of 6 degrees below zero, and 98 degrees above it, are distressing." He adds, that in 1780 the Chesapeake Bay was frozen from its head to the mouth of the Potomac, and at Annapolis where it is 5 miles between the nearest points of land, the ice was from five to seven inches thick, so that loaded wagons crossed over. Severe colds, rheumatism, intermittent fevers, and agues are the natural consequences of such extremes as these. On this account the climate will not allow the inhabitants to take the exercise necessary for health, without running great risks, and very often contracting colds and chills, which end in consumption. The climate on the sea-coasts of the Eastern States, from Maine to Baltimore, is the worst of all, because, in addition to the sudden changes, cold and damp, easterly winds prevail, and occasion a great deal of disease.

The Americans, however, are fond of their climate, and consider it the best in the world. But, if the climate is not healthy, it is certainly beautiful to the eye; the sky is so clear, the atmosphere so dry, the tints of the foliage so inexpressibly lovely in autumn and the early winter months, and at night the stars are so brilliant, that it is not surprising that the Americans should praise it, and feel proud of its apparent superiority. The climate of Britain, though unprepossessing to the eye, and depressing to the spirits, is, nevertheless, much more healthy than the exciting and changeable, though beautiful, atmosphere of the United States. But though in the Eastern States consumption is very prevalent, in the western regions the disease is scarcely known. The American diseases generally are neuralgic, or those that affect the nerves, and are common to almost all the Union. Ophthalmia, and particularly the disease of the Optic nerve, is very common in the Eastern States, and there are annually more diseases of the eye in New York city alone, than are perhaps found all over Europe. The tic doloreux is another common complaint over all America; indeed, so common, that one out of ten suffers from it more or less, the majority being women. In short, the climate is one of extreme

excitement, and the American people are in consequence more excitable, which they are descended. The winters of Wisconsin, Toway, Missouri, and more rapid in muscular movement than the European stocks from proportion of exercise. Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, and part of Ohio, are and Upper Canada, are dry and healthy, enabling the people to take any tive fever, ague, and dysentery, carry off large numbers of people. very unhealthy in autumn, from the want of drainage; the bilious congesVirginia, Kentucky, North Carolina, and the eastern parts of Tennessee, are comparatively healthy. South Carolina, and the other southern states are subject to visitations of the yellow fever, and many of the inhabitants consequently migrate at the end of each season to the northward, not only to avoid the contagion, but also to renovate their general health, which suffers from the continual demands made by the climate on their physical energies; the atmosphere of the western and southern country being even more exciting than that of the east. Vermont, New Hampshire, the inner part of New York, and all the other states that border on the great lakes are healthy, owing to the dryness of the atmosphere, being modified by the proximity of so large bodies of water. The excitement which prevails throughout the Union, and forms so remarkable a feature in the American character, is occasioned much more by climate than by any other cause. The climate seems also to be, in some degree at least, the cause of two bad habits to which the Americans are much addicted, namely, the use of tobacco, and of spirituous liquors. The effect of tobacco is narcotic and anti-nervous; it allays irritation, and enables the American

to indulge in stimulating habits, without the accompaniment of their immediate evil consequences. To the rapid changes of the climate, and to the extreme heat of the summer, must also in a great degree be ascribed the excessive use of spirituous liquors. The system, depressed or disordered by the sudden changes, requires stimulants to equalize the pulse. The variableness, however, of the climate, says Mr. Flint, has been generally overcharged. The range of the thermometer is, indeed, great and sudden, sometimes amounting to 25 degrees or 30 degrees in a day; but, in his opinion, the corresponding flexibility of constitution which it produces, is beneficial. [Since this was written, the temperance movement has made its way over almost all the settled States, and as a body the Americans are now one of the most temperate people in the civilized world, and certainly the most temperate of the Anglo-Saxon race. If some one will only introduce the fashion of spending at least a quarter of an hour in eating, instead of bolting their meals like ravenous hounds, they may be expected to improve in both health and complexion.]

A DISCONTENTEd Carpenter.-A few evenings since, I saw a carpenter and his wife, who have been here but one month, from Hull, in Yorkshire. The husband stated, that in England he earned 21s. per week: that he now obtains 31s. 6d.; that he finds great difficulty in getting his money from his employer; that, "taking one with another," the expense of living is as nearly like that in England as possible; that, had he been acquainted with everything which he at present knows, he would not have left home; but that, having done so, he is well satisfied, and has now saved some money-a thing which he had hardly ever before done. Could I see him in twelve months from the present time, I think his condition would be, if I may judge from others, something like the following: -Saved fourteen guineas-living in two small rooms, independent of his master, and his master of him-thinks the Americans a very dirty and disagreeable people, and hates them from his soul-would be delighted to see Old England again, and smoke his pipe, and drink his pint, and talk politics with the cobbler, and abuse the taxes, and then he remembers that he is in America, where he cannot endure the thoughts of having his bones buried-thinks of returning to England, where his wife is also anxious to go, in order that she may drink tea and gossip with her old neighbours then they both conjure up their former sea-sickness, their fear of being drowned, the money that their passage would cost, and when they got to Hull, his most laborious application would not more than provide them with a bare existence. He then determines to remain in America-keep the money which he has saved, add as much more to it as he can, and make himself as contented and happy as lies in his power.-Fearon's America.

[This was written of America in 1806. It will apply to half the people who become emigrants as well now as it did then. The best field for an emigrant who has the means of success in him, is one so distant that he cannot dream of returning. We know an instance of a gentleman's servant who saved 5001., laid it out on a farm in Prince Edward's Island, and was doing well. His women-folk got dissatisfied, plagued him until he sold his farm, came back to Ireland, lost all his money, and in two years was on the brink of starvation.]

AMERICAN BOASTING.-When I am told that at a particular hotel there is handsome accommodation, I expect that they are one remove from very bad; if "elegant entertainment," I anticipate tolerable; if a person is a "clever man,' that he is not absolutely a fool; and if a manufactory is the "first in the world," I expect, and have generally found, about six men and three boys employed.-Fearon's America.

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GRUMBLING EMIGRANTS. — Understanding that mechanics in every occupation met at "Carey's Porter-house," I went there several times for the purpose of obtaining information. I found them chiefly English, and all discontented with America. One remark, made by the leading grumbler, deserves attention. It was elicited by the spirit of opposition. His friend, a stone-mason, said that there was "nothing in America but d-d Yankees and rogues, and that it was not fit for a dog to live in." "Ay, ay, Bob; you forget that you were starving in England. Say what you will, this, after all, is the poor man's country; it is the poor man's country, Bob." "Yes, it may be well enough for getting pork and whisky, and wages, and all that; but curse the country; it would be a good country enough, if it was free from dirty, cheating Yankees."-Fearon's America. CINCINNATI, U.S.-Cincinnati is one of the most agreeable cities in the Union, and trade seemed flourishing. I counted forty-five steamers at the wharf, and most of them smoking, ready to shove off on their upward or downward voyage, all which gave great life and animation to the scene. The markets in the city are numerous and well supplied, everything cheap and abundant, fromwhisky, at 10d. per gallon, to pork at ld. per pound, and best milk at 1d. per quart. St. Louis and Chicagniore are both getting on fully as rapidly as ever Cincinnati did, and promise to become as great. The only ham that I ever saw in the States that could be pronounced eatable was at Cincinnati; but to look for a rasher of bacon in this paradise of pigs would be useless, the Americans do not know what it means; they have the name and also the thing, but, tell it not in Gath! it is as much like London bacon as the filthy American red herrings are like our Yarmouth bloaters! Nevertheless, Čincinnati is a very tolerable place, and, were I transported to the States, and compelled to live there, which God forbid !

"And drag at each remove a lengthening chain,"

CORRESPONDENCE.

W. D., Manchester, has our sincere thanks for his information, of which we immediately availed ourselves.

A. G., Will find the price of passage to America stated in round numbers in the preceding Numbers up to IV. of the Journal, under information. It is quite a matter of bargain. The best and dearest ships are the regular liners from London and Liverpool, but often the cheapest in the end. Passages with water, have been as low as 27., and as high as 47. Steerage passengers generally find their own provisions. The cheapest ships are those going for cargo to New York, New Orleans, or to Quebec for timber. But great caution is required, except when selecting a regular line packet. Under the same column, is a list of all the societies granting free passages, or partially free passages. Such a society as A. G. indicates, on liberal and sound principles, would be very useful.

T. J. C.-The demand for your business in Sydney and Melbourne is limited; the wages pretty good, but there are few establishments. Your other qualifications may be worth, in a colony, from 701. to 1001. a year, and as you have more than one resource you had better go.

Phoenix.-Cannot recommend with confidence either Australia, New Zealand, or the Cape, and if you are employed should not recommend your trying the United States without more information than we can give the fluctuations in your employment are so rapid in America.

Alpha.-Nothing can be more detestable than the religious or anti-religious principles of the Fourierites alluded to; but they succeed because they work together in clearing and cultivating fertile wild land. The account was a quotation, we cannot authenticate it from personal knowledge. See Tait's Magazine for October.

G. M. C.-["I am about thirty-four years of age, have six children, three boys and three girls, eldest twelve, youngest five years; can see no prospect for them, and hardly know what to put them to when the time comes that they must go forth into the world as I have done. The business I am in is very confining, and though I am not one of the strongest of men, still I should like to superintend a little bit of land in preference to my present employment. I could land in Australia with a thousand pounds clear. Now could I do as well with it there as here? I saw in one of your numbers, that the best way, if a person wished for a little land, was, as soon as they had landed, to seek out a decent boarding house, and reside there a few weeks, till, by watching the newspapers, a person would perhaps see a little estate of a house and buildings, and from twenty to twenty-five or thirty acres of land, all in cultivation, to be sold, and sometimes at from 57. to 61. per acre. I liked the plan much, and it is that which induced me to write to ask if I, perchance, bought such an allotment, whether, after moving on to that, I could not also afterwards go up into the interior and hire three or four hundred acres, and get a steady man as overlooker or steward, to superintend when I could not be there myself. I am clearing now, say, 801. a year after all expenses. Could I do the same by engaging in the above suggestion? If I went I might have by me, in stock, from 200l. to 2501. worth, would it be desirable to pack the lot up in strong chests, or dispose of it here by auction at a great loss? which would be the case. What would probably be the cost of a steerage passage for the six children, and our two selves?-Are bricks, coals, and tiles about the same price there as they are here?-By what I have read, flowers, fruit trees, and shrubs are as plentiful as here; need not take them. What is about the population of Adelaide ? I have several good oil paintings and water-coloured drawings, all framed,-would they sell there?"]

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Your numerous family is the best reason for emigrating. With your capital you will probably find an opening for purchasing a neat little place that will grow all you require for feeding your family, including pork, poultry, grain, and garden vegetables, perhaps a few cows; mind they are of a quiet sort, like Mr. Lawsons. Wheat-growing is not very profitable on an average in New South Wales. It will be better not to embark in any speculation of the kind at first. Interest on remainder of your capital will keep you very well, with your little property. Houses and land in settled districts, not bush, all fenced and reclaimed, within 100 miles of Sydney, will be cheap next year. Cannot say how your own trade would answer, you must see for yourself. It would certainly be better, if well packed in tin or zinc, to take your stock than sacrifice it. Sydney would suit you better than Adelaide, for your trade,-beyond Melbourne for settling on a small farm. Steerage, from sixty to seventy pounds. Make a bargain with one of the regular packets, and take extras named in our Hand-book. Coals in Sydney about fourteen shillings a ton. In the interior they burn wood, which only costs gathering. No sale for the other fancy articles.

Zeluco.-["My family consists of myself and wife (who, by-the-by, has not enjoyed very good health lately), ages thirty-two and thirty-nine; a daughter, fourteen years of age, dressmaker and shoebinder; a daughter nine years; a boy, seven. My own trade is an upholsterer, carriage-liner, &c. ; can make my own and children's shoes; make bedsteads and mattresses, tables, and other things for domestic use, requiring the use of carpenters' tools; in fact, I have been taught to work and adapt myself to anything that was likely to assist me in this competitive state of society. There are also two friends who wish to join me in going to Australia. The one is a brass and iron worker, also pearl button maker, and understands gardening. There is himself, wife, and five children,-strong constitutions: three girls, ages twenty-one, twenty, and nineteen; boys, fourteen and twelve. Could the girls get free passages? The other friend's trade is a cabinet-maker,

I think I might hope for fewest annoyances by fixing my quarters at the carpenter, wheelwright, and butcher; strong constitution, has a wife and Buckeye city.-Rubio's Rambles.

TEMPERANCE DRINKS.-The habits of temperance, even in New York, have brought into existence many trades, to an extent that would hardly be credible elsewhere. As the people have abandoned ardent spirits, and in a great measure even ale and porter, something must be had as a substitute and as wine is out of the question, as much as it is out of the reach of the industrious classes, they have hit upon a number of drinks, warranted not to intoxicate, such as sarsaparilla-beer and root-beer, which are sold at every corner of the streets; whilst the ginger-beer makers drive their innocent commodity about the streets, mostly four-in-hand, in a very flashy style, sufficiently indicative of the prosperous nature of their craft.-Rubio's Rambles.

* Malte Brun's Geography, Longman's edition.

two children; ages, one year the eldest, youngest six months."] The last words settle the question. The three friends are admirably suited for emigrants. Zeluco has several trades: as a coach-liner alone we should not recommend Australia. Friend No. 2 will find no buttons to make, but his other resources will come in. No. 3 has two good trades. The weak health of one wife, and the number of girls, render Australia, with its fine climate, the best place, especially if they keep together. The men would very likely do well in the United States, but the opening for women is not so favourable. They may, in Australia, at first leave their wives, &c., employed in the town, and take a job for building any wooden erections, or for splitting and fencing, as soon as they learn how to handle the native woods. If a free passage cannot be obtained--and we think not-and if you cannot make a bargain with the Colonization Society (see Information Column, No. 4), buy enough land in the Otago settlement, New Zealand, to give you all a free passage out. You are among those best fitted for that place, because

you are all workers, and will earn the money of the capitalists who cannot work. F. W. S.-We will as far as possible comply with your suggestion, but first, such quotations afford little real information. The time of a voyage may produce such variations. The goods you refer to would only answer the purpose of a person going out, and taking them within the weight allowed for personal baggage. They sell well in the interior; in Sydney chiefly by auction.

J. N., Will almost find an answer to his questions in our previous answers. The integrity and right intentions of Dr. Lang are beyond question. We agree with his principles of colonization, as much as we differ from those of the New Zealand and South Australian Companies. We do not know what progress his Port Phillip scheme is making, but shall hear by the first accounts from the colony. It is impossible to say anything about shops, and special trades, in colonies increasing in population by thousands every year, and doubling every seven years. It will not do to depend on trades at the present price of labour. Asthma, a Gentleman.-Any of the Australian colonies, or New Zealand, which is a very fine climate for such complaints. The sea voyage alone will do wonders. We always recommend young gentlemen of sufficient fortune, to learn the rudiments of agriculture, and especially the points of stock, by residents with a good Scotch or English farmer before going to a colony; but in your case you cannot set out too soon, as you may effect a perfect cure: we have known several instances, by travelling in the colonies named. You will be able to arrange with some married settler, living in a comfortable house on the borders of the Bush, to board for a very moderate sum; horse and all about 207. a year. You had much better not settle down permanently, or invest capital, but put it out on good landed security, and live on the interest, which will be ample, taking frequent sea voyages, and travelling through all the South Sea colonies. You would do well to be accompanied by a friend. As an invalid, take rather more comforts, such as a proper Australian saddle with saddle-bags (Peat, Piccadilly, London, understands this, and perhaps others, but we have not seen the right saddle elsewhere,) than if you were a mere colonist.

F. Hadden, Labourer.-If the Commissioners, Park-street, Westminster, cannot help you, we fear there is no chance for you. We would gladly forward the views of such as you if we could.

Amicus.-["A good gardener occupying a few acres of arable land, understanding breeding, and rearing stock, rough carpentering, and a little of the blacksmith, with a wife a good dairywoman, three sons and two daughters; one son a miller, and another a millwright."] In Iowa, in West Canada, or in Australia, a sober family like yours, must succeed. But we can have no hesitation in saying that in the Port Phillip district, the whole family would be certain to realise an ample independence; in a very few years you will be richer, than on landing if you were a gentleman with 1,0007. you will realise from wages, and invest in stock and dairy, and be paid in cash. Iowa may be best reached from New Orleans.

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W. H. H.-We cannot answer the question as to salt off hand. A great deal of American pork has been imported, but has not hitherto answered the purpose of curers, partly from imperfect curing, and partly from the pigs not being hardened on dry meal, but merely fed in the forests. Cincinnatti is the greatest pig-market in America, and there any one perfectly understanding this business, had better go in the first instance. It would not pay to buy and reclaim land for feeding pigs, even at 5s. or 2s. an acre. Timbered and Prairie Land can rarely be had together near any market; on some Prairie land the farmers draw their fences and fuel thirty miles. As a general rule, no European, certainly no town bred European, can undertake to clear timbered land with hired labour. The United States offer more advantages to the skilled mechanic than the farmer or breeder.Communication with Australia and New Zealand. There is no direct packet service between the United States and these colonies, but a considerable intercourse through American whalers, and traders to the Pacific; so that a passage is a matter of chance. There are almost always some American ships in Sydney harbour. -Droughts. There have never been any droughts in the Port Phillip district, or in South Australia, or in many parts of New South Wales Proper. They have been more common in the old Sydney district. Australia is nearly as large as Europe, and contains many deserts. The discovery and settlement of numerous regions, where corn never fails, have quite removed all fear of the droughts that afflicted the early days of Sydney. There is no difficulty in finding a place where rain never fails. But interested parties have exaggerated this deficiency of water. The great increase of sheep and cattle in sixty years, shows how groundless these apprehensions now are.--] --New Zealand is about a fortnight's voyage from Sydney, from which it derives a constant importation of live stock. New Zealand will probably become a great wheat-growing country, but we doubt whether if many grow, the price will not fall too low, for want of customers. The quantity of wheat imported from Van Diemen's Land, &c., into Australia diminishes annually. At present there is very little cleared land for sale in New Zealand, except in the Middle Island at Otago settlement. That is 257. an acre. The cost of clearing land in New Zealand varies from 21. to 127. an acre. The rains are more frequent than in most parts of Australia. The number of customers, and the distance to market, must be considered. As a general rule, land ready for the plough, and able to bear continuous crops, can be purchased much more cheaply in Port Phillip and South Australia, where droughts have never occurred any more than in New Zealand, although there is no reason except the interference of the New Zealand Company, why land should not be sold at the Middle Island at 5s. an acre. The disputes between the native New Zealanders and the settlers, have at present ceased, but may probably be renewed. But on the Middle Island there are scarcely any natives, perhaps not 250 fighting men.—————. -Leather pays thirty-five per cent. duty on entering the United States; upper leather eight cents per lb. Quantity of luggage, twenty cubic or solid feet.- Salt is imported from England, into both Australia and New Zealand, and sold nearly as cheaply as England, although it might be manufactured in the country. Very good hams and bacon are produced, although not cured with the same care as in an old country.

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Pater Familias.-If we had thought the inquirer as much in earnest as he now seems, we should not have answered so roughly. With six grownup daughters and a wife and young family, P. F. has done wisely in thinking of emigration. At his age, the better course would be to go to

Port Phillip. Not to commute his pension, or any large portion of it, say out of 4207., not more than 1207. a-year for a land credit, because, from our defective system of land sales, he might have to keep his land credit for months or years in his pocket before he could obtain a lot of land suitable and useful for his purposes. He will be able to live on the remainder of his pension, under the finest climate in the world, very cheaply and comfortably within a few miles of a town, or rather village, in a nice wooden or brick house, with vegetable garden, pigs, poultry, a tame cow or two, and provide as (see Female Emigration) comfortably for his daughters. After having seen the land, he may then, if he thinks good, commute the whole of his pension for land. At present it would be buying a pig in a poke.

P. S.-A good smith and clockmaker, desirous of working on the land, a wife and five children, capital 1207. In the United States, cheap clockmaking is done on an immense scale; what the result will be of the late immense influx of German and French clockmakers into the United States, as well as other industrious skilled mechanics, in consequence of the continental troubles, it is impossible to say. Smiths are in good demand in the Western States of America, but they pay in truck, not in cash, as in Canada, and throughout Australia. The passage-money to Australia would take half your capital. It is perhaps the best country for money wages, but not the best for getting land with means so small as yours. If you do not mind the healthy but hard weather, Prince Edward's Island would suit you for getting land cheap, and plenty employment as a smith all the year round. G. D.-Your knowledge of wools would render you a valuable person in either of the great Australian wool ports. Altogether you are a proper emigrant. There are some small woollen manufactories, and likely to be more. Sydney for choice. T. Y. B. With your present capital, at your age (25) and prospects, you cannot do better than proceed to establish yourself on a cattle station in the Port Phillip district, and can embark in sheep when your reversion comes in. There will not be, with 8007., the least occasion for enduring any peculiar hardships, or doing more than an occasional turn with your men as described in bush life. You need not throw aside the gentleman, but live as well as neighbours, with ten times the capital, of course helping your stockman in riding to cattle, instead of hiring another man. Two men often join to have one station and run, and joint servants, branding their cattle separately.

Cymro will see in another column the best account of the climate of the United States, extracted from an impartial authority. The best port would be New York. He does not state his own age or that of his sons.. If they are grown-up, he had better remain in England with his delicate health, and send them out to Australia where they are sure of employment. Port Phillip district and New Zealand are the two finest climates in the world. The most demand for labour in Port Phillip.

B., Liverpool, will find the information he requires in Sir Thomas Mitchell's last work. The paragraph was copied from a Sydney paper. Shoebinder.-An opening for this trade in Adelaide. Pianoforte-maker.-Doubtful. Pianos are often sold cheaper than in

England.

A Publican.-No better trade, or more blackguard, than a grogshop in the Bush. If you have seen navvies in a beershop after twenty-fourhours' drinking, you will know what Bush-drinking is like. If you can keep sobriety and your temper while every one is drunk and mad, you may do: and if your wife can put up with the frantic brutality of such customers, and put them down with a rolling-pin or broomstick, she may do too.

A deep

Shopkeeper.-You will have everything to learn. Business is entirely different in the colonies. A first-rate merchant buys and sells everything from his store: he will freight a ship, or sell a pair of trousers. clear-headed man, with colonial experience, may do an excellent business by peddling on a large scale, with one or more drays, in the Bush. A Yankee spirit is required for successful trade in Australia. The squatters are the only honest men.

J. H.-["Having transmitted the 'Emigrant's Journal' regularly to a friend of mine in Essex, who has a desire to emigrate to South Australia, he has put the following query, which I hope you will have the kindness to answer at your earliest convenience through your Journal:-Whether a person, 52 years of age, who has been a working-man, by trade a millwright and miller, but who can act as a carpenter, brewer, baker, or, in short, turn his hand to anything; his wife is 48 years old, industrious, and fond of a dairy, poultry, and household work in general; his son, 14 years old, strong and hardy, and two daughters younger; he can obtain between 3007. and 4007. to commence with; but would prefer working at the trades mentioned to husbandry. Is such a family likely to succeed if they proceed to South Australia?"] Such a family could not fail to do well, and will act wisely in doing as the father proposes.

J. W.-Your capital (1007.), with wife and child, is scarcely enough to carry you to Australia; if you do, South Australia is your best field. In Canada West, or Iowa, a small store for the wife, and jobbing about, would certainly be an improvement on precarious clerkship.

FEMALE EMIGRATION.

M. F.-["Two young ladies, children of a clergyman, aged 18 and 16, who have received useful education, not accustomed to useful industry:' (by which our correspondent means, we presume, domestic service.) "Friends are ready to subscribe whatever sum may be necessary to send them to any place in Australia, and place them in a position to support themselves in safety there."] There is no question that these young girls may be well placed in the Australian colonies, either in schools, or circumstances, but not themselves of much education. There would be as governesses in the houses of settlers in the interior, often in comfortable very little difficulty in obtaining for them a letter of introduction. Mr. Boyd, M.P., for Coleraine, has great influence in Australia; Dr. Dunmore Lang also might be able to find situations in his Port Phillip colony. Thanks for the other suggestion; if our rising circulation enables us, as we expect, to increase our space, an Emigrant's Story, from the Journal of the Bushman, shall be commenced.

A Widow.-Certainly-a very comfortable passage may be obtainel for from 157. to 201.

Governesses, Dressmakers, Domestic Maid-servants, Dairymaids, and other useful trades, will find immediate employment in the towns and interior villages of the great colonies of Australia. But to speak plainly,

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