EMIGRANT'S CONDUCTED BY SAMUEL AND JOHN SIDNEY, AUTHORS OF "A VOICE FROM AUSTRALIA," "AUSTRALIAN HAND-BOOK," VOL. I.-No. 27.] "RAILWAYS AND AGRICULTURE," &c., &c. THURSDAY, 5TH APRIL, 1849. 213 213 214 CONTENTS. Convicts and Settlers (a Word for Human Nature) 209 Black and White Missions... Report on the Halifax and Quebec 210 Letters from Abroad: New Zealand and its Patrons.. 215 Miscellaneous: A Miner at Adelaide, South Australia-Port Natal-a Plumber at Nelson, New Zealand-a Settler at South Australia. Calendar of Agriculture in N.S. Wales 212 CONVICTS AND SETTLERS. (A Word for Human Nature.) PRICE 2D. in any Colony which has the means of attracting, conveying, and employing free labour, we assert, and can prove, that the assignment system will produce no permanent effect upon the character of the people of New South Wales; and, further, that it is perfectly possible to arrange a system of transportation to a new Colony which shall be most advantageous to the Colony and to the convicts, and impart no moral taint whatever. Never was the transportation system more unfairly tested than in New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land. In New South Wales, in 1830, sixty per cent. of the population were prisoners; up to 1836 eighty thousand had been planted there; in 1831 the OUR business is to give plain practical directions to persons will-proportion of women to men was as 1 to 10. For many years the prisoners were either assigned to the uncontrolled tyranny of irresponsible masters, or left to herd together in sinks of ruffianism and corruption; there was neither discipline late period, no religious minister had penetrated beyond the ennor inspection, education or religious instruction. Up to a very virons of the towns. But work must be done; and, although it is not now necessary to enter minutely into the advantages and disadvantages accruing to a Colony, from the employment of convict labour, we may say a few words upon a point to which no one alluded in the course of the debate, on Mr. Adderley's motion, but which was, nevertheless, one of the principal moving causes of Mr. Adderley's zeal and eloquence. It is the object of Mr. Adderley's party-the Wakefield schoolto represent all Colonies, to which convicts have ever been sent as permanently polluted, and, by this misrepresentation, to turn the tide of emigration as much as possible toward that most profitless and costly of Colonies-New Zealand. This has always been their tone. In 1839, when that gigantic Fraud-the New Zealand Settlement was in progress of incubation, resolutions were moved at public meetings by well-meaning, ignorant clergymen, "That it was unjustifiable to induce intending emigrants to take up their abode in the midst of the vice and immorality which notoriously prevail in penal Colonies, but that such persons should be encouraged to settle in countries where they would be likely not only to thrive in fortune, but also lead good lives, and bring up their children in virtuous habits." Little did the good men who supported this unjustifiable libel know, that they were inducing fathers of families to lay out their small fortunes in purchasing barren gravel, impassable swamps, and timber-covered hillsthat they were sending them to be massacred by savages and robbed by "Systematic Colonizers." Slander is one of the prime weapons of the party, who, having failed creating anything in the shape of Colonization (unless it be the two petty villages called cities, of Wellington and Nelson, without produce, without exports, without employment, beyond feeding the troops who protect them from Maories), take out their change of spite in abusing New South Wales and Port Philip, the unsystematic Colonies, which go on progressing in spite of all impediments forged by the land-jobbing theory mongers. To read the New Zealand Company's organ, one would believe that New South Wales, with its 120,000 inhabitants, its six millions of sheep, and its twelve hundred thousand pounds sterling of exports, was a desert, inhabited only by a few wandering robbers and buccaneers. And so, in the early days of Port Philip, a country universally acknowledged to be one of the finest, if not the finest, agricultural and pastoral country in the world, Mr. Wakefield described it, in his puffing pamphlet in praise of South Australia, "The Great South Land," as "a fitting receptacle for the semi-barbarous squatter and his felon dependants, but in every respect vastly inferior to South Australia.' And, lately, we have seen New South Wales, without which both South Australia and New Zealand would have been starved out for want of live stock, designated the "cancer of the South Seas." win Now, while we do not mean to countenance forcing any number of convicted prisoners upon an unwilling Colony, or placing them Debate on Transportation of Convicts to the Cape of Good Hope.Daily Papers of the 27th March. If, under these circumstances, the whole Colony had grown up monsters of fraud, violence, and horrible debauchery; if not one honest man or virtuous woman had been to be found in 1830, it found in New South Wales ten years ago; and now, in its tendenwould seem scarcely extraordinary. But no such result was to be cies, the manners will bear a comparison with any southern community of equal population. Take the very best of the British race, the sons of noblemen and gentlemen, well born, well educated, well taught, say a thousand. Place them far from the influence of public opinion, where money-making should be the only and among them send a hundred women, so that only every tenth distinction, and where raw spirits were the currency of the country, man could have a wife, we care not whether, at first, they were or were not the most virtuous of their sex. Who would not despair for future of such an unnatural community settled in any part of Europe? And yet we can appeal to powerful and unimpeachable testimony in favour of the present race of white native Australians. Free emigration, actively commenced in 1831, has reduced the population of convicts to only six per cent. of the free population; but, years ago, the peace, order, obedience to the law, and sobriety of the native white population was remarked by travellers. In New South Wales violent crimes are almost unknown; and Compare New South Wales with the Western States of America. what there is of any crime is chiefly found in the seaport town of Sydney; and even Sydney will come off advantageously from comparison with New Orleans or Havanna, or any great seaport under a southern sun. author of "Convicts and Settlers," 16 years a sojourner in every Mrs. Chisholm, and Alexander Harris, the "Emigrant Mechanic," part of New South Wales, one "who has lain in huts, where poor men lie," both bear witness to the rude honesty and vir tuous instincts of the native sons and daughters of prisoners in the rural districts. The latter observed to us the other day, Among the farmer settlers on the Hawkesbury prisoners, or the descendants of prisoners, I have seen wives and daughters as pure and as simple as any of our English peasantry; yes, or our high-born ladies." Count Strzelecki writes in the first pages of his invaluable work: "Since my arrival in Sydney, I cannot cease asking myself, Am I really in the capital of that Botany Bay, which has been represented as the community of Felons,' as the most demoralised colony known in the history of nations,' as a possession which adds a tarnish rather than a lustre to the British crown?' &c. &c. Let the authors of these and other epithets contained in the numerous works which they wrote on New South Wales congratulate and applaud themselves; my mystification was complete. The evening I effected my disembarkation in Sydney, I did it with all imaginable precaution, leaving my watch and purse behind me, and arming myself with the least possible risk!! * with a stick, being resolved to encounter inevitable and imminent dangers * I found however, on that night, in the streets of Sydney, a decency and a quiet which I have never witnessed in any other of the ports of the United Kingdom. No drunkenness, no sailors' quarrels, no appearances of prostitution were to be seen. George Street, the Regent Street of Sydney, displayed houses and shops modelled after the fashion of those in London; but no where did its lamps and the numerous lights in its windows, which reflected on the crowd, betray any of those signs of a corrupt state of society common to the streets of other capitals. Since then how many nights like the first did I not witness, in which the silence, the feeling of perfect security, and the delicious freshness of the air, mingled with nothing that could break the charm of a solitary The greatest portion, if not nearly all this immense produce, of which the walk! At ten o'clock all the streets are deserted: to the bustling industry above forms only a few items in the great account, was received at the Atof the day succeeds a happy repose; and to that again a day of fresh strug-lantic ports from the far west. And it is for this most important and still gles, successes, or failures!" increasing trade that Montreal and Quebec will now, by means of the St. Lawrence canals, have the most favourable chance of a successful competition with New York and Boston. It has been calculated that the cost of transport for a barrel of flour from the lakes to New York was 5s. 1d. sterling; to Boston 68., exclusive of the charges for transhipment. But perhaps some half-taught philosopher will cry, Look at the statistics of crime in New South Wales! We have, and they prove nothing. Ninety-nine per cent. of the offences of all kinds are committed by prisoners, or by emigrants, who escaped becoming prisoners, by prudence or good fortune, in an early voluntary transportation. Besides, numerous matters are charged as offences and punished by a magistrate in a convict population which would pass unnoticed among freemen; such as insolence, idleness, and neglect of duty. Trace out the (white) native population, and you will find a singular immunity from crime. They are, most happily for them, constitutionally sober, and sweet-tempered. Their greatest fault is an exaggerated Yorkshire liking for good horses. More natives were convicted for horse and cattle stealing than any other crime, when stock was dearer than it is now; and that, in a pastoral country, can never be deemed an irredeemable offence as long as peers are proud to trace back their descent from Border Reivers, from Scot of Harden, and the bold Buccleugh. No, if we want a signal testimony of the power of the human race to run itself pure, we may turn to New South Wales, where, in spite of a most disgraceful neglect on the part of the mother country, and local rulers, in matters of religion and education, and a frightful disproportion of sexes, a white native race is growing superior in sobriety and temper to its progenitors, and capable of becoming, under a simple and sufficient system of government, equal to the best of the Anglo-Saxon race in all honest, and manly, and Christian virtues. It has been estimated that there are, in the counties through which this line will pass, fourteen millions of acres of land yet ungranted, and therefore reof an acre of wild or uncleared land is about 2s. 6d. to 3s. per acre. But, maining at the disposal of the Provincial Government. The ordinary price where public roads are made through them, the value immediately increases; and it will not be considered an extravagant estimate to suppose that the land along it, or in the immediate vicinity of the railway, will be worth 1. per acre. For the construction of the great St. Lawrence Canal, by which Canada has now the prospect of reaping such immense advantages from the trade of the western country, the Imperial Government guaranteed the interest on a loan of two millions sterling and upwards at 4 per cent. This loan was easily raised, and a large premium per cent. was received in addition for it. There can be little doubt that another loan of three millions sterling at the same rate of 4 per cent. interest could be raised upon the credit of the provincial revenues if guaranteed by the mother-country. With this amount of capital and two millions of acres to be reserved, and sold from time to time, it is conof acres and the loan as a basis, a large amount of notes might be issued.in ceived the railway may be made. Upon the strength of these two millions payment of the wages and salaries of the labourers and other persons employed on the works of the railway. They should be made receivable for taxes and customs duties. The amount authorised to be issued might be limited to the extent of the acres, and as these were sold an equal amount of the notes should be cancelled. The issue of the number of notes which would pass current over these provinces would be conferring a great benefit upon the community at large. The currency is not the same throughout, and persons who travel from one province to another are now put to inconvenience and have often to pay a discount upon exchanging the notes of one colonial bank for those of another. Advantage might be taken of the measure to assimilate the currency of the colonies to each other, and make it "sterling," the same as in England. By a little arrangement also, these notes might be made payable at the chief ports of emigration in the United Kingdom; and persons on both sides the Atlantic. To remit small sums now requires the in the settlements (and no doubt often also in the towns) of preventing their intervention of bankers or agents. This has the effect upon persons resident sending the assistance which they otherwise would do to friends at home. Many a small note would be put up, and sent in a letter, which now is never thought of, for want of the convenience. In remitting sums from Halifax to England, the banks do not like to give bills at less than sixty days' sight. These notes would, therefore become a great public benefit, and there would be no fear of their being kept in circulation almost to any amount. Upon the loan of three millions, the interest at 4 per cent would amount to 120,0007. per annum. With respect to the exceeding indignation of the Cape colonists, it seems singular when we remember that they were slaveholders the other day, and would be very glad to be slaveholders again. With respect to New Zealand, if transportation for obtaining money under false pretences were applied to great gentlemen as well as poor rogues, and the criminals were sent to Wellington and Nelson, the consequences might be rather alarming, as some colonists would be inclined to wipe out old scores by put-in that case a very great convenience would be afforded to a large class of ting extra tasks upon ex-M.P.'s, Peers, Baronets, and other endorsers of the great Colonization Swindle. If one-tenth part of the money which has been expended on founding a few miserable fishing villages in New Zealand, and in paying an army and a fleet to defend them (200,000l. a year), with one-tenth part of the capital fruitlessly sunk by unhappy colonists, had been laid out in producing an equality of sexes in New South Wales, in providing zealous missionaries, and in opening communications to the interior, and if, instead of discouraging, means had been taken to encourage fifty-acre farms, New South Wales would have been, by this time, not only the most prosperous, but one of the most virtuous of our colonies. In conclusion, the whole common sense of reforming convicts was summed up forty years ago by Sydney Smith, when commenting on the manner in which we then shovelled over our criminals to herd together in Australia. He observes : "The felon transported to the American plantations became an insulated rogue among honest men. He lived for years in the family of some industrious planter, without seeking a picklock, or indulging in pleasant dialogues on the delicious burglaries of his youth. He imperceptibly glided into honest habits, and lost not only the taste for pockets, but the wish to investigate their contents. But, in Botany Bay, the felon, as soon as he gets out of the ship, meets with his ancient trull, with the footpad of his heart, the convict of his affections; the man whose hand he has often met in the same gentleman's pocket; the being whom he would choose from the whole world to take to the road, or to disentangle the locks of Bramah." REPORT ON THE HALIFAX AND QUEBEC RAILWAY. (Continued from page 203.) Of this sum it may be fairly assumed that, for the conveyance of the mails between Halifax and Quebec, the Post Office department would be willing to pay annually an equal amount to what is now paid for the same service. This has not been officially obtained, but there are good grounds for supposing that it is nearly 20,000l. In the case, then, that beyond this the railway only paid its own working expenses, the sum of 100,000l. would have to be made good out of the revenues of the provinces. To show the effect produced by a canal or railway passing through property, the following extract may be quoted from the report of the Board of Directors of the New York and Erie Railroad Company in February 1844; -"The Board find that they have omitted one description of property which has heretofore been considered of great value, but the right to most of which has been lost to the company by failure to complete the road within a certain period; the most valuable of which consisted of 50,000 acres of wild land in Cattaraquas County, near Lake Erie, and one-fourth part of the village of Dunkirk. An offer in writing was made in 1837 by responsible parties to take these donations, and pay further the sum of 400,000 dollars, provided certain portions of the railroad were completed within a specified time. That is, about 8 dollars, or 338. 4d. sterling per acre. In Michigan 461,000 acres were granted by Congress for the endowment of a university. These lands were selected in sections from the most valuable of the state. The minimum price of these was at once 20 dollars, or 41. 68. 8d. sterling per acre, but became lower afterwards: 17,142 acres, the quantity sold up to 30th November, 1845, brought 27. 9s. per acre. 69,000 acres devoted to schools were sold for 11. 78. per acre. Such, then, are some of the results of making "war upon the wilderness." In New Brunswick there are, according to an official report of the Surveyor General, dated 15th December, 1847, 20,000,000 acres, of which about 6,000,000 are either granted or sold, and 3,000,000 may be considered barren or under water; leaving, therefore, at the disposal of the Government, 11,000,000 of acres of forest land fit for settlement. Of the 6,000,000 granted or sold, only 600,000 acres are estimated as being actually under cul tivation. The actual cost of carrying a barrel of flour from Quebec to Halifax will be only 1s. 1d. and if it be doubled, to pay interest on capital, then 2s. 2d. might be the price charged for its conveyance. The freight of flour from Quebec to England may be taken at 58. per barrel; from Halifax at 38. The difference in freight would therefore pay its transit by railway, and the difference in the rates of insurance would be to the profit of the owner; and, the voyage being shorter, there would be less risk of its arrival in the market in a heated or deteriorated condition. Provisions and all other articles, whose value is great in proportion to their bulk, would be as advantageously forwarded by this route. It is fully expected, therefore, that the railway will be able to compete successfully with shipping in the St. Lawrence even during the summer season. But there is still another great and important source from which traffic may be expected, viz.,-From those vast and extensive regions in the far west, round the Lakes Huron, Michigan, and Lake Superior. By the completion of the canals along the river St. Lawrence, the produce of these lake countries now finds its way to the markets of Montreal and Quebec. Large cargoes, consisting of upwards of 3000 barrels of flour, can now pass from their ports down to Quebec without once breaking bulk. Already produce which found its way to New York by the circuitous route of the Mississippi and New Orleans has been diverted to the channel of the St. Lawrence. The extent to which this will take place it is not possible yet to calculate; but there is no doubt that large quantities of produce which formerly found its way to the Atlantic ports of New York and Boston will be diverted to the St. Lawrence. Of the enormous exports of provisions from the United States, the follow-out its streams, from the running brook up to the navigable river. ing will give some idea. In 1847. 4,382,496 4,399,951 16,326050 918,066 In New Brunswick there are 17,000,000 acres of ground to cultivate, and it has only a population of 208,000 persons. If the land yet uncleared and fit for cultivation be added which remains in the northern section of Nova Scotia, and again between the boundary of New Brunswick and the River St. Lawrence to the east of Quebec, then there would be a quantity of land nearly equal to that of England itself, supporting a population of 400,000 souls. It is not too much, then, to say that between the Bay of Fundy and the St. Lawrence, in the country to be traversed by the proposed railway, there is abundant room for all the surplus population of the mother-country. Of the climate, soil, and capabilities of New Brunswick it is impossible to speak too highly. There is not a country in the world so beautifully wooded and watered. An inspection of the map will show that there is scarcely a section of it with Two thirds of its boundary are washed by the sea; the remainder is embraced by the large rivers-the St. John and Restigouche. Its lakes are numerous, and most beautiful; its surface is undulating, hill and dale, varying up to mountain and valley. It is everywhere, except a few peaks of the highest mountains, covered with a dense forest of the finest growth. LETTERS FROM ABROAD. Our friends cannot serve us more than by forwarding for publication original letters from emigrants in any part of the world. (Mr. Wilcocks, the active Emigration Agent of Plymouth, has kindly favoured us with the following Letter.) Burra Burra Mines, near Adelaide, 18th July, 1848. MY VERY DEAR FATHER,-I take pen in hand with much pleasure to address you a few lines trusting they will reach you in safety, and find you enjoying the blessings of health and comfort as this leaves us for the present. We embarked at Plymouth with 210 adults, emigrants, besides children, and had a very quick passage of only ninety-five days. We had seven deaths and five births on board, and had fair wind and weather most of the way. On arriving at Port, which is seven miles from the city of Adelaide, I remained there one week, leaving Mary Ann behind, whilst I went to Kapunda mine, distant about fifty miles. Having there got employ, we remained there about six weeks, and, hearing that better earnings were to be made here, we travelled up forthwith, and have remained here ever since. We are 100 miles from the city, and 107 from Port. I feel persuaded that, had brother Nicholas come out when I did, he would have done extremely well; however, it is not yet too late, and I shall be most happy to see him by the next ship, and also sister Mary Ann. There is here abundant employ for all steady people, and likely to be for many years to come. This mine is extremely rich, and considered the best in the world. There are no less than 700 pair of hands earning a good living for themselves and families. On my first coming to the Burra, I worked on tut-work, after a month I worked on tribute, and worked very well. I belong now to the bottom end, having taken a job. The average wages on tut-work are from 17. 15s. to 21. a week, and they are settled up once a month. Tribute earn more if they are lucky; but this, of course, is chance work: there are 16 or 18 other mines, but not all in course of work. We have here a township of 300 houses, besides a church and chapel, court-house, police-station, seven or eight good stores, four or five butchers' shops, several schools, and a couple of public houses. Living of the best may be readily procured. Butchers' meat is abundant and sells for 2d. or 3d. per lb., and we often give more to the blacks and dogs than many families consume in Cornwall in a week. In fact, everything is cheap and good. Flour is 128. to 15s. per hundred; tea 28. per lb.; coffee 1s.; sugar 4d.; and most vegetables may be procured for a trifle in the winter. We have only two seasons. Summer begins about October, and winter in May. In summer it is extremely hot, and at times hot winds prevail, which do a great deal of damage to the corn, and now and then swarms of locusts descend and devour all within their reach. In summer, too, clouds of very fine dust darken the atmosphere for miles, and swarms of flies, fleas, bugs, and mosquitoes are then very prevalent. The winter brings with it torrents of rain and abundance of mud, often knee deep. Yet we soon get used to all these things and think nothing of them, and we never hear of any one wishing to go back home. We are sorry to hear such bad accounts of poor old England; but government seems bent on relieving the country by means of emigration, and doubtless that will do much to better matters. The natives here are quite black, naked, stupid, and lazy; but in the interior they are more active, warlike, and jealous of each other, but we seldom hear of them meddling with white people. At Adelaide there is a native school of about 100, where they are clothed, fed, and educated after the English fashion. There is a great demand here for domestics, who get from 161. to 301. a year, besides maintenance, and they seldom remain long in service, as they soon get husbands. Even young girls for nursing children will get from 4s. to 7s. per week, and young boys on the mine get from 78. to 20s. per week. I have given you some information you see, of this country, and trust you will give some to my family friends and those of my dear wife also, then they can please themselves about coming out. I can only say that there is plenty of room, plenty of work, good earnings, and a good living. Mary Ann gives her best love to her sister, tell her she is very well and comfortable, but would be much more so if Grace were living near her. Her sister Lavinia is married and living about six miles from here. You will please give my love to my old comrade John Vian, and let him hear this letter read, likewise the family generally. I hope and trust you will not delay answering this letter, giving us all the particulars that may interest us. You will have to pay 6d. for the land carriage, and we shall have to pay 8d. for the water carriage. I know not that I have anything more to communicate to you, except that I wish you every desirable happiness and blessing, and we pray God to have you all in his holy keeping, to make you all comfortable and prosperous through life: and now, my dear father, family, and friends, farewell; may God bless you, prays in sincerity of heart your very and ever affectionate son and his wife, JOHN AND MARY ANN READ. Mr. Wm. Read, Horsebudge, near Milton, Devon. From a LETTER from Mr. EDMUND MORewood. Port Natal, December 14th, 1849. With respect to the Bay of Natal, it is certain that two considerable rivers (the Umgeni and Umlazi) might, without much difficulty, be led into it. I am not competent to say whether this would deepen the bar, but I almost doubt it, as both these rivers, and particularly the Umgeni, carries a great quantity of sand with it. This sand would all settle in the bay, while the tide is coming in, and I think there would be danger of the entrance being filled up completely, as is the case with almost all rivers along this coast. When I was harbour-master, I came to the conviction that the bar might be materially deepened by making the channel, through which the water escaped from the bay at ebb tide, considerably narrower. The water already runs very strong, but I think the velocity of the stream would by this be so increased, that much of the sand from the bar would be washed away. This work would only cost a few hundred pounds, and, if more money was at command, this sort of breakwater could at once be formed into a fine quay for vessels to lie alongside. Sluice-gates would certainly make the bar still deeper, but they would cost more than the colony could afford at present. A steamtug would be of very great service to tow vessels in and out, and to bring cargo on board of such as anchor outside, and I think such a tug would pay well. The quarterly land sales have just taken place. The terms being cash, or nearly so, and most of the lots full of bush, I did not expect that much would be sold, and I believe only one lot was disposed of, namely, at 5s. per acre. You will shortly receive a map filled up with all local information which can be given. I have not been able to get 100-acre allotments surveyed, as land-surveyors are scarce here, and have plenty of work. I am adding to my own buildings on my farm "compensation," so as to accommodate people who may buy land, until they shall have erected cottages for themselves, and, with the assistance which I should be able to give them, they would not take them above a month. From a PLUMBER. Nelson, New Zealand, May 1st., 1848. MY DEAR MOTHER, -It is a very long time since I have had a letter from you, but I suppose you are following my example. I have certainly been very dilatory about writing, but I answered Harry's letter. Whether you have received that letter, or have written to me since, I do not know. I am very happy to be able to inform you that we are getting on better and better every day; in fact, without anything very unforeseen should occur, we are now in a fair way to make a comfortable independency in a very few years. My partner and I have, out of the profits of our business, laid out, within the last eighteen months, more than sixty-five pounds in live-stock. We have bought goats to the amount of 201.; worth at present, with their increase, 40%. We gave 7. 10s. for a heifer, worth now 147. A month ago we bought a heifer-calf, eight months old, for 51. A heifer-calf, which has since died, we gave 30s. for. Last week we gave 317. 10s. for 35 ewe sheep, just imported. One of them has died, and another most likely will; but, of course, we always expect some losses amongst the cattle and sheep coming from Sydney. Our goats have bred very fast; we only bought four or five and twenty in all, and have now ninety-six: fifty-one of which are nannies, and the rest consist of forty-one wethers, and four billies. We have killed two wether-goats, and, in the course of two or three months, can begin to kill enough to keep us in meat, which will be a great saving in our living, besides having the skins to sell at 2s. or 2s. 6d. each to the tanner. Live-stock pays better than any thing else here. You may calculate on doubling your capital every year by investing it in this way. We are going to have the sheep looked after by a man who has a small flock of his own, and are going to give him the wool for the first year, after which we can, perhaps, make some other arrangements if we increase our flock by breeding and buying some more. We still have plenty of work and no opposition. We are, of course, very much obliged to our customers for their patronage, and, if they only continue it two or three years longer, they may do the work themselves after that time. is still very indifferently off, but he is not a good manager, as he always contrives to live beyond his income. He has two or three cows, but generally has to sell his young stock to pay his debts. We were obliged to summon him a short time ago for 18s., after giving him twelve months' credit. We give very little credit in our business; it is not the practice to do so here. We have made and put down half-a-dozen lead pumps lately: for the two first we cast the lead in sheets on a mould 64 by 24 feet. The others we have made out of six pound milled lead, putting two thicknesses for the barrel, and one for the pipe. They stand very well, as we have no frost to burst them. Since we had our vice made we have done about 201. worth of lead light glazing; principally to country churches and a school. We get now 1s. 10d. per foot for quarry lights. Our vice answers pretty well, but not quite so well as a London-made one. We cast our cames one at a time in wooden moulds of our own manufacture. Harrison would be rather amused if he were to see all our colonial ways of making shift. We make our own whiting; I think I told you before we bought half a ton of chalk for that purpose. We live about half a mile from our shop, having got a thatched cottage at the foot of the mountains with a goat yard adjoining. Bill gets up very early every morning with me to milk the goats, and then drives them about 200 yards up the mountain, after which they go by themselves feeding round the mountain tops for three or four miles, and come home in a flock at dusk without any trouble in fetching. You may suppose that Bill is getting very useful; he is getting on very well and is very healthy. Frank also grows very fast and can run about. Harriett and myself are also in excellent health: she sends her love to you all, and we hope to hear as favourable accounts from you as we are fortunate enough to be able to send you. We buy wheat at 4s. to 4s. 6d. per bushel, take it to the mill to be ground, and make our own bread, very seldom buying bread or flour. Bill has a goat of his own, which he bought with his pocket-money, when it was a kid, for 6s. It has now got two kids, three months old. If our business goes on pretty well for about two years longer, we shall have so much stock that we shall find it to our interest to give up the trade and go into the country. The reason why live-stock pays so well here is because they cost nothing to keep, the winters being so mild that they can always find as much food as in the summer. Some people have a prejudice against goat's flesh, but it is certain that it is quite equal, if not superior, to either lamb or mutton; and I do not think that any one eating it would know the difference: I am sure I should not. We have lately salted some of it, and it is very nice. The first heifer we bought we are going to let out when she calves. We shall get 21. or 31. for the season, besides having the calf reared. We expect, when things get settled here, to have to pay a trifle for our sheep-runs; but it will not be much while there is so much wild land. There are three men here who came out with us, labouring men with large families; they were fitted out for the voyage by the parish they came from, and are now worth at least a hundred pounds each in live-stock, besides a bullock, cart, and other farming implements. I know a farmer also who bought, since we have been here, 401. worth of sheep, since which he has sold to the butchers 751. worth of wethers. How many sheep he has now, I do not know; probably two or three hundred pounds' worth, according to the probable rate of increase. There have been imported here during the last six months five or six thousand sheep. The large flock-owners are sending theirs to the Wairau plain, the place were the massacre took place: it is in a direct line about forty miles from here, but a great deal further by the road, on account of having to go round the mountains. I hope to hear that Frank is getting strong. Give our love to all my sisters and brothers. I suppose Ellen will be got married a bit by this time; let us know whether you have heard lately from uncle Boxall, and how John Holloway is getting on. I go up to the Post-office whenever an English mail is brought in, but have been always disappointed lately; we do not have the letters brought round to the houses, but are obliged to be our own postmen. I hope you will write again soon, and I will also endeavour to let you have a letter every three or four months, but you must tell me what to write about. I am afraid I am now not very interesting in my talk about business and stock-farming, but you will see that we are trying to get up in the world, and I am happy to say not trying in vain. I am also very happy to say that my progress is principally owing to industry and perseverance, and to my having a good partner in business, and a very excellent managing wife, so that we all pull one way. From your affectionate son, WM. STALLARD. Drycreek, near Adelaide, South Australia, May, 1848. Dear father anD MOTHER,-We rite these few lines to you hoping it will find you all well, as thank God it lieves us at present. We have not heard from any of you for such a long time, that we think you have all forgoting us. I am sorry to tell you that we have lost three children since we have been out here. The first was a little girl 10 weeks old, and the next was a little boy, her name was Ellen, his name was John, nine weeks old; and the next was James 18 months old; he could run about anny where. William is a fine boy and drives a team of bullocks anny where, and Joseph to is a verry fine boy, now if you where to see them you would not kno them now i am quite sure, for i have got a yung man lives with us and i givs him 14 shillings per week and his board, and William and him go to the mine with two bulltemes, 6 bullocks each, and they ere gone a fortnight and brings home twelve pounds worth of copper ore every time they go; but i have got fore temes of bullocks, but i have taken a contrat of government for 1000 yards of broken stones, to go on the new port road at 13 shillings per qubick yard, i can take down fore yards a day, i have gest got 100 yards down, and am going to take the money for them witch is 65 pounds. What would you think of that if you was going to take it? but look at the 1000 yards, and se what that comes to, 600 and 65 pounds witch i shall compleat in twelve months; now i witch you all was out here, for i cold give you a good job, henry or joseph, or thomas, and fannys brothers, thomas, at 14 shillings a week and your board, to drive my bullocks, for i have got fore bullocks temes as i told you before, and i have bought a sextion of land, 80 acres, wich i payed 80 pounds for, and we have got cows, calfs, and plenty of fat pigs in the sty, and what do you think beside i have got, a good horse to ride on when i chose, and manny other things beside, but it tis no good to to teell you, but the way to prove is to come and see, do not be fritned for feare you would not get any thing to do, for here is plenty of work here, we would be very glad if some of you would come and see us for we think and often think of you when we ere going meals, wether you have got any thing to eat or no, we can not help thinking aboute you when we see our table so richly spread with the food that perishett, now i have told you a good lot of things that we have got, but lett me beg of you as manny as can to come, do come and then we will show you all that we have got, now i must tell you that fanny has grown a great girl and is gone to stay a week or two at old missus Parhams, from sidelsome; i suppose you will remember her very well when you recollect, i supose father you will never come now, for your age is to long now; fanny is like to be confined every day, and missus Parham is coming to nurse her, as she always has done before, ever since we have been out here. Now lett me beg of you to send us word how you all are, and where you are all of you, o how we would like to for Joseph to come, if he can plese to lett mother and sisters and brothers, and be sure and lett our dear sister harriott se this letter, then we hope and trust that she will send us another as soon as possable, dirict our letter to william wingate, South Australia, dry crick, near adelade, and i hope that harriott will give us dyricktions where to rite to her, so no more at present, plese to give our kind love to all inquiring freinds, ane tell us what whent of James sexton if you can, for we never herd of him since he went home, so good by and god bless you all, amen, amen. You will think that i finished the letter before, but you will see i altered my mind, so i must tell you a little more aboute this plase, yett i must tell you first the price of weat, that is 4 shillings per bushell, mutten and beef is 2 pence and three pence per pound, flour is 22 shillings per bag, 200 weate, of butter and chese is aboute 1 shilling per pound, good tea 2 and sixpence the pound, good suger 3 pence the pound, veale is 4 pence the pound, but that we do not want to by for i have gest killed a fat ealf to night, gest before i finished this letter, and we wich some of you where here to sit down along with us to morrow, for we think it is but little veale that anny of you get in old England, but do lett us beg of some of you to come out here for here is plenty of every thing here that heart can wich for, both temperell and spiritall, do not think that we live in a heathen land, for the lord is fund here as well as there, for if we seek him from our heart we shall be sure to find him where ever we ere, so no more at present, and if i say we never meet again in this world, let us hope we shall in the next, so good by, and may god bless you all, Amen, Amen. CALENDAR OF AGRICULTURE IN NEW SOUTH WALES. In passing from the pastoral to the agricultural districts, the traveller exchanges a wild solitude, a rude independence, a shifting and temporary industry-images quite of an Australian complexion-for the scenery of the old World; towns, villages, comfortable homesteads, tilled and inclosed fields, and gardens. Great as the contrast is, it is nevertheless the work of only 20 years! On England's taking possession of New South Wales, the district suited to agriculture appeared, like the pastoral, just as the Creator had formed it; unknown in its extent, or its communications and outlets; and overgrown with trees, shrubs, rushes, and grasses, which rendered the penetrating into it, if not a question of life, at least one of the most extraordinary exertion and privation. At present, New South Wales possesses 120,000 acres, and Van Diemen's Land 160,000 of tilled land. In some parts, the two Colonies have roads which would not disgrace England herself, and tolerably safe communications and outlets throughout; and this conquest over a wild and a primitive nature, achieved in less than half a century, is the best proof of the progress these colonies have made; speaking volumes in favour both of the ruled and the rulers. Wheat, barley, oats, Indian corn, tobacco, potatoes, turnips, and English grasses have been objects of cultivation ever since the earliest settlement. The introduction of the vine followed; and, from the importance its culture now assumes, this introduction will, no doubt, be viewed at some future period as an era in the history of the colonies. The English plough and harrow is employed in cultivation, and the mode of working the land is modelled upon that of England, and followed up to that model as far as local circumstances render it convenient or profitable. Manuring, rotation of crops, fallowing, thorough or superficial draining, irrigation, are, as yet, far from being common operations; they are confined to particular farms only; and, although the experiments have been crowned with original success, they have hitherto found few imitators. The agricultural calendar which guides and regulates the farmer in the routine of annual labour and farm management, is just the reverse of that to which he was accustomed in his native land. The month of January, in New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land, corresponds, as regards season, with the month of July in European latitude; but, as regards agricultural occupations, it corresponds with August. Thus in that month the reaping and getting in of the wheat harvest is brought to an end in the two Colonies; the wheat is thrashed, and the farmer gathers the stubble of the early maize, ploughs the land for the next wheat crop, and weeds the potato fields. The February of Australia, which is the August of Europe, is the month in which the barley harvest and the sowing of the turnips begin; while the ploughing of the land for the next wheat crop, and the clearing of the potato fields, continues. In New South Wales, since the introduction of the tobacco plant, the month of February is also the proper time for cutting and drying tobacco leaves. Towards the end of March, which is the September of Europe, the farmers commonly secure all their maize crops, the stubble of which is, in the north of New South Wales, sometimes ploughed in for wheat. The sowing of turnips also continues. In April, which is the same as our October, the gathering in of the maize still proceeds, and the sowing of the wheat begins. The second cutting of tobacco is likewise commenced; and the corn stacks in Van Diemen's Land, where the moist season advances, are thatched and put in order. In this month the potatoes are usually dug up and partly stored. The month of May, corresponding to the November of Europe, allows the farmer of New South Wales to proceed with, and bring to a close, the sowing of his wheat, which, in Van Diemen's Land, commonly terminates the latter end of April. The cutting of tobacco and the gathering of maize is completed, as is also the storing of potatoes. June, the mid-winter, or December of Europe, is employed in New South Wales in sowing the latest wheat, clearing the maize land of the stubble, and in both Colonies in thrashing out the corn. July, the January of Europe, is the month in which the farmer of New South Wales prepares the land for early maize, tobacco, and potatoes. In Van Diemen's Land he breaks new lands, and commences grubbing out the stumps from the corn fields. August, the February of Europe, is commonly devoted to preparing land for spring crops, and, in the north of New South Wales, to planting potatoes. September, the European March, is the time for sowing spring wheat and barley, and, in some parts of the two Colonies, artificial grasses. In this month a general planting of maize and potatoes takes place, and turnips are removed. In October, the April of Europe, the farmer commences the planting of maize and potatoes, and prepares the land for tobacco. In November, the May of Europe, the wheat harvest in the northern parts of New South Wales begins. The ploughing and preparing land for the early maize follows, as also the making of hay. December, the June of Europe, is the month of general harvest. The clearing of the September maize, and potato fields, is attended to, as also the topping of the tobacco and planting new maize. In New South Wales, the cultivation of the above articles extends throughout the Colony. That portion of the country, however, which, from its system of working, and range of tillable land, deserves to be included within the agricultural district, is confined to the valley of the Kaura, which is limited in the extent of its cultivated, but not of its cultivable land, and of which the best tracts are in the possession of the Australian Agricultural Company; to the valley of the Hunter, composed of the confluent valleys of the Goulbourn, Pages', Patterson, and Williams' Rivers; to the valley of the Paramatta; to the Hawkesbury, South Creek, Mulgoa Creek, the Nepean, and the Woblondilly. The district of Bathurst, along the rivers Macquarie and Campbell, down to Wellington Valley, deserves also to be included in the agricultural district, as likewise the heads of the Belubula River, not so much on account of the existing agricultural industry as on account of the richness of the soil, and the capabilities offered for the introduction of agricultural improvement. In these localities, a good many farms are in a very forward state, many exhibit remarkable improvements, and some display only of partial attempts, all of which are, however, in the right direction. The farms of the Australian Agricultural Company at Stroud and Booral, the most northern farms of the Colony, may be regarded as the first in the rank of improvements. The farm buildings are of the best construction; the tilled lands are most entirely clear of timber and stumps, well fenced in, well ploughed and worked, and presenting, on the whole, gratifying proofs of well-bestowed capital and labour.-Strzelecki. AUSTRALIAN VINE.-In Moreton Bay, on account of the early rains, such a thing as a late vintage (or even an early one) is almost impossible. It is, however, my belief that the Hunter's River District, and Port Stephen's, will become very valuable, when people find out that almost every inch of them is favourable for vineyards.-Dr. Leichhardt. Lectures on Emigration, especially directed to small capitalists, will shortly be delivered in the counties of Norfolk, Cambridge, Northampton, Notts, Lincolnshire, and Yorkshire. Communications from parties interested are invited. WAKEFIELD'S ART OF COLONIZATION.-A continuation of the articles on this subject will appear next week. These reviews will form the groundwork of a separate work, now in preparation, by one of the Editors, under the title of "Progress of British Colonization during the last twenty years;" being an Historical Commentary on the Wakefield Theory. FACTS AND SCRAPS FROM AUSTRALIAN PAPERS.-A cargo of 700 Chinese have been imported into Sydney. The importers ask 177. for each, and indent them for three years, at 67. a year, with clothing, board, and lodging. There are strong reasons against this traffic, and none against a system by which the cost of conveying Europeans should become a debt. A selfsupporting Emigration to Australia is possible, if the local legislature would assist. BLACK AND WHITE MISSIONS. We have received a letter, which we give below, mildly differing from our opinion of the comparative benefits to be derived from missions to the blacks and browns. We have nothing to say against the theory of the amiable writer who has probably never seen anything of coloured missionary proceedings; we have. We freely admit that, among some savage nations, missions have done good; as, for instance, among the South Africans, the New Zealanders, and some gentle natives of the South Seas. But that is not our point. In no irreverent spirit we avow that we think the expenditure on missionary efforts should, to a certain extent, be subjected to commercial rules. If the returns from the same expenditure on English colonists and coloured natives were equal, we should prefer our countrymen; but they are not equal. For the cost of every savage reclaimed from heathenism, a hundred white colonists might receive that religious instruction without which their children must grow up in practical heathenism. Every Hindoo convert costs at least 10007. The money annually subscribed at Exeter Hall for the benefit of naked savages of Africa would find a wife for every shepherd in Australia-save hundreds of poor girls from want and ruin-baptize and teach all the Bush families, and lay the foundation of a great civilized Christian nation so rapidly, that we might, in a few years, see the glorious effects of the labour and expenditure, instead of getting it in the shape of a solitary savage on the platform-a negro prince in a black coat and white cravat, or an Indian in his native costume. The reason that it is so easy to raise money for savage tribes, and so different to obtain it for white colonists, lies in one of the secrets of the female heart. The dear creatures are all theatrical in their tastes, and, while hating the name of a theatre, are touched most deeply by a little picturesque display. They like strong contrasts. Nine-tenths of the money for foreign missions comes from female purses, housewives' savings, and school-girls' pocket-money. A white shepherd, in a blue shirt and a pair of fustian trousers, sitting on a fallen gum tree, smoking a pipe, in horrid oaths expressing his disgust at having no chance of an English wife, and being obliged to live with no other companion than lame Dick the hut-keeper, except when lucky enough to have a passing visit from a black tribe, is not in the least a picturesque object. Lazy Tom, the shepherd, never eat man, woman, or child in his life. He wears no ring in his nose; he never dances or paints himself; he can't and does not want to spear a man at fifty paces; he does not talk or dream about wars, or make speeches in an incomprehensible language; all his hopes are centred in getting a bit of land, a few head of stock, and a tight lass from his native Wiltshire to share his hut with him. But what a different, what a much more exciting picture will be presented next May at Exeter Hall, by a reverend gentleman who has fortunately returned from subduing and converting the tribe of black warriors and cannibals, who had tortured, slain, and eaten his three predecessors. He is accompanied by the king's son, in a native cloak, nose-ring, frizzly hair, and a very oily skin. The returned missionary paints his toilsome journey, the strange scenery, the reception, the grand debate as to whether he should be roasted or honoured; his eventual success, his preaching to the multitude, their dances, their idols, their wars, and, finally, their conversion. The audience are enraptured, and, when Prince Tongoo manages to say a few pious words in English, enthusiasm reaches its highest point, and notes, gold and silver, shower into the plate. There was a time when this country disgracefully trafficked in human flesh, and thought nothing of negroes' souls, or bodies; and we are now suffering from the reaction so much, that many poor people have deeply to regret that they were not born black. There are eighty thousand women wanted in Australia to enable every man there to have a wife. In this country the women make shirts for three half-pence, and the streets swarm with the victims of hard labour and hard food, or rather want of both, while, in May next, some thousands will be subscribed for converting savages at the rate of 1000l. a-head. A thousand pounds would outfit and give a free passage to 500 destitute young single women; and, as women are naturally honest, it would be easy to induce the majority of them to repay the money as soon as they were sufficiently well settled to do so, and thus send 500 more with the same money. But, then, in such a piece of piety as making 500 Colonial couples happy and virtuous, there is nothing picturesque. With this long preface we give our friend's letter. SIR,-Admiring as I do, in common with a large number of my countrymen, your efforts to promote emigration, or rather to see that it is conducted in the best way possible, I was much struck with an article in your last number but one, entitled "The Church in the Colonies." I presume no one can dissent from that article as a whole, abounding as it does in sentiments which must command conviction and respect, and proving so satisfactorily, that any community where religion does not exist must, of necessity, be also deficient in civilization and refinement. You, however, conceived it necessary to affirm, in conclusion, that there are thousands of pounds wasted by the frequenters of Exeter Hall in perfectly vain efforts to convert savages in all parts of the world, and hopeless heathens in India. Excuse my reminding you that it has been over and over again proved in the South Seas, in West Indies, in Africa, that savages are capable of improvement, and are susceptible of religious impressions. I do not deny that the task is of extreme difficulty, has been much retarded by the visits of sailors and other christened Christians from England. I believe, too, that the condition of the heathens in India is no more hopeless than was that of our forefathers, who roasted each other in wicker baskets, and worshipped the mistletoe on Stonehenge. Certain it is that the natives of India have progressed in civilization and in religion too. "We are all of one blood." A reason, however, exists why missionaries are less required in the Colonies than in heathen lands. The large number of Christians in, or going to the former, must exercise an influence for good, it being a part of my creed that a man, to be able to teach religion, need not strangle himself in a white cravat, or wear a black coat. Such influences do not exist among savages. Apologising for the length of the communication, I am yours obedient, NEMO JONES. VAN DIEMEN'S LAND SMELTING COMPANY.-A smelting company has recently been formed in Van Diemen's Land, with a capital of 20,000l., onehalf to be raised in that place, and the remainder in Adelaide. The object of the company is to smelt copper ores from South Australia in Van Diemen's Land, using as fuel wood or coal (both of which are very abundant), according to circumstances, and shipping the refined copper for England. EMIGRANTS' QUESTIONS. Inquiries of any importance are expected to be verified by name and address, not for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. Communications for the Editors must be addressed " Care of MESSRS. G. WOODFALL AND SON, Angel Court, Skinner Street, London." In answer to several letters, parties requiring this Journal can obtain it best through the nearest Bookseller; or, in remote country districts, by inclosing Red Postage Stamps to the Publishers, MESSRS. ORR, Amen Corner, The Sixth Part of the Journal is just published, with an Index of Con Paternoster Row. tents. London and New York Transit Company, 24, Saint Martin's Lane. Omega, Leeds. At forty-seven a man is ten years too old to emigrate without the help of grown up sons; in other respects you are well suited for Australia. N. P. and O. P.-General wheelwright and farmer's carpenter. O. P. dress maker and school-mistress, without family, 1001. capital after landing. [Either Canada or Australia. South Australia would perhaps be the best.] L. S. R.-Cannot advise. Read other answers in back numbers: all depends on yourself. W. R. "I had a good education (which I have endeavoured to improve), and it was no sooner finished than I was put to all sorts of manual labour, connected with agriculture, my father being a farmer of great extent. In 1835 we had the misfortune to lose him, which left a mother, brother, and myself. Ten years ago we removed to the farm we now occupy, 300 acres, and which we are going to leave this May. During the whole of our lease I have worked excessively; in summer I commenced by four o'clock in the morning, and laboured intensely until eight, and frequently nine at night in fine weather, and all for the sake of a little gain. I am perfectly able to execute any sort of work belonging to a farm. I have also worked the most part of our blacksmith work, such as shoeing nine horses, laying and sharpening the plough-irons, and many other sorts of work: this I have principally done at nights. Many times I have been in the smith's shop (one of our own) until twelve o'clock at night. I have likewise done a good part of the joiner work, such as the making and repairing of ploughs, harrows, carts, and other implements in wet or coarse weather, but farm labour I only profess. Gentlemen, I merely mention this stuff in hopes that you will be able to choose me out a Colony most suitable to my occupation, for, remember, I have no capital to take (except my head and hands). We have only money sufficient to manage the farm we have now taken. We are like many of our neighbouring farmers, just able to keep our heads genteelly above water. Probably I might be able to obtain somewhere a situation in a merchant's office or store, as I am quite conversant with book-keeping. The management of a farm would be most likely to suit me, as I am practically ac- . quainted with breeding, rearing, and fattening all kinds of stock, the buying and selling of the same. Gentlemen, I hear you ask what pay I have got for all this hard work; my answer is, solemnly, not one shilling, so I presume you will not censure me for thinking of emigrating with a view of bettering my condition. I don't mind what sort of labour I have to turn to, so long as I get good pay for it. I am really tired of working for nothing. The farm we at present occupy has been over dear, and the one we have taken I apprehend will be little better; the competition for farms is so great, there is no chance of getting one to pay. And now, gentlemen, I have, with great simplicity, stated my case: all I would ask now is, Shall I seek a foreign land, or stay at home and work for the landlord again? I might be able to ob tain a bailiff's situation in England, but the salary is only 50l. per annum, without other perquisites; and I am sure it will take above one-half to clothe and keep me, to keep up the appearance required in such a situation; and then, again, it might be years before I might be able to obtain one, as there is already more wanting than can get. I presume there would be more chances for me of doing good in some foreign land than here; but this I leave for you. I am thirty years of age, and unmarried, so now I can conclude my long scrawl, and I am, gentlemen, yours very respectfully.” [We should not have done justice to our readers if we had not extracted these passages from a simple, truthful, unadorned, and forcible picture of one phase of life in our agricultural districts. It is a lesson which many of all ranks may read with advantage. To W. R. honest, simple-minded, hardworking, intelligent, north countryman, we say earnestly, You must arise and depart out of this ungrateful land as soon as possible. In America, the Western States, in Canada, in Prince Edward's Island, in Australia, such industry and ability would have raised you to independence long since. At the present time, unless, as is probable, you hear from one of our capitalist correspondents, we should say your triple acquirements will be best paid in Australia, where a few years of less hard work will enable you to save money. Sydney for choice as the richest and largest port.] D. T. N.-Inclined to consumption; a miller by trade; 21 years of age; capital 1007. "I shall certainly not go to Australia, monopolized as it is by Mr. Wakefield's large capitalist supporters." [The United States are not favourable to consumptive patients, and those tainted with scrofula. The Cape and Natal are much better. Natal offers plenty of game, as you are fond of field sports; but the Port Stephen's settlement completely upsets the high-price system, and offers land to small capitalists on as good, perhaps better terms, for an agriculturalist or gardener, as any country in the world.] W. D., South Wales.-"I have long had a wish to emigrate, and, as an Englishman, should prefer Australia to the United States; but so many difficulties presented themselves to a small capitalist, that I had almost decided on the latter, till, on reading the advertisement of the Australian Agricultural I am Company, my hopes revived, and I determined on asking your advice. 27, also a relative with a wife and three children, capital about 2507. Would it be better to purchase a small lot, say 50 acres for each, of the Company, with a free passage, or go to some part of the United States, say Wisconsin for instance, and purchase land at 5s. an acre? Would the land in the vicinity of Port Stephen be fit for growing corn?" [The land at Port Stephen will be cheaper at the Company's price, 12s., than in Wisconsin at 5s., because it is all good land lying along streams, convenient for a market, near what may be considered model farms of the Company. The emigrant will be landed at the very place he wants to go without land journey; he will be lodged and directed by the resident agents; he will have all the year for work, instead of being locked up by snow for four months; perfect liberty, with security, prevails. Wheat does not answer, as a market crop, without irrigation, but it will for home consumption. Maize, oats, and all |