EMIGRATION TO AUSTRALIA.

WITH a view to enable respect

able persons, who are ineligible for a free passage, to proceed to the Australian colonies, at the lowest possible cost, it has been arranged to despatch a line of superior First-class Ships of large tonnage, for the especial accommodation of steerage and other passengers, at an exceedingly low rate of passage money. These vessels will be subjected to the inspection of her Majesty's emigration officers, and will be despatched on the appointed days (wind and weather permitting), for which written guarantees will be given :

Adelaide March 1 March 11 vidson. and Port

Philip.

COMPANY. EDINBURGH, 1, George Street. LONDON, 4A, Lothbury. GLASGOW, 25, St. Vincent Place. GOVERNOR-The Right Hon. the EARL OF ELGIN and KINCARDINE, Governor-General of Canada. LONDON BOARD OF DIRECTORS.

The Right Hon. The EARL OF MINTO, Chairman. Alexander Gillespie, Esq., 5, Gould Square. Thomas H. Brooking Esq., 2, Alderman's Walk. John Scott, Esq., 4, Hyde Park Street, Hyde Park.

This day is published, with a Map, 16mo, 18. 6d., HE WORKING MAN'S HAND

BOOKS FOR EMIGRANTS. Published under the superintendence of the SOCIETY for the DIFFUSION of USEFUL KNOWLEDGE.

Port Philip Sydney.

These splendid ships have full poops, with first-rate accommodations for cabin passengers, and their 'tween decks being lofty and well ventilated, they afford most desirable opportunities for the accommodation of intermediate and steerage passengers. They will be fitted and provisioned in all respects on a similar plan to the vessels now being despatched by her Majesty's Colonization Commissioners, and the same dietary scale will be adopted. They are officered and manned by thoroughly competent persons, and carry duly qualified and experienced surgeons. Other equally fine ships, similarly fitted, &c., will succeed, and sail on the 1st and 15th of each month from London, and the 11th and 25th from Plymouth. Load at the Jetty, London Docks.

For further particulars apply to the undersigned, who are constantly despatching a succession of superior firstclass ships (regular traders) to each of the Australian colonies.

MARSHALL & EDRIDGE, 34, Fenchurch Street, London.

EMIGRATION TO AUSTRALIA.

USTRALIAN AGRICULTURAL

AUSTRAL. Established and incorporated by act

5 George IV. cap. 86, and by Royal Charter.

J. S. BROWNRIGG, Esq., Governor.
A. W. BLANE, Esq., Deputy-Governor.

C. D. Bruce, Esq.

Henry Buckle, Esq.

W. S. Davidson, Esq,

John Hodgson, Esq.
John Loch, Esq.

Hon. J. T. Leslie Melville.
Henry Porcher, Esq.
J. H. Ravenshaw, Esq.
G. R. Smith, Esq.
Thomas Tooke, Esq.

Stewart Marjoribanks, Esq. G. S. Thornton, Esq.

The Australian Agricultural Company having at length received from the Crown the title deeds of its grant of a million of acres, situated in the colony of New South Wales proper, and free from all quit rents, imposts, and reservations whatever, the Directors have come to the resolution of throwing open the territory of the Company for sale, in allotments of all sizes, to suit the views of capitalists, with privileges annexed of commonage for sheep and cattle on the Company's waste lands.

The various and great facilities the Company can offer to parties desirous of settling on their lands in Australia are set forth in a Prospectus to be had on application at the Company's office.

The Company has also engaged the services of a gentleman many years employed in the Surveyor General's Department in New South Wales, in which capacity he assisted in the survey of the Company's Lands, and became thoroughly acquainted with their character, and who will attend daily at the Company's Office, No. 12, King's Arms Yard, Moorgate Street, London, between the hours of Ten and Four, in order to afford such further information as parties desirous of availing themselves of the present opportunity of settling on the Company's lands may desire.

GEORGE ENGSTROM, Secretary.

OUTFITS FOR ALL CLASSES.

THE ADVANTAGES of EMIGRA

TION being materially increased by the comforts of a SUITABLE OUTFIT, E. J. MONNERY and CO., 165, FENCHURCH STREET, CITY, having had many years' experience in that line, feel confidence in calling the attention of all classes to their Outfitting Warehouse, where a large assortment of shirts, clothing, hosiery, &c., &c., is kept ready for immediate use, at unusually low prices. Sea mattresses, bedding, cabin, and camp furni ture of every description.-Lists, with prices affixed, forwarded by post.

"Intending Emigrants.-Those of our readers about departing to the Canadas, Australia, New Zealand, &c., would save much money, time, and trouble, by consulting Messrs. Monnery and Co., 165, Fenchurch Street; whose long experience, as Colonial Outfitters, enables them to furnish the most suitable equipments for all climates."-The Emigrant Newspaper.

GRANTS will find CORDING'S WATERPROOF GARMENTS the best they can purchase, and indispensable to persons about to push their way where exposure to the elements is the order of the day. A waterproof suit adds vastly to comfort, and is a great saving in the end. As imitations that will not stand hot and cold climates are being offered, observe (for security) the name and address, J. C. CORDING, 231, Strand, five doors west of Temple Bar, and 3, Royal Exchange, facing Cornhill.

DENT'S

IMPROVED WATCHES

and CLOCKS.-E. J. DENT, Watch and Clock Maker by distinct appointment to the Queen, H. R. H. Prince Albert, and H. I. M. the Emperor of Russia, most respectfully solicits from the public an inspection of his extensive STOCK of WATCHES and CLOCKS, cmbracing all the late modern improvements, at the most economical charges. Ladies' Gold Watches, with Gold Dials, jewelled in four holes, Eight Guineas. Gentlemen's, with Enamelled Dials, Ten Guineas. Youths' Silver Watches, Four Guineas. Warranted substantial and accurate going Lever Watches, jewelled in four holes, Six Guineas.

E. J. DENT, 82, Strand, 33, Cockspur Street, and 34, Royal Exchange (Clock Tower Area).

EMIGRANTS.-No one should

Tleave read without first providing himself and

family with a good Stock of GUTTA PERCHA SOLES and SOLUTION. From the ease with which these soles can be applied to Boots and Shoes in countries where no shoemaker can be found for miles-their power of keeping the feet perfectly dry, when wading in either fresh or sea water, and thus preserving the body from coughs, colds, and consumption, in lands where medical advice cannot be easily had--added to their great durability and cheapness, render them most essential to the comfort and security of all who purpose sailing to distant countries. In CALIFORNIA they are invaluable.

Gutta Percha Trays, Bowls, Cups, Bottles, Inkstands, Dishes, Plates, Ear Trumpets, &c., are admirably suited for shipboard and emigrants, as they will not break by being even violently thrown down upon the floor. Any person taking a stock across the seas will find it afford a profitable speculation.

Manufactured by the Gutta Percha Company, Patentees, Wharf Road, City Road, London; and sold by their wholesale dealers in Town and Country.

EIGHTH THOUSAND.-Price 18.; 18. 6d. by Post,

SIDNEY'S AUSTRALIAN HAND

BOOK: HOW to SETTLE and SUCCEED in AUSTRALIA; with a new Chapter on the fallacies of the Wakefield System. By a BUSHMAN.

SELECTIONS FROM "OPINIONS OF THE PRESS." "This is one of the most useful and interesting books that has ever been published on emigration. The author has set down his experience in a blunt, straightforward manner; so methodically arranged that a labourer, small or large capitalist, may easily learn whether he would what pursuit to choose. Every detail is given, from selecting a ship and an outfit, down to purchasing a flock of sheep, and building a hut in the woods."—Era, Aug. 19.

IMPORTANT TO EMIGRANTS,

HILL, invites the attention of parties emigrating to the
Colonies, &c., to his large and varied STOCK of
GUNS, RIFLES, PISTOLS, &c.,

which he is now selling at very Reduced Prices for Cash,
and solicits the favour of a call from all, as he is enabled
to meet those with the most limited means, having
Good SINGLE GUNS, with proved Barrels, from 20s.
each, and RIFLES, with Patent Breeches, from 258. each.
Gunpowder, Shot, Percussion Caps, &c. &c., at mode-
rate prices.

All kinds of Repairs attended to with despatch.
FREDERIC BARNES,

GUN AND PISTOL MANUFACTURER, 3, UNION Row, TOWER HILL, at the bottom of the MINORIES, and facing the Tower.

N.B. The following are absolutely_required by the Commissioners to be taken by each Emigrant, viz.:Steel Table Knife and Fork, Metal Soup Plate, Quart Hook Pot, Drinking Mug or Porringer, and best Metal Table and Tea Spoon, which can be supplied as above, for 2s. 6d. with the Purchaser's name marked on each article.

This little book is written by one who, to much strong natural sense, and a fearlessness in letting out rough truths, adds a personal knowledge of all that he writes about."-Gardener's Chronicle, Sept. 12.

"This is a little book, but an exceedingly smart and intelligent one. The bushman, in short, does not beat about the bush, but is direct in his statements and decisive in his opinions."-Literary Gazette.

"A capital little book, full of practical suggestions, the result of several years' experience in the bush."Economist, Sept. 12.

"We direct attention to this clever little book, as shows what classes of persons are likely to succeed as emigrants, and the causes of disappointment and failure." -Bell's New Weekly Messenger, Aug. 27.

"The author is no mere theorist, but goes to the root of his subject in a practical truth-telling manner."-Bath Herald, Aug. 26.

W. S. ORR & Co., Amen Corner, and 147, Strand; and all Booksellers in Town or Country.

KNOWLEDGE consists of six

volumes, which comprise a Treasury of Information for every husbandman. The Treatises consist of

I. THE HORSE; its History,

Breeds, and Management. By WILLIAM YOUATT. To which is appended, a TREATISE on DRAUGHT, by I. K. BRUNEL, Esq. The whole illustrated with numerous cuts. In 8vo, bound in cloth, 6s. 6d.

II. CATTLE; their Breeds, Management, and Diseases. By WILLIAM YOUATT. With beautiful Cuts of the Various Breeds, Anatomical Illustrations, &c. In 8vo, price, in cloth, 8s.

III. SHEEP; their Breeds, Management, and Diseases. By WILLIAM YOUATT. Illustrated like the volume on Cattle, together with Microscopical Examinations of the various Wools; to which is appended, the "Mountain Shepherd's Manual." In 8vo, price, in cloth, 8s.

ex

IV. BRITISH HUSBANDRY, hibiting the Farming Practice in various parts of the United Kingdom. By JOHN FRENCH BURKE, Esq. Illustrated with numerous Cuts. In two Volumes, 8vo, price, complete with Mr. Cuthbert Johnson's Supplement, bound in cloth, 16s.

***Since these volumes were published, a very considerable advance has been male in Agriculture; various Manures have been more extensively employed; the Guano of the New World, with several other Fertilizers, have been largely imported; improved Machines have been introduced; the Royal Agricultural Society of Eng land has been established; and Science has been still more intimately and successfully blended with Practice than heretofore. These advances having engaged the attention of the Publisher, he determined to furnish the readers of "British Husbandry" with a condensed account of them, in the form of Supplementary Notes to

each volume. This Supplement was readily undertaken by MR. CUTHBERT JOHNSON, and has appeared under the title of " MODERN AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEMENTS." For the convenience of the possessors of the early editions of "British Husbandry," it is sold in a separate form at 38.

V. A MISCELLANEOUS

VOLUME, entitled "HUSBANDRY, Volume III.," but quite distinct from the others, and comprising the fol lowing subjects:

1. REPORTS OF SELECT FARMS in various parts of England, sold separate, in boards, for 3s. 6d.

2. OUTLINES OF FLEMISH HUSBANDRY, by the Rev. W. L. RHAM, separately bound, 1s. 6d.

3. USEFUL AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTING, by Mr. GEORGE SINCLAIR, separately bound, 2s. 6d.

4. THE COTTAGER'S MANUAL OF HUSBANDRY, Architecture, Domestic Economy, and Gardening, by J. C. LOUDON, F.L.S., &c., separate, 18.

5. A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE BEST MODE Or MAKING AND REPAIRING ROADS, by CHARLES PENFOLD, Surveyor, a New Edition, enlarged, 18.

The Volume in cloth boards, 88. These six volumes bring within the reach of a very large proportion of all persons employed in Agriculture more and better information than can otherwise be procured, except at a prodigiously greater expense. The "Horse" in particular is now the principal manual on the subject; the Volumes on Cattle and on Sheep are quite unequalled for the information as well as the amusement they afford; and the "Husbandry" comprises a mass of knowledge which could not be expected in so condensed a form. It may be interesting to the Public to know that no portion of the "Farmer's Series" was put to press without the careful revision and appro bation of the late Earl Spencer, then Lord Althorpe."

LIVES

18 Numbers, 68.; or bound, 78., IVES of EMINENT PERSONS.Numbers.-KEPLER. By the same, in 2 Numbers.-SIR ISAAC NEWTON. By Dr. Howard Elphinstone, in 1 Number.-MAHOMET. By John Arthur Roebuck, Esq., M.P., in 1 Number.-CARDINAL WOLSEY. By Mrs. A. E. Thomson, in 1 Number.-SIR EDWARD COKE. By Ed. Plunkett Burke, Esq., in 1 Number.-LORD SOMERS. By David Jardine, Esq., in 1 Number.-WILLIAM CAXTON. By Stephenson, Esq., in 1 Number.-ADAM SMITH. By William Draper, Esq., in 1 Number.-ADMIRAL BLAKE. By John Gorton, Esq., in 1 Number.NIEBUHR. By Mrs. Austin, in 1 Number.-SIR CHR. WREN. By Henry Bellenden Ker, Esq., in 1 Number.MICHAEL ANGELO. By Thomas Roscoe, Esq., in 3 Numbers.

London: ROBERT BALDWIN, Paternoster Row.

Printed by HENRY DICK WOODFALL, of No. 14, Great Dean's Yard, in the City and Liberties of Westminster, in the County of Middlesex, Printer, at No. 1, Angel Court, Skinner Street, in the Parish of Saint Sepalchre, in the City of London, in the said County. Published by WILLIAM SOMERVILLE ORR, 2, Amen Corner, Thursday, 8th March, 1849.

EMIGRANT'S

VOL. I.-No. 24.]

THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIES. THE extracts from the Letter of the Bishop of Melbourne to the Archbishop of Canterbury, published in another column, will be read with deep concern by all who take any interest in the religious and social welfare of the Australian Colonies. The Bishop has commenced his labours with zeal and energy on a field where they were much needed. On many points of his communication, it would be presumptuous for us to offer any opinion; but there are some matters of Colonial complaint on which it is important, for the benefit of those pious persons in this country who take an interest in the Colonies, that there should be guide posts to good they may design to, but not know how to do.

There are three great wants to be supplied in Australia, without which the country can be only semi-civilized, in spite of an European race planted on scenes of abounding plenty. These wants are wives-clergymen-schoolmasters-social-religious-educational influences. We put the wives in the first place, because millions expended on preaching and teaching will be but as water poured on sand, until the lonely dwellers in the deserts of pastures are placed under the influence of the sex whose mission it is to soften and purify the heart of the white man. The Bishop, accustomed to English schemes, English Churches, and English congregations, was evidently somewhat disheartened by the dispersion of his flock over so vast an extent of country; but, when he becomes more accustomed to the nature of the country which he has been called to take under his charge, he will see less room for despondency. With the town populations he will know how to deal; piety and eloquence (a very necessary gift in an infant community) will meet their due reward, and the infidelity of indifference will soon yield before judicious, earnest, persevering effort. But our thoughts are with the Shepherd and the Stocksman, in the wilderness. "Far from the sound of the church-going bell; to whom the face of the man of God is unknown, the Sabbath brings no day of rest to him; no wife cheers, soothes, and softens his rude nature-no tie beyond attachment to his master binds him to any one spot."

To establish Churches for many of these small communities is impossible; to establish frequent periodical visits by ambulant clergymen would be difficult and expensive in proportion to the frequency of the visits, but not impossible; but it should be the aim to introduce habits of prayer and praise, such as were practised by Abraham, by Isaac, and by Jacob, when they, too, lived in the wilderness, rearing flocks and herds, and pursuing a more migratory life than that of our Bushmen, for they lived not at fixed stations, but under tents. But they, like the Bushmen, pursued the course of rivers and pools, and moved from place to place when droughts burned up pastures and dried up waters. Yet was not the sense of religion or the observances of ceremonies costly and cumbrous, which the Christian Dispensation has superseded, neglected. It is, then, above all things, necessary to cast aside European notions; to study the history of the Patriarchs as a precedent, and to accommodate our efforts to adapt religious ordinances to the nature of the country and the pursuits of the settlers, instead of attempting, like the benevolent but mistaken Bishop of Sydney, to cultivate piety by concentrating men to whom concentration was ruin.

The first grand steps would be to convert the Shepherds and Bush Servants, who are now wandering bachelor vagabonds, hiring for a year and making off to some new scene, into married settled men. For this purpose is needed an increased female emigration to the extent of at least fifty thousand marriageable, or eighty thousand females of all ages; a relaxation of the marriage law by the abolition of bans, the conversion of Crown Commissioners into Registrars of Marriage; facilities for ob

PRICE 2D. STAMPED 3D.

taining freeholds or long leases, or, at any rate, occupation during term of engagement of trusts, and ground capable of cultivation on every Station in the interior. Nothing could be more unpopular with the Squatters, and nothing is more needful, than that the alluvial flats near rivers and waterholes should be thrown open to cultivation.

We desire that, wherever there is a plot of land of fifty acres capable of growing garden or grain crops, married shepherds should have a right, under certain regulations, to occupy it, whether surveyed or not, paying a rent, if necessary, either to the Squatter or the Crown Commissioner.

66

Under this system there would be a series of oases in the wilderness occupied by married couples, following the lines of watera mighty maze, but not without a plan.' People of this class are almost invariably ready to pay for instruction and religious ministration. A system of ambulant clergymen, good horsemen, and zealous labourers in the Lord's vineyard, might be so arranged as to visit periodically all the Stations. Be it remembered that there are no travelling expenses in the Bush. With fixed dwellings, with wives, with periodical visits from religious ministers, the young generation, in a region where intemperance is impossible, might grow up in virtuous, vigorous simplicity. Schoolmasters, of a humble class, might be encouraged to take circuits of the same kind by Government rewards, in land, after so many years' service. Space is wanting to enter into all these details as fully as we otherwise could.

The Bishop remarks on the immense benefit that might be bestowed on emigrants, during their four months' voyage, by religious instruction as well as education. It is one of the blots of the present system of emigration that the most ignorant of our population are preferred for free passages.

Still money is needed to effect much. How is it to be found? In three ways. By reducing the price and the lots of land, and applying a per centage of the largely increased proceeds. By selling certain portions of town lands for limited terms of years, and by inducing the frequenters of Exeter Hall to turn half of the thousands now wasted on perfectly vain efforts to convert savages in all parts of the world, and hopeless heathens in India, toward the religious instruction of their white untaught brethren in the Bush of Australia and the Backwoods of Canada, where truly the seed would be sown on good ground, and produce a hundred fold.

WAKEFIELD'S ART OF COLONIZATION.

(Second Notice.)

IN our last Paper, we submitted Mr. Wakefield's "Art of Colonization" to the test of analysis, and proved it a Sham, founded on the vague claptrap of plausible phrases. We will now test it by the History of Colonization during the last twenty years, and will show that his calculations, as a projector, his judgment as an administrator, his facts as a relater, and his inferences as a disputant, are none of them to be depended on. We will prove that, in a political sense, Edward Gibbon Wakefield is as great an impostor as Robert Owen, Feargus O'Connor, or Cabét. We will concede talent for pandering to the prevalent tastes of the day. In 1831, he was the projector of a Republican Colony; in 1836 and 1839, of a Stock Jobbing Colony; in 1847, of a High Church feudal paternal settlement for great lords and humble serving men. We admit the ability with which he organized systematic praise of his model Colonies, and disparagement of all imagined rivals, in Parliament, in the press, the "Court, the City, and the Mart ;" and we can record the almost regal courtesy with which, sitting in receipt of custom at New Zealand House in the palmy days of his grand bubble, he congratulated his enthusiastic victims on their fortunate prizes of "corner lots and double frontages" at Wellington and Nelson*.

These are harsh words, but we mean, before we have done, to prove them; and let those who think they are unprovoked turn to his books, and his newspapers, if they have not, as we have, heard the sad story of Systematic Colonization from friends who straggled home from Wakefield Colonies, broken in spirit and in fortune, or witnessed the fierce discontent of the best frugal men of Australia, excluded on system from the investment of savings in land. Before commencing an historical sketch, it may be as well to

* A fact.

state our own opinions on Colonization. We believe that the system of free grants of Colonial waste lands is objectionable, because open to jobbing, although it would be much easier to create a sound system of grants than to discover a "Sufficient Price," which would not be either oppressive or inoperative. That a low fixed price, on the American system, for farm lands, with auction for town lands, is, on the whole, the best ;-that the inevitable result of a plantation of British emigrants on a new Colony is distress and hardship in the commencement ;-that, to avoid such hardships, the direction and assistance of men of Colonial experience, placed in authority, is indispensable; that the presence of any considerable number of English capitalists, unprepared to take a personal part in agriculture or pastoral operations, is, by the encouragement of land-jobbing speculations decidedly injurious;— that the early success of a new Colony may be best secured by pastoral pursuits for capitalists, and lots small enough to be manageable by families;-that, for the civilization of the Colonies, dependence must be placed on a high standard of Religious and Educational Instruction, rather than on the presence of younger sons of noble and gentle families;-that the very worst mode of founding a Colony in an unknown country is by a trading company fixed in this country, and unlimited in the time for completing its operations;-that it will be more prudent, more successful, and more just, to cultivate a Colonial division of labour, and a non-trading class gradually, by means of fitting institutions rather than by wholesale transplantation.

The Progress of Colonization.

The recommencement of modern Colonization was made in 1829 by Mr. Peel and a party of gentlemen, consisting of retired military and naval officers, younger sons of men of property in England, and West India planters. They took with them agricultural labourers, the very worst class of Colonial pioneers, because very timid, and deficient in intelligence necessary to adapt themselves to a new mode of life. The site of this Colony was the worst possible; it offered nothing but a good climate; the port bad, quite out of the line of trade, and rendered difficult for Indian ships by the prevailing winds and currents*—the land near the sea shore, as usual, in Australia, barren;-the quantity of land available for agriculture very limited, and the length of the voyage from the old Colonies, Van Diemen's Land, and New South Wales a serious drawback, because putting a check on the importation of sheep and live stock. On more than one occasion 90 per cent. died on the passage. For a long period, the importations of live stock were eaten as fast as they arrived; three years elapsed before the colonists began to form flocks for the growth of wool, and they unfortunately commenced with a coarse-woolled sheep of Van Diemen's Land, instead of Australian merinoes.

The land had been granted in the proportion of forty acres for every 37. laid out in goods, implements, or labourers, for the use of the Colony. Mr. Peel had 500,000 acres, and others in proportion, in all about 3,000,000 acres among 2000 colonists. This was injurious, doubtless, but to nothing like the extent which it suits Lord Grey and Mr. Wakefield to represent. Not more than 500,000 acres of the first choice was good for anything. If there had been any flocks and herds, the proprietors would gladly have permitted them to pasture at a merely nominal rate. The masters lost their servants immediately, as was to be expected, from the Colonial ignorance of the whole party: there was nothing to be done except to grow vegetables for subsistence, there being no market. Two thousand persons landed; a large number re-emigrated by the first opportunities to Van Diemen's Land and New South Wales; so that, in 1832, the population had diminished to 1500 souls, although it ought to have increased largely by births per annum, without any increase from new immigrants.

From that period, although many of the inhabitants enjoy a comfortable subsistence and an easy life, the Colony has not flourished, and cannot, from physical causes. They have no produce except wool, and the extent of pastures is extremely limited. This is proved by the fact, that although, in 1848, the number of sheep was only 136,000, the colonists were very much cramped for room, and making continual expeditions in search of new feeding ground. In the Port Philip district, founded in 1836, the number of sheep in 1848 was little under four millions; and in South Australia, where pasturage is also limited, they have about a million sheep. In the latter Colony they had the advantage of receiving, in 1838-9, not less than 35,000 sheep overland.

The Wakefieldites never write a book, a pamphlet, or an article; Lord Grey never makes a speech, or writes a despatch in praise of the high-priced waste land system without comparing Swan River to South Australia-a most disingenuous comparison, considering the geographical and physical advantages of the latter. But, in spite of the imperfect Colonization of Swan River, candid persons will be inclined to conclude that, if Swan River had had the Burra Burra Mine, we should have seen it now nearly as prosperous as South Australia.

The failure of Swan River assisted Mr. Wakefield in inducing the Government to substitute 5s. an acre for the previous system of free grants; and, in supporting this system, borrowed from the American practice, Mr. Wakefield did good service to the Colonies. The history of his subsequent schemes we will resume next week.

* Steam communication with Mauritius is impracticable by reason of the distance (3400 miles) want of coaling stations, violent adverse winds for a large part of the year, and absence of traffic. The same remarks apply to communication with India.-Montgomery Martin.

PLAN FOR A CO-OPERATIVE GRAZING AND TRADING SETTLEMENT IN NEW SOUTH WALES. Under the new squatting regulations, land, sufficient for the support of 4000 sheep or 600 head of cattle, can be obtained on lease for fourteen years certain, on payment of an annual bush grazing licence of 107.; and 186 acres, for agricultural or any other purposes, may be purchased by the occupier of such run (ground) on payment of 1861.; but such purchase is entirely optional on the part of the lessee.

It is suggested that five persons shall co-operate with a man of Colonial each to raise a capital of 1000l. to be invested under the sanction of all parties experience in carrying out the following project :-By putting down 2007. as hereinafter specified. Servants of every description to be entirely dispensed with, in consequence of the high price of labour. The employment of the six parties is to be divided in the following manner :

intendence of every department and to be consulted on every occasion, par1st. A promoter who for the first three years is to have the general superticularly when capital is to be invested.

2nd. Two young men accustomed to a general wholesale and retail business, as storekeepers and hawkers.

3rd. Two young men to work at the building and fencing department. If carpenters, sawyers, shipwrights, or wheelwrights, so much the better. 4th. A young man to plough, drive a team, and help generally on the agricultural farm. If a farmer's son, so much the better.

5th. A young man to act as hut-keeper, gardener, and take care of the place whilst the others are out. This may be taken in turns.

It may now be observed, that the establishment may be increased to any extent, provided increased capital is added to the general fund, to be in like manner invested; but, if additional persons join, they must put a like sum and take upon themselves similar duties. The numbers of promoters may also be doubled, viz., ten with 1007. each, or twenty with 501. each, or forty with 251. each; but, in this case, it would be impossible, because unprofitable, to employ ten or twenty men to do six mens' work; the only plan would be to delegate the duties to a certain number of the proprietors, and for the other parties to seek employment in the colony, which is at present, and is likely to be for some time, in great demand. The capital is to be invested in the following manner:-4007. in England in goods packed in cases suitable to the trade of the interior, such as the promoter should be well acquainted with. The remainder as follows, in the colony.

DRY STORES.

£50 in tea, &c.

100 for geldings, drays, and mares.

300 in cattle.

50 for rations before first crop. 100 for contingencies, tools, plough, &c.

600

Goods in England 400

Total £1000

It will be observed that no allowance in this is made for passage-money, as a party can expend any sum on this they please, from 157. to 100.; but six parties forming a joint-stock fund would be able to obtain better accommodation than is given to intermediate passengers at 351., for 25l. a head. The proceedings on arriving in the colony would be as follows:-the goods having been packed in England in convenient-sized cases for placing on the drays, one party will see that this is done with all possible despatch, while the promoter purchases drays, horses, &c. The dealers would purchase the colonial goods necessary for the up-country trade. The drays being duly loaded, the parties would divide, four attending to the two drays, whilst the promoter and another party will proceed with all possible despatch to some district in the interior of the colony, where the crops have never failed, favourable for agricultural and pastoral pursuits, having secured a licence from the Commissioner of Crown Lands to return, and, meeting the drays on the road or at an appointed rendezvous, conduct them to the spot. All hands would proceed to put up a commodious and convenient house, build a stackyard, and fence in and cultivate a paddock. Ground must be ploughed and wheat put in. A garden laid out. This work having been finished and a store built, three parties would proceed to fence in a large grass paddock, a fourth party would attend to the store and hut, whilst the promoter and another party would proceed to buy cattle and horses at the cheapest market, and to drive them to the station. They would then have to be herded for six months, when they could be turned out, one party taking upon himself the duties of stockman, three would attend to the dealing department, and two to the agricultural ditto. This plan has succeeded in a wonderful manner in the colony, viz., by combination of capital with colonial experience. It is calculated that at the end of five years each party would have a snug farm, 200 head of cattle, a few horses, and 5001. in cash.

The promoter, in consideration of his devoting his time and experience to the interests of these parties, to be remunerated on the following manner :50. the first year, to commence from the day of his landing in the colony; 40. the second year, and 30%. the third year; to be allowed two horses and rations, also the privilege of depasturing 300 head of cattle for seven years on the run, also allowed to place, for three years, 5 cwt. of goods on each dray. The salary has been calculated on a decreasing scale, because it is presumed that at the end of the first year some of the parties will be able to afford efficient assistance. It is presumed that, at the end of three years, the whole of the parties will have obtained sufficient colonial experience to enable them to take upon themselves the duties of the promoter, who is to be called superintendent. From the Portfolio of the Bushman.

EMIGRANT ASSOCIATIONS.-The difficulty of all voluntary Associations of unruly Anglo-Saxons lies in want of discipline. And we suspect that, to make any such Association work, would require a leader of great energy, personal influence, and personal strength. A little Lynch law would be indispensable, unless our Colonial Governments legalised the self-made rules of emigration clubs for a limited period. This ought, and probably would be done, if a considerable number of persons required it. It would only be an extension to the colonies of the powers, with some variations, under which building clubs are carried on. A sort of Canadian, Natalian, or Australian charter, to last one or two years, during which the managers or president of an Association would have summary powers for suing and punishing refrac tory members.-Rules by Primus.

LETTERS FROM ABROAD.

Is about 6s. a day for mechanics, 4s. for labourers. Flour 48. and 7d. per So the Inhabitants say, the Americans drink verry little Ale or Spirrits, we don't have any ourselves It Is to hot here without that, water does better.

to ocean,

FROM A CHARTIST.

Pittsburgh, July 24th, 1848.

DEAR SIR, I promised you A letter when we had been in America A few months, And, as we have been 6 months here, you perhaps expects It. You know by Ann's letters that we live In Pensylvenia, we like america first-rate; We find It all and more than all we expected; Wages high and living cheap. A beautyful and healthy country, perfect security to life and property, honest and Inteligent persons for neighbours and associates, plenty of trade for all who are willing to work, In fact, the United States Is the most prosperous and flourishing country In the world, And Is the only country In the world where All the Inhabittants have enough to eat, A fact that does not admit of contradiction. No begers disfigure our streets, this is the land of plenty, Where Industry Is rewarded, And all persons has to earn their livelyhood each one for himself, And not as In england, where some role In luxury while others Starve. The working man here Is not robed of half his earning by taxation, here all men are equal. No hereditary titles and distinctions, Such as lords dukes, and other nick-names have existance here; no fat Bishops and State Church, to supply the rich gentry and fag-end of nobility with large sallaries and nothing to do for It, unless It Is to domineer over the working clurgy. I like the americans verry much, they are agreeable kind of people; their politeness Is seen more In their actions than words, there Is nothing artificial about them, they are proud of their country as well they may be, possessing as they do A country Stretching from ocean watered with ten thousand glorious rivers, combineing every variety of climate and Soil, and every variety of produce and population, possessing In Itself every resource that other nations are obliged to by abroad. I don't see scarcely any difference In the appearance of things here and In England. It Is much warmer here in sumer and less rain, bright sun shiney days, without fog or clouds continually. A summer day here Is 2 hours shorter than In england. The cenery round pittsburgh Is beautyful, Shut in by hills that slopes to the edge of the river, covered with trees, looks charming from the smokey city. You would be surprised what quantitys of steamboats you can see here, many of them 700 ton burden. They run down to New Orleans and Intermediate towns and citys. There Is several large cotton factorys here, And Iron works, Glass works, &c., Similar In Its productions to the English Birmingham. House rent Is as dear here as In London, and an empty house Is not to be seen or found. This Is just as It should be; It proves In what a prosperous condition the place Is In. 'Tis a strainge thing that Englishmen generally have such a prejudice against america; no doubt manny more would come here than do, If they were rightly Informed on the subject. Some will tell us there Is no place like england, that there Is no money In america; but this Is all a lie. Another will Insist upon It that there Is no coals here. How notoriously ignorant! there Is coals In abundance. In fact there Is everything here; and the american poet is quite right when he says his native land Is all perfect from hur makers hand, an Empires glorious seat and far removed from thrones, and slaves here fredoms baner proudly waives. The mexican war Is over, the result Is a large extent of country added to the United States on the Pacific ocean, containing some of the finest harbours in the world. Two of the pensylvenia regiments arrived here last week, having come up the mississippi and ohio rivers, from new orleans. The Pittsburgh folks gave them a warm reception, they are soldiers no more now, they enlisted only til the war was over. They only keep 15000 soldiers regular. My sister Jane Is coming on here next spring. The 4th of July Is the aniversary of American Independence, kept as A holliday, the last 4th was the 72nd. 72 years ago they told old George the third that all men were created equal, that he had no right to rule over them. How much Is the present Generation Indebted to these old wortheys for their noble conduct? In the American revolution they sacrificed their lives and property, they faced the British cannon, and triumphed over the oppressors, And drove them from their shores; they established a glorious republic, whose success Stands with out a paralell from the creation till now. Their rivers don't run idle along, like In other countrys; they make them contribute to their wants and wishes by bearing on their waters treasure from urope Inland, or down to seaboard, for urope as well as from one part of the union to another. Already hur ships are seen In all parts of the world; Allready the voice of hur Statesmen are heard In other lands, And liberty Is desired In all urope.

We have the news from Urope In a few minutes, when the steamers arrives at Boston or new york, It Is sent all over the union by Telagraph, and published all that's Important. Some things are cheap here; ham, 3d. per pound, as good as the best you could get In London, and beter; Beef, 3d., have It cut from any part of the beast. Get A fowl for 9d.; mutton, 24d.; veal, 3d.; Butter 7d. per pound; sugar, moist, 3d.; white, 5d.; treacle, 2d. per quart; Tea, 3s. per pound, as good as you can get In London for 6s., no duty on it here; Coffe 6d. per pound; milk, 2d. per quart; vedgetables, much the same as London market; Gardening is good business here; I think Ann and John would do well here, the strawbereyes used here Is enormous for making strawbereyes and cream, the reason why so much Is used Is, All the Inhabitants can afford to have some. Fruit of all kind Is abundant, not verry cheap, the cittisons buy so much; there Is market twice a week In Pittsburgh, and twice a week In Allegheny city. We live In Allegheny city, Pittsburgh Is one side the river, Allegheny Is the other, the Allegheny river Is about as wide as the tems at London bridge; Pittsburgh Is the largest, Allegheny Is as large as hereford, 4 Bridges cross from one to the other. There Is 6 Presbiterian churches In Pittsburgh, 4 In Allegheny, 3 Baptist In pittsburgh, and one welch, 2 In Allegheny. All places of worship here are called churches, all nearly have bells, the churches are fitted up, nicely carpeted, and the seats cushioned, with organs and Splendid Singing; there Is Some of all the religious persuasions that Is In London. No Shops open on Sunday, and steam boats don't run on the Sacred day of rest, we go to church In the evening; when It Is 8 here, tis nearly I In England, so you are asleep then. We Breakfast at 6 In the morning, that Is the custom of the country, a good plan to, 3 meals a day Is all the folks take here; the women could not get over their work If they had to get as manny meals as they have In England; manny who would keep a girl If they coud get one have to do all their work their selves. Servants girls get 88. a week, And somtimes more. Servant Is a word never used here, nor master, you can't tell which are ladys here, the women dress so fine, all of them, and they litterally hoop their fingers with rings an signets. Wages

My Dear Brother and sister, I hope you have not been disopinted at not having a Letter from us Before, but we knew that you would see Ann's; you would have had this sooner, but we Expected to hear from Ann this Last three weekes. I hope you are all in good health, as thank God we are at present, and I am hapy to tell you that we are very hapy and Comfortable, I only wish all of you Belonging to us wos on this side of the water; then I do not think that I would turn a thought to place old England, this is thee for plenty, I do not think any one knows wont hear, if it is, they are Destitute when they Come, I do not say but thare is poor famleys, thare allways wos, and allways will be Every whare, but I do not think any wont food, I never see a Beggar nor herd of one, since I have been in the Country, any one that is at all industrus they Can get a good living hear, and they are such Early people in the morning, and we all market Before Breakfast. I go to market Before 5 o'clock and get Back to get Brackfast By six, twice or three times a week, I like theyer plans much, they all Dine at twelve or half past, and supper at six, they do not any of them have tea at 4, at Lest in the afternoon, they take tea and Coffee at supper if they Chuse, if not, Cold water. I did not like the plan at first, But we wos so long at Bording, that I got used to it now, I do not think any thing abought it, I allways get tea to supper, they are all a like hear. High and low, thare is not any late diners, suppers, or Brackfasts hear, our milk Carts are at our dors at 5 o'clock in the mornings, and have to or three mils to Come, the market hear is all over By Eight or Before in the morning, I om up Every morning Before 5. We shall not Leave hear till Jane Comes, if we do then as Jem has good. We got work the next day we Come hear, this is no place of grandur, it is more for the nesesereyes and Comforts of our lives, if pursons that Come have a little to start with they will do then with out fear. We Canot tell who is ladys or who is gentlemen from apearance, for they seeam all a like hear, is not any ommage paid to any one, Jack is a good as his master, they all seem independant hear, I must write a longer Letter some day, and tell you more abought it, I hope you will Right soon and send me all the news, I hope all our friends are well, I should Like to see you and the too Boys settle in somthing hear, independant of servitude wich is not much Better than slavery, to serve them proud Begers in England. I must Leeve of, in love to you all, and Remane your affectionate Brother and sister, Jem and Jane powell, Ann will give you our direction to Pittsborge, Right to us soon and tell us whot you think of our Country, I expect we shall hear from Ann shortley, may the lord Bless you all.

[The enthusiastic writer of this letter does not of course know that all that he admires may be had in British Colonies. In Australia, for instance, perfect security for life and property; no State Church, but equal support for all; no poor; no turnpikes; no taxes of any kind; no army; no militia; clothing and manufactured goods cheaper than in the United States, for there are no protective duties as in the Republic. Meat cheaper; bread, coffee, tea, quite as cheap, sugar cheaper. Wages paid all in cash, and perfect independence. We do not undervalue the natural and acquired advantages of the United States, but there are other countries which have equal advan tages, and even greater in some respects, especially as regards climate and cash payments. E. S. E. J.]

For proofs, we refer to other "Letters from Abroad."

Car

UNITED STATES.-All the country north of the line formed by the base of the Missouri, Kentucky, and Virginia states would agree with Englishmen; but, unfortunately, these three were slave states, and ought to be avoided, both from the laxity of morals, and the fact that free labour was not honoured when competing with that of the slaves. The states south of 36 degrees of north latitude (the line referred to) were too hot for Englishmen; and though shipping agents promised joiners from 12s. 6d. to 16s. 8d. a day, at New Orleans, 60 or 70 out of every hundred men who were allured by these prospects only went to New Orleans to die. Even in the northern states, the climate was trying to an English constitution, but still it could be endured by care and temperance. Fine machinists did not earn much more than those of this country, and the chance of fine cabinet-makers was not so good, as the Yankees themselves were very clever in this branch of work; but wheelwrights, and the men who could build frame houses, find good employment and good wages. The condition of the working classes at Cincinnati and Louisville might represent their state generally in the west. penters earned from 5s. 6d. to 6s. 6d. a day; cabinet-makers from 6s. 3d. to 78.; shipwrights, 7s. to 8s. 4d.; blacksmiths, bricklayers and plasterers, 6s. 3d. to 7s. 6d.; moulders, from 7s. to 8s.; and printers, from 78. to 8s. Flour was 1d. per pound; beef, at 21d. to 3d.; pork, 14d.; good black tea at 1s. 9d. to 2s., and good moist sugar at 24d. The wages of labour and the price of provisions were much the same in the states of Ohio and Indiana. If an artisan did not disdain, when out of employment in his own trade, to turn his hand to common day labour, he could earn from 38. to 4s. 2d. a-day. Farm labourers engaged by the year had 2s. 1d. a-day, with board, or 3s. 1d. without board. It was a common mistake of artisans from this country to purchase land without having money enough to work it. It was foolish for a man with a trade in his fingers, a blacksmith for instance, who could earn 6s. or 78. a day, to labour upon the land, when the pay of a labourer, who could do the work much better, was 3s. or 4s.; let him work at his own craft, live economically, save money, look about him, and then, purchasing a piece of land, work at his trade, and superintend the cheaper labour on the land, at the same time working himself when he had nothing more profitable to do. Land and labour were, every thing considered, about equal in value all over the states. In the Atlantic towns wages might not be so high as in the west, but there was greater certainty of con tinued employment, owing to the comparative abundance of capital. A labourer in the west might have 3s. or 4s. a day, and wheat at 3s. a bushel; but, if he had to carry his wheat ten miles to the mill, he would not be better off than the labourer in New York, where food was one-half dearer. The quickness and the cheapness of conveyance equalised both the price of land and of labour; and, with regard to the former, he thought that 57., 8., or 107. an acre, near a good market, might be as cheap as 5s. an acre in another locality. It was advisable for skilled artisans not to pass the Atlantic towns without making a trial for employment. By workers in iron, New York, Boston, Lowell, Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Stenbenville, and Louisville should be visited in succession before going farther west.Prentice.

EMIGRANTS' QUESTIONS. Inquiries of any importance are expected to be verified by name and address, not for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. Communications for the Editors must be addressed" Care of MESSRS. G. WOODFALL AND SON, Angel Court, Skinner Street, London."

In answer to several letters, parties requiring this Journal can obtain it best through the nearest Bookseller; or, in remote country districts, by inclosing Red Postage Stamps to the Publishers, MESSRS. ORR, Amen Corner, Paternoster Row.

COLONIAL NEWSPAPERS.-In answer to several working men, Mrs. Chisholm has kindly supplied Australian newspapers to the following Coffee Houses: 55, Crawford Street, Bryanston Square; 4, Macclesfield Terrace, City Road; and Ratcliff House, Goswell Road.

Mr. Doelin's Letter; W. M. B., Edinburgh, and others, unavoidably postponed.

G. H. K.-Has 1007.; can make with a friend a joint capital of 2001. to 3001.; accustomed all his life to farming; cannot "understand the Government generosity about Natal;" wishes to know what is the drawback. "We are all Englishmen, and love our country, and are unwilling to turn our attention to the United States: we would fain continue under our beloved Queen; we would rather undergo many privations than become the citizens of a strange country. Why will the Colonial Government compel her majesty's loyal subjects to seek a living under a foreign government? Is it not a shame, that we, who contribute to the wealth and prosperity of our country, should be compelled thus to do, by the ignorance, obstinacy, and selfishness of a few in power? And who are more fitted to be the instrument for developing the resources of a country like Australia than the young energetic farmer, whose only chance of obtaining a living depends upon his forcing from the land the means of existence, and comfort for himself and family, by his manual labour? I cannot close this letter without thanking you for the straightforward manner in which you attack and expose the evils of the present system; and also for the great kindness you show in giving so much time and attention to the individual wants of your fellow-countrymen." [The large quantity of land in the hands of individuals makes land cheap at Natal, and the desire to plant English among the Black race, as a counterpoise to the Boers, leads them to promote emigration. Natal will form the subject of our next emigration field, being too important to be dealt with in answers to correspondents.]

C. S.-We cannot say how long the land fund will last now, or whether, under the varying rules, a carpenter will be eligible; but if able to build a wooden house, fell a tree, &c., he would be a safe emigrant either to the Cape or Australia. Better not married until both are sure of a passage. Country agents offer the best chance.

Amicus.-Don't take any cutlery you do not require for personal use. W. V. T.-A ruined gentleman, in the prime of life, with wife, child, and 1507.; accustomed to strong exercise, rough carpentering, ironwork, &c. [It would certainly be well if your relative in Australia held out any hopes. Otherwise, the cost of voyage too great. New Brunswick would not do. Could you cultivate a farm yourself in Canada if you rented one? We think not. Natal in preference. Not buying land, but carefully meditating before renting. We say Natal, in consequence of climate, and greater facility of getting labour. But if your wife will not resign herself to an emigrant's life, your chances are bad in a colony.]

M. W.-A farmer, and wife and three children; capital between 1001. and 2007., desirous of going to Australia. [We scarcely know how to advise a man so situated to go so far-passage will cost at least 501.-unless he

can work like a labourer. We do not see how he is to do with such a sum.

If he can he may rent land from the Australian Agricultural Company after picking up a little experience on their Stations. A twenty guinea passage would do best, but without knowing his habits we cannot advise at all.] G. D. D. L.-You can arrange with Harnden and Co., of Liverpool, to pay your passage all through, and start without delay from New York for any part of the United States.

G. H.-We will not take the risk of selecting a country where a large profit can be made on several thousand pounds by a young man as a merchant. Great profits, great risks.

R. W.-Apply at the publishers.

R. D., brought up to the skin trade, could take the situation of cellarman. "Is no twine more generally consumed by all classes in Australia than here?" [Cannot recommend you to go to Australia except as bush servant. In towns most people drink wine who don't prefer rum, but towns are not numerous.]

A. R.-Could by no means advise you to go to Natal without capital. I. W.-Drapers' assistants and storekeepers are not so much in demand in the United States as artizans; see paragraph in another column. Western States the best chance. New York over-crowded.

The

A Troublesome Emigrant had better read the answers to correspondents, from the beginning, in which he will find nearly all his questions answered; if not, he had better write again after reading our "Australian Hand-Book." I. B. W.-See a previous Number for information about passage to America. This is a good state for farmers and butchers.

Chiron.-5001. Yes, with care. Read our "Hand-Book," and write to Australian Agricultural Company for terms for fifty acres of land. N. Cuthbertsen.-Write editor, Eastern Counties Herald.

E. McA. Ireland.-We are loth to advise a teacher to emigrate as a teacher; but if he is in other respects suited for emigration, both in the United States and Australia, it would be a resource. This is a question that depends so much on the man that it cannot be answered. In the rural districts of either country you would be sure of a living; but anything further would depend on your energy.

P. T., Manchester.-There are no funds available for free passages to parties like merchants' clerks; and we are sorry to say that we know of no country to which we could recommend such to proceed, unless they are prepared for manual labour. The lowest cost of passage to America is little

under 51.

W. J. will find cabinet-making a bad trade in New York; but, if a handy man, will be more in demand in Ohio, Illinois, and Missouri, in the spring, when the land parties start to march to California, and wagons must be built and repaired.

C. M.-"Being anctious to emigrate, and haveing little More then 6 pounds, I whould be Very thankful to have your Advice as to the best place I Chould go for employment. My age 22, fitter by trade, a first rate

Machine minder, such as plaining, Sloting, screwing and drilling Machines or Whould it be any machine in a Foundry; can take a job at stokin. dangerous for one that add Never been out of Liverpool to go this time of year to new orleans." [The United States is your best field, without question. New York in preference. New Orleans is not a desirable place, although wages are high.]

A. J.-There is not at present any society which would assist your protegées, which is much to be regretted. There is no chance of working a passage. The New York Transit Society, mentioned in another column, seems the only hope. Tin pots, &c., are all imported into Australia. J. A. B.-Should not recommend a small shopkeeper with 50l. and four young children to think of Australia. The young man with 1007. may do after a year's experience at some trade-not his own.

A Consumptive Patient.-Bathurst, or the New England district, near Melbourne, or a few miles out of the dust from Adelaide. No objection to Swan River; except that it is less frequented by ships, and altogether more isolated. Expense of living, comfortably, about 100l. a year; as an example, good board and lodging in Sydney at 17. 1s. a week; an excellent dinner at an ordinary for 18.;-cheaper in the villages. Horse will cost 107. Rides into the interior cost nothing, and very advantageous.

Miriam." When a young woman is found eligible for a free passage to South Australia, would she be in any way bound to government; so that should she wish to return to England she would be precluded from doing so. Also, should she have an offer of marriage could she accept of it. Should she determine upon returning to England, would the passage-money be double that of going; supposing the fare to be 207., say 40l. to return." [Miriam will be perfectly free to do what she pleases, from the moment she lands, to marry, to remain single will be difficult; but some very strongminded women have succeeded, with the help of great laziness and very disagreeable manners. Passage home costs about 18/7., but the bachelors won't allow that.]

C. X. Z.-"1st, Do emigrants, who obtain a free passage, find their own provisions during the voyage?" [Everything is found them, even bedding and cooking utensils.]

"2nd, I have often heard it reported that those who obtain a free passage are not really freemen when they arrive in Australia; not being permitted to enjoy the whole amount of their labour until a certain time be expired. Is this true?" [Quite false.]

66

3rd, If free emigrants can, by industry and frugality, save something beyond a mere livelihood, are such allowed to purchase land?" [You will be perfectly free to do what you please, and buy land as soon as you have money enough.]

4th, Would it be useless for a shoemaker to apply for a free passage, or has one offered and been successful?" [Try, as a matter of course.]

5th, What is the minimum quantity of clothing required for free passengers, and is any deposit money required, and how much?" [See article on Cape of Good Hope. Deposit 17. a head; for which the bedding and tin pots, &c., are given at the end of the voyage, if the emigrant be well behaved.]

NEW ZEALAND.

"GENTLEMEN,—The writer of the article in the Sheffield Times, quoted in your paper of the 1st instant, seems to imagine that the New Zealand Company had a great deal of land to dispose of in their settlements of Wellington and Nelson; but, if he will inquire of any disinterested person acquainted with Wellington, he will find that those who purchased from the Company in England have land the greater portion of which is utterly worthless, (see the printed letter to the Directors of the New Zealand Company from the land purchasers resident at Wellington,) situated in various localities, some of it being at Manawater, and some at Wanganin, distant respectively 68 and 110 miles from Wellington. As regards Nelson, it is stated in the petition of the landowners and land-agents to the House of Commons, 8-9 Feb. 1847, that the site chosen has been found to be wholly of land twenty miles square would have been sufficient for the scheme, they Although a block inadequate to the fulfilment of the Company's liabilities.' have been compelled, in order to obtain little more than half that quantity, to survey level land wherever it could be found, from Massacre Bay to Cloudy Bay, or rather from the east to the west of the Island, and searched pretty far south to see if any level land could be found in that direction. In order to show what portion of the land surveyed is really available for any prac tical purpose, I would refer to an article in the New Zealand Journal of the 24th of Oct. 1846, headed View of Land in the Nelson District.'

"The Nelson Examiner of the 28th Feb. 1846, from which the article in the New Zealand Journal is taken, contains much valuable information to many interested in New Zealand which is not quoted in the Journal; for instance-The nature of the country in New Zealand generally, however, must cause great detachment of the cultivatable portions, more or less, in every settlement that is formed; and in that respect we are no worse off than our neighbours on the opposite shores of the Straits, or the newly projected colony of Otago.'

"In the above 'View' the land of fair average quality, as also the land available for cultivation, are classed under one head; but it is clear to any one acquainted with New Zealand, that they are not synonymous terms; for instance, densely timbered and heavily flooded land at Massacre Bay (60 or 70 miles from Nelson) is thus classed; it may be of fair average quality, or it is not available for cultivation, nor will it be, until, as stated in the Nelson rather of the average quality of surveyed land in the settlement, but certainly Paper, 'the demand for timber will compensate for the work of clearing.'

Yours obediently,

A NEW ZEALANDER."

FIRST HOME FOR AN EMIGRANT.-To make sure of immediate employment (and this with the poorer emigrants is most important), a man should sail so as to arrive at harvest time, when he will almost everywhere be caught up, and then wages are highest. He will find no difficulty during August and September in getting a dollar a day and his board, and before winter comes he ought to have a good deal of money laid by.-Godley.

GAME IN CANADA.-There are very few moose south of the St. Lawrence, and none so far to the south-westward as the Richelieu. On the whole, Amherstburgh is the best sporting quarter in Canada; you have ducks, snipes, woodcocks, quails, wild turkeys, and deer there, and within 100 miles to the westward prairie-fowl are found, which resemble in habits our grouse, and show very good sport.