THE ICE-TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES.
BY N. J. WYETH, ESQ. •

THE ice trade of the United States was commenced by Frederic Tudor, of Boston, in 1805. This gentleman, having previously sent agents to the West Indies to procure information, determined to make his first experiment in that region. Finding no one willing to receive so strange an article on shipboard, he was compelled to purchase a vessel, the brig Favorite, of about 130 tons, which he loaded with ice from a pond in Saugus belonging to his father, and sent to St. Pierre, Martinique.

This first enterprise resulted in a loss of about 4500 dollars, but was, nevertheless, followed up until the embargo and war put an end to the foreign trade, at which period it had yielded no profit to its projector. Its operations had been confined to Martinique and Jamaica. After the close of the war, in 1815, Mr. Tudor recommenced his operations by shipments to Havana under a contract with the government of Cuba, which enabled him to pursue his undertaking without loss, and extend it, in 1817, to Charleston, S. C.; in the following year, to Savannah, Ga.; and, in 1820, to New Orleans. In the mean time it had been tried again (by other parties) at Martinique and St. Thomas, and failed, and by Mr. Tudor at St Jago de Cuba, where it also failed, after a trial of three years.

On the 18th May, 1833, the first shipment of ice was made to the East Indies, by Mr. Tudor, in the ship Tuscany, for Calcutta, and since that period he has extended his operations to Madras and Bombay. Previously to 1832 the trade had been chiefly confined to the operations of the original projector, although several enterprises had been undertaken by other persons and abandoned. The increase of shipments to this period had been small, the whole amounting, in 1832, to 4352 tons, which was taken entirely from Fresh Pond, in Cambridge, and shipped by Mr. Tudor, who was then alone in the trade. Up to this time the ice business was of a very complicated nature. Ship-owners objected to receive it on freight, fearing its effect on the durability of their vessels and the safety of voyages; icehouses abroad and at home were required, and the proper mode of constructing them was to be ascertained. The best modes of preparing ships to receive cargoes were the subject of expensive and almost endless experiments. The machines to cut and prepare ice for shipping and storing, and to perform the operations of hoisting it into storehouses and lowering it into the holds of vessels, were all to be invented, involving much expense and vexation. Many of these difficulties have now been overcome, and since 1832 the trade has increased much, and appears destined to a still more rapid increase for some years. It has also been divided among many parties, and its methods have been further improved, and a knowledge of them more widely diffused. The ice has been chiefly taken from Fresh and Spy Ponds, and since 1841 mainly transported on the Charlestown Branch Railroad, which was constructed for that purpose. Quite recently, ice establishments have been made at most of the ponds near Boston, and it is probable that, in a few years, the product of all these waters may be required to supply the trade. In the year 1839 the great quantity of ice cut at Fresh Pond, and the consequent difficulties which had arisen among the proprietors as to where each should take ice, induced them to agree to distinct boundary lines, which were settled by three commissioners, viz., Simon Greenleaf, Levi Farwell, and S. M. Felton, Esquires, on the principle of giving to each the same proportion of contiguous surface of the lake, as the length of his shore-line was to its whole border. This settlement was made by partition deed, executed by all the owners, and recorded in the registry of deeds of Middlesex county. Published maps were also placed in public institutions and private hands. These maps show the direction and length of the boundary-lines of each owner and the area. This arrangement has been of great advantage to the parties, and enabled them to secure more ice than could otherwise be taken from a pond of equal extent. There were in 1847 upwards of 29 cargoes of provisions, fruits, and vegetables shipped in ice to ports where otherwise such articles could not be sent, say to Barbadoes, Trinidad, Demerara, Antigua, St. Vincent, Guadaloupe, St. Thomas, Honduras, and Calcutta-the invoiced cost of which at Boston would average about 2500 dollars each.

It is probable that the commercial marine of the United States has been materially increased by the operations of the ice-trade. A large portion of the vessels formerly engaged in the freighting trade from Boston sailed in ballast, depending for remuneration on freights of cotton, rice, tobacco, sugar, &c., to be obtained in more southern latitudes, often competing with the vessels of other nations which could earn a freight out and home. Now a small outward freight from Boston can usually be obtained for the transportation of ice to those places where freighting vessels ordinarily obtain cargoes. The ice-trade has generally been unsuccessful to places where profitable return freights cannot be obtained, because to such places a heavy freight must be paid on the ice, which it cannot bear; and also because Southern places, which do not produce valuable exports, are usually unable to consume expensive luxuries.

The methods and materials for preparing vessels for the transportation of ice have been various. Formerly their holds were ceiled up at the sides, bottom, and top, with boards nailed to joist ribs secured to the skin of the vessel, and with double bulkheads forward and aft. The spaces thus formed were filled with refuse tan, rice-hulls, meadow-hay, straw, wood-shavings, or like materials. These spaces were made of a thickness proportionate to the length of the voyage, and with reference to the season. The immediate surface of the ice was covered with the same materials, excepting tan. At the present time sawdust is used almost exclusively for voyages of considerable length. It is placed immediately between the ice and the skin of the vessel. This material is obtained from the State of Maine, and, before its use for this purpose, was entirely wasted at the water-mills, and, falling into the streams, occasioned serious obstructions. During the year 1847, 4600 cords were brought to Boston at an average value of 2:50 dollars per cord delivered. The lumber is also wholly from the State of Maine. The value of it is, however, small, in the present mode of fitting vessels.

Almost the whole value of the returns of the ice-trade, including freight, are a gain to this country. The ice itself, the labour expended on it, the materials for its preservation, and the means of its transportation, would be worthless, if the trade did not exist.

The prices at which ice sells in places where there is competition vary constantly. In Havana, where it is a monopoly, it is sold at 6 cents per pound,

* From the American Almanack, one of the very best works of its class, and got up in a style equal to anything this country can produce, as to conteats, paper, and print.

and there the trade has not increased since 1832, when the shipments were 1112 tons, while at New Orleans, where it has been sold at from half a cent to three cents per pound, it has increased during the same period from 2310 tons to upwards of 28,000. At Calcutta the trade commenced, in 1833, with a shipment for that year of 201 tons, and the price has never been above 6 cents per pound, and is now about 2 cents. The export to that place had increased in 1847 to 3000 tons; but probably less than one-fifth of that quantity is actually sold, owing to the great length of the voyage. The consumption of ice in Boston and its vicinity during the year ending 31st December, 1847, was 27,000 tons, about two thirds of which was transported to Charlestown, on the Charlestown Branch Railroad, and thence dis. tributed through that place and Boston. The remainder was sent direct from the ice-houses, on wagons, to the place of ultimate delivery. 22 two-horse and 44 one-horse wagons were employed in the delivery of this ice, for a time, probably, equal to 4 months, at an expense for two-horse wagons, of 4 dollars per day, including drivers and tolls, or, for 22 wagons, 11,880 dollars. At first, the implements of husbandry only were used in securing ice, but, as the trade became more important, other machines and different methods were adopted, and abandoned when better were brought forward, or when the increased magnitude of the business required greater facilities. More ice is now secured in one favourable day than would have supplied the whole trade in 1832. Ordinarily, before there has been cold enough to form ice of suitable thickness, snow falls on its surface. If this occurs when the ice is four or more inches in thickness, and the snow not heavy enough to sink the ice, it can be removed by using horses attached to the "snow scraper;" and, under such circumstances, this is the method in common use. But, if snow falls so heavy as to bring the water above the surface of the ice, it is removed, after it has congealed into snow-ice, with the "ice plane," which takes off about 2 inches deep, and 22 wide of its surface. This machine is drawn by two horses, and is guided by inserting its "guides" into grooves previously made with the "ice cutter." The chips made by it are scraped off in the same manner as dry snow. These preliminary expenses are often very great; frequently, after much expense has been incurred to remove a body of snow or snow-ice, the weather becomes warm, and spoils the ice on which so much has been expended. And, on the other hand, if it is not done and the cold continues, there will be little or no increase of thickness to the ice, which is equally a disaster.

When ice has been formed of sufficient thickness and freed from snow and snow-ice, it is reduced to blocks of uniform size, ordinarily 22 inches square, by the "ice cutter." This machine is similar to a carpenter's plough, except that it has a series of cutting chisels, one succeeding another, and deepening the groove. It is drawn by a horse, and cuts at one passage about two inches deep, and, if the ice requires to be planed to remove snow-ice, the guides of the "snow-plane" are used in grooves of this depth, but, when grooves are required to split from, the "ice cutter" should be drawn two or three times through each. These grooves should be parallel to each other; and, to make them so, the "ice-cutter" has a guide, which is placed in the last groove made. When the grooves in one direction have been made, others at right angles with them are produced in the same manner. After this has been done, one groove at the end is opened, and also the two outside grooves; a wedging-bar is then stricken into the groove next the end one, and at several places along its length, which detaches easily from the mass; then the same bar is forced, with a slight blow, into the transverse grooves, which reduces the ice to very uniform square blocks. The blocks of ice thus formed are brought to the receiving-doors of the ice-houses (which are built on the immediate borders of the ponds), either by placing them on sleds, or floating in canals cut through the ice. Various modes of elevating the ice are in use; the endless chain, in combination with the inclined plane, has been successfully used, and also the common pile-driving steam-engine; but, at present, horsepower is more used than any other. The ice is placed in the houses in regular courses, every block exactly covering the next below it. been filled, it is immediately covered with wood-shavings and the receivingdoors fitted up, to prevent waste, until the contents are required for shipment abroad or use at home.

When a vault has

The weight of ice for shipment is usually determined at the wharfs, immediately before being put on shipboard, on scales which have been constructed for the purpose; and this single operation settles the weight to be paid for by the party for whose account the ice is shipped; the amount due for freight on shipboard, for transportation on the railroad, and that which is to be received by the owner of the ice.

GREENWICH SOCIETY FOR THE DIFFUSION OF USEFUL Knowledge.—Mr. SIDNEY'S Lecture on Australia was attended by a most respectable audience of nearly seven hundred persons.

PRINCE EDWARD'S ISLAND.-We have at length obtained from America the information with respect to this interesting island, for which so many of our subscribers have inquired.

of this Association too late to pass a decided opinion on its ments. It seems at NATIONAL MUTUAL AID SOCIETY.-We received the rules and prospectus first sight on almost too gigantic a scale. 1000 members every year, 60,0007. threaten to become unwieldy. In this, as in all other similar cases, success to raise in ten years, and the numbers of the federation to be unlimited, must depend, among other circumstances, on the probity and ability of the agents here and in the colony-on the industry and docility of 1000 men and their wives, and on the fertility and suitability of the location of the first settlement. As we have before observed, the best chance of success would attend men in one workshop, or from one rural parish, where every one knows every one.

It requires a great deal of forethought to march, feed, and encamp an army in a strange country; how much more a mob of men, women, and children? By mob we mean an undisciplined body. But, although difficult, it is not impossible; and the only way to make progress in the valuable principle of association is to discuss and try it on a small scale. The O'Connor land folly would have answered on fertile wild land, under a leader of as much influence as Feargus O'Connor once possessed among the fustian jackets.

Sir Thomas Mitchell tried to establish tenants on his estates in Australia, and behaved most liberally to them, but failed totally. We will quote the it might answer. We wish the Quakers, who are a disciplined obedient body, account of his experiment next week. But, perhaps, with a purchasing claim, would try a colonization experiment.

HALIFAX AND QUEBEC RAILWAY.-We have obtained the report and despatches relative to this important line, and shall take an early opportunity of extracting all points of interest.

THE LAND ROUTE TO CALIFORNIA.

(Continued from page 167.)

"After we left the bridal tent, in looking across the plain, I could see from the light of the torches and lanterns the funeral procession that was conveying the corpse of the little boy whom I saw expire to his last resting place, in this desolate wilderness. The faint glimmer of these lights, with a knowledge of the melancholy duties which those carrying them were performing, produced sensations of sadness and depression. While surveying this mournful funeral scene, a man arrived from another encampment about a mile and a half distant, and informed me that the wife of one of the emigrants had just been safely delivered of a son, and that there was, in consequence of this event, great rejoicing. I could not but reflect upon the singular concurrence of the events of the day. A death and funeral, a wedding and a birth, had occurred in this wilderness, within a diameter of two miles, and within two hours' time; and to-morrow the places where these events had taken place would be deserted and unmarked, except by the grave of the unfortunate boy deceased! Such are the dispensations of Providence !-such the checkered map of human suffering and human enjoyment."

On the 15th June, on the 41st day of travelling, as they advanced up the Platte, the soil became less fertile. Some of the party out hunting saw droves of buffaloes from 500 to 1000 in number. The next day they met five men re-. turning from Oregon to the United States. These people averaged from twenty-five to thirty miles a day, having baggage and provisions packed on mules and horses. They had not been molested by Indians, although they had fallen in with them in various places. They had met 430 emigrant wagons en route for Oregon or California, making, with the diarist's party, 470. The same day, a large fat buffalo cow was chased and shot. Cacti, tulips, and primroses coloured the line of march. They also passed cattle which had been left behind, crippled. On the 42nd day, they safely passed the ford of the Platte River: they were now in a fine hunting country-the same country which has been so well described and delineated in Catlin's capital work on the Indian tribes. We do not remember ever having seen any drawings which gave so complete an idea of the contour of a very remarkable country as those of Mr. Catlin's. We should very much like to see the great pasture plains of Australia delineated in the same truthful manner.

The buffalo-hunt is a most exciting sport to the spectator as well as to those engaged in it. Their action in running is awkward and clumsy; but their speed and endurance are such, that a good horse is required to overtake them or break them down in a fair race. Although the uninitiated in this sport may without much difficulty wound one of these animals with his rifle or pistol, it requires the skill and practice of a good hunter to place the ball in those parts which are fatal, or which so much disable the strong and shaggy quadruped as to prostrate him or force him to stop running. I have known a buffalo to be perforated with twenty balls, and yet be able to maintain a distance between himself and his pursuers. Experienced hunters aim to shoot them in the lungs or the spine. From the skull the ball rebounds, flattened as from a rock or a surface of iron, and has usually no other effect upon the animal than to increase his speed. A wound in the spine brings them to the ground instantly, and after a wound in the lungs their career is soon suspended from difficulty of breathing. They usually sink, rather than fall, upon their knees and haunches, and in that position remain until they are dead, rarely rolling upon their backs.

"The flesh of the bull is course, dry, tough, and generally poor. The beef from a young fat heifer or cow (and many of them are very fat) is superior to our best beef. The unctuous and juicy substances of the flesh are distributed through all the muscular fibres and membranes in a manner and an abundance highly agreeable to the eye and delightful to the palate of the epicure. The choice pieces of a fat cow are, a strip of flesh along each side of the spine from the shoulders to the rump; the tender-loin; the liver; the heart; the tongue; the hump-ribs; and an intestinal vessel or organ, commonly called by hunters the " marrow-gut," which, anatomically speaking, is the chylo-poetic duct. This vessel contains an unctuous matter resembling marrow, and hence its vulgar name. No delicacy which I have ever tasted of the flesh kind can surpass this when properly prepared. All parts of the buffalo are correspondingly palatable with those of tame cattle; but, when they are abundant, the principal part of the carcase is left by the hunter to feast the beasts and birds of prey.

"This evening, after we encamped, Colonel Russell, who has been suffering for several days from an attack of bilious fever, tendered his resignation of the office of captain of our party. His resignation having been accepted by a vote of the company assembled, Ex-governor Boggs was called to the chair. A motion was then made by E. Bryant, and unanimously adopted, that the thanks of the company be expressed to Colonel Russell for the manner in which he has discharged his duties since his election to the office of captain. The other subordinate officers then resigned their places. These were Messrs. Kirkendall, Donner, Jacob, and West."

The next encounter was with a man returning from Oregon to Ohio, for the purpose of disposing of his property there and investing it in sheep and cattle, which he meant to drive back to Oregon.

"We found, near the mouth of Ash Hollow,' a small log-cabin, which had been erected last winter by some trappers, returning to the settlements,' who, on account of the snows, had been compelled to remain here until spring. This rude structure has, by the emigrants, been turned into a sort of general post-office. Numerous advertisements in manuscript are posted on its walls outside, descriptive of lost cattle, horses, &c. &c.; and inside, in a recess, there was a large number of letters deposited, addressed to persons in almost every quarter of the globe, with requests, that those who passed would convey them to the nearest post-office in the States. The place had something of the air of a cross-roads settlement; and we lingered around it some time, reading the advertisements and overlooking the letters."

On the 21st June, they came in sight of a singular rock closely resembling a vast building in ruins; it is several hundred feet in height, and can be seen on a clear day at a distance of several hundred miles. "The scenery to the right of the rock, as we face it from the river, is singularly picturesque and interesting. There are four high elevations of architectural configuration, one of which would represent a distant view of the ruins of the Athenian Acropolis; another the crumbling remains of an Egyptian temple; a third, a Mexican pyramid; the fourth, the mausoleum of one of the Titans. In the background the bluffs are worn into such figures as to represent ranges of castles and palaces. A black cloud which has risen in the west since three o'clock hangs suspended like a sable curtain over this picture of nature in ruin and desolation. A narrow bright line of lurid light

extends along the western horizon beneath the dark mass of vapour where the sun is setting, casting huge and lengthened shadows over the plain, from pyramids, spires, and domes, in the far distance.

The illusion is so perfect that no effort of the imagination is required to suppose ourselves encamped in the vicinity of the ruins of some large city erected by a race of giants contemporaries of the Megatherii and the Ichthyosaurii.

"An emigrant party is encamped about two miles below us on the bank of the river. Two of them, after having visited the Chimney Rock,' rode over to our camp. We invited them to partake of our humble fare, and, if they thought proper, a bed in our spacious chamber. The first consisted of bacon broiled on a stick over a fire of buffalo chips; and the last was the illimitable canopy of the heavens. What was wanting in variety and sumptuousness of fare was fully made up in the dimensions of our sleeping apartment. They declined our invitation, but were resolutely bent on making a horse-trade before they bade us good-evening. This duty was performed to their satisfaction by my friend Lippincot. Horses were traded and exchanged, but which party had the advantage, it would require one more learned than myself in horseflesh to decide. Were I to give an opinion, I should go so far as to intimate that both parties were sufferers by the contract." On the 48th day, after a very wet and stormy night, the purchase of a tin cup from a neighbouring emigrant camp, is recorded as a fortunate and important event. "The channel of the Platte has become much compressed; during our march to-day its average breadth has not been more than three hundred yards. The soil of the bottom is sandy and barren; there is but a scant vegetation upon it, owing to drought or other causes. I noticed, in several places, clusters of small islands, ornamented with willows, and occasionally a cotton-wood tree. Looking down upon these islands from the bluffs, they presented a cultivated appearance; the green foliage of the willows, in contrast with the white sand, represented circular and serpentine walks of shrubbery in the distance; and the barren soil, cultivated ground. These appearances were numerous and very pleasing just below a small trading-post, called 'Fort Bernard,' about eight miles from Fort Laramie.

"We reached 'Fort Bernard,' a small building rudely constructed of logs, about two o'clock P.M. While approaching it, I saw a large herd of mules grazing on the plain and guarded by Mexican Indians. One of these had a small looking-glass, with which he conveyed the reflected rays of the sun into our faces, by way of a distant salutation. The mules (animals of which we were in quest) were objects more agreeable and interesting to us than their keepers. I had a letter of introduction to Mr. Richard, the principal of this trading-post, from his brother, one of the party which we met on the Platte. Mr. R. received us with mountain cordiality, inviting us to remain with him over night. We declined the invitation, having determined to proceed as far as Fort Laramie. An inhabited house, although of the rudest construction, and with accommodations far inferior to an ordinary stable, was nevertheless a cheering sight. Several traders from Taos and the headwaters of the Arkansas in New Mexico were collected here, to whom the herd of mules we saw belonged. They had packed flour, some four hundred miles, for the purpose of trading with the Sioux Indians.

"We arrived at Fort Laramie in the midst of a violent storm of rain, thunder, and lightning, just before sunset. About three thousand Sioux Indians were encamped in the plain surrounding the fort. The lodges, as I understood, numbered about six hundred; and the whole plain, at a distance, appeared like a vast cultivated field, from which the crop had been gathered and secured in stacks. An immense number of horses, belonging to the Indians, were grazing on the plain. The Sioux had collected here to this number for the purpose of organizing a war-party to attack the Snakes and Crows. They held a grand war-dance in the fort to-day, which had just concluded when we arrived. Many of them, I could perceive, were intoxicated with the excitement of the dance, or from the effects of whisky. The females especially appeared to be under the influence of this excitement. Notwithstanding the rain, a large number of them were outside the walls of the fort, dancing, singing, and throwing themselves into a variety of grotesque, and not very decent attitudes, according to our notions of feminine delicacy and decorum. Many of these women, for regularity of features and symmetry of figure, would bear off the palm of beauty from some of our most celebrated belles.

"A portion of the Sioux women are decidedly beautiful. Their complexion is a light copper colour, and, when they are not rouged artificially, the natural glow of the blood is displayed upon their cheeks in a delicate flush, rendering their expression of countenance highly fascinating. The dress of the higher orders (for there is an aristocracy among them) is graceful and sometimes rich. It consists usually of a robe or shirt of buckskin, with pantaloons and mocassins of the same, tastefully embroidered with porcelain beads of various colours. The material of their dress is so prepared, that frequently it is as white as the paper upon which I write, and as flexible as the muslin which envelopes in its misty folds the forms that float in our ballrooms. Their feet are small and exquisitely formed. The student of sculpture, when he has acquired his trade at Rome or Florence, should erect his studio among the Sioux for his models.

"The Sioux are one of the most powerful tribes of Indians on the continent of America. Their warriors number, as I understand, about eight or ten thousand, and they claim a district of country of great extent. These claims and pretensions are disputed by other tribes surrounding them, and the consequence is, that they are engaged in perpetual wars with their neighbours. The men are powerfully made, and possess a masculine beauty which I have never seen excelled. Conscious of their superior strength, of course, like all savage nations under the same circumstances, they are arrogant and exacting towards their more feeble neighbours, and have thus probably acquired a reputation for cruelty and duplicity. But, having passed twice through them without injury or insult of any kind, I have little reason to suppose that this reputation would be sustained by any facts, after a full and fair investigation. The men, as well as the women, are generally well clothed in skins and blankets, and they have every appearance of being well fed. The numerous herds of buffaloes which roam over the plains and mountains within the Sioux territory afford a bountiful supply of meat; and, by an exchange of their skins with the traders, they obtain blankets, and sometimes flour, sugar, and coffee, and other luxuries. They have among them a few muskets and rifles; but their principal weapons are the bow and arrow, tomahawk, and hunter's knife."

(To be continued.)

EMIGRATION ON A NEW PRINCIPLE.

SOVEREIGN. Warranted to sail from London on the 5th March, and from Plymouth the 15th March, 1849, for PORT ADELAIDE, PORT PHILIP, and SYDNEY, the fine new ship, MADAWASKA, A1, 562 Tons Register, Coppered and Copper-fastened, JoHN MCKINNELL, Commander, lying in the East India Docks. This vessel has a spacious poop, and upwards of 7 feet 1 inch in the 'tween decks, which will be fitted up expressly for passengers, who will be taken at the uniform rate of 20 Guiness, including provisions of the best quality, bedding, &c., and all mess utensils necessary for the voyage. An experienced surgeon will proceed in the ship. Parties first engaging will have a preference of berths.

For further particulars apply to HALL, BROTHERS, 2, Riches Court, Lime Street; T. B. MALLET, 4, Castle Court, Birchin Lane; or to WILLIAM L. HOTCHKIN, 3, East India Chambers, Leadenhall Street.

EMIGRATION TO AUSTRALIA.

WITH a view to enable respect

able persons, who are ineligible for a free passage, to proceed to the Australian colonies, at the lowest possible cost, it has been arranged to despatch a line of superior First-class Ships of large tonnage, for the especial accommodation of steerage and other passengers, at an exceedingly low rate of passage money. These vessels will be subjected to the inspection of her Majesty's emigration officers, and will be despatched on the appointed days (wind and weather permitting), for which written guarantees will be given:

Posthumous.. 650 R. Da- Adelaide March 1, March 11 vidson. and Port Cromwell..... 900 J. M.

ૐ

Bance.

A Ship..

700

Philip.

Ditto. Mar. 15 March 25

Port April 1 April 11
Philip &
Sydney.

These splendid ships have full poops, with first-rate accommodations for cabin passengers, and their 'tween decks being lofty and well ventilated, they afford most desirable opportunities for the accommodation of intermediate and steerage passengers. They will be fitted and provisioned in all respects on a similar plan to the vessels now being despatched by her Majesty's Colonization Commissioners, and the same dietary scale will be adopted. They are officered and manned by thoroughly competent persons, and carry duly qualified and experienced surgeons. Other equally fine ships, similarly fitted, &c., will succeed, and sail on the 1st and 15th of each month from London, and the 11th and 25th from Plymouth. Load at the Jetty, London Docks.

For further particulars apply to the undersigned, who are constantly despatching a succession of superior firstclass ships (regular traders) to each of the Australian colonies.

MARSHALL & EDRIDGE, 34, Fenchurch Street, London.

EMIGRATION TO PORT NATAL.

ARRANGEMENTS having been con

cluded with Her Majesty's Government for the promotion of Emigration to Natal, persons of moderate means, small farmers, tradesmen, mechanics, and labourers, if approved of by Her Majesty's Emigration Commissioners, can obtain a steerage passage, with provisions and 20 acres of land, for the sum of £10, or an intermediate passage, with the same quantity of land, for £19. Cabin passage £35. The next vessel will sail in March. For forms of application and further particulars, apply to J. C. BYRNE and Co., No. 12, Pall Mall East, London.

OUTFITS FOR ALL CLASSES.

THE ADVANTAGES of EMIGRA

TION being materially increased by the comforts of a SUITABLE OUTFIT, E. J. MONNERY and CO., 165, FENCHURCH STREET, CITY, having had many years' experience in that line, feel confidence in calling the attention of all classes to their Outfitting Warehouse, where a large assortment of shirts, clothing, hosiery, &c., &c., is kept ready for immediate use, at unusually low prices. Sea mattresses, bedding, cabin, and camp furniture of every description.-Lists, with prices affixed, forwarded by post.

"Intending Emigrants.-Those of our readers about departing to the Canadas, Australia, New Zealand, &c., would save much money, time, and trouble, by consulting Messrs. Monnery and Co., 165, Fenchurch Street; whose long experience, as Colonial Outfitters, enables them to furnish the most suitable equipments for all climates."-The Emigrant Newspaper.

IMPORTANT TO EMIGRANTS. MPORTANT TO EMIGRANTS.

HILL, invites the attention of parties emigrating to the Colonies, &c., to his large and varied STOCK of

GUNS, RIFLES, PISTOLS, &c., which he is now selling at very Reduced Prices for Cash, and solicits the favour of a call from all, as he is enabled to meet those with the most limited means, having

Good SINGLE GUNS, with proved Barrels, from 208. each, and RIFLES, with Patent Breeches, from 258. each. Gunpowder, Shot, Percussion Caps, &c. &c., at moderate prices.

All kinds of Repairs attended to with despatch.
FREDERIC BARNES,

GUN AND PISTOL MANUFACTURER,
3, UNION Row, TOWER HILL, at the bottom of the
MINORIES, and facing the Tower.
N.B.-The following are absolutely required by the
Commissioners to be taken by each Emigrant, viz.:-
Steel Table Knife and Fork, Metal Soup Plate, Quart
Hook Pot, Drinking Mug or Porringer, and best Metal
Table and Tea Spoon, which can be supplied as above,
for 28. 6d. with the Purchaser's name marked on each

NATIONAL EM

PROVISIONAL COMMITTEE. George Thompson, Esq., John Abbot Kemp, Esq. M.P.

Henry Althans, Jun, Esq. Thos. Felsted Fry, Esq. Rev. John Glanville.

Mack

Rev. Wm. Leask. Edward Longdon murdo. Esq. Marcus Matthews, Esq. John Haddon, Jun., Esq. Thos. G. Taylor, Esq. BANKERS.-London and Westminster Bank, Lothbury. SOLICITORS.-Messrs. Dunn and Dobie, Gray's Inn. THIS Society has been established upon the best principles of association, and similar in some respects to those of Building Societies, to aid the emigration of persons of limited means, and in the humbler classes, to Australia; and to afford an excellent investment for capital without risk or responsibility.

Qualifications for Emigrants will consist of industry, sobriety, and integrity, without reference to religious creed.

Each Subscriber of 10s. per month will be entitled to nominate, for a free passage, two adult persons, one of whom will be entitled, on arrival, to rent 30 acres of carefully chosen land, at 4s. per acre per annum, and eventually to purchase the same.

Shareholders may become emigrants, or may acquire land in the colony, in the cultivation of a relative.

Priority of nomination allowed to the earliest shareholders. Negotiations are now pending with her Majesty's Government, which, it is believed, will result in conferring considerable privileges on this Society.

The names of the Trustees and Directors will shortly appear. To commence the operations of this Society, the above Provisional Committee has been formed. The advocates of systematic emigration and the benevolent are requested to put themselves in immediate communication with the Secretary.

Copies of the Prospectus, Rules, &c., may now be obtained, by inclosing the entrance fee of 2s. 6d. (in stamps, if more convenient,) to the Secretary, at the temporary offices of the Society, 44, Coleman Street, City. Office hours, 11 to 3. By Order, GEORGE REYNOLDS, Secretary.

O EMIGRANTS.-No one should family with a good Stock of GUTTA PERCHA SOLES and SOLUTION. From the ease with which these soles can be applied to Boots and Shoes in countries where no shoemaker can be found for miles-their power of keeping the feet perfectly dry, when wading in either fresh or sea water, and thus preserving the body from coughs, colds, and consumption, in lands where medical advice cannot be easily bad-added to their great durability and cheapness, render them most essential to the comfort and security of all who purpose sailing to distant countries. In CALIFORNIA they are invaluable.

Gutta Percha Trays, Bowls, Cups, Bottles, Inkstands, Dishes, Plates, Ear Trumpets, &c., are admirably suited for shipboard and emigrants, as they will not break by being even violently thrown down upon the floor.

Any person taking a stock across the seas will find it afford a profitable speculation.

Manufactured by the Gutta Percha Company, Patentees, Wharf Road, City Road, London; and sold by their wholesale dealers in Town and Country.

COLONIAL LIFE ASSURANCE

COMPANY. EDINBURGH, 1, George Street. LoNDON, 4A, Lothbury. GLASGOW, 23, St. Vincent Place. GOVERNOR-The Right Hon. the EARL OF ELGIN and KINCARDINE, Governor-General of Canada. LONDON BOARD OF DIRECTORS.

The Right Hon. The EARL OF MINTO, Chairman. Alexander Gillespie, Esq., 5, Gould Square. Thomas H. Brooking Esq., 2, Alderman's Walk. John Scott, Esq., 4, Hyde Park Street, Hyde Park. D. L. Burn, Esq., 12, Kensington Palace Gardens. Alex. McGregor Esq., 31, Chester Street, Grosvenor Sq. Peter Ewart, Esq., 82, King William Street.

The Colonial Company affords to residents in India and the British Colonies generally, advantages fully equal to those given by similar Societies whose operations are confined to Europe.

Parties proceeding to the Australian, or New Zealand Colonies, are invited to inspect the rates charged by this Company.

JOHN G. AULD, Secretary, London. London, 4A, Lothbury.

CAPTAINS, VOYAGERS, and EMI

GRANTS will find CORDING'S WATERPROOF GARMENTS the best they can purchase, and indispensable to persons about to push their way where exposure to the elements is the order of the day. A waterproof suit adds vastly to comfort, and is a great saving in the end. As imitations that will not stand hot and cold climates are being offered, observe (for security) the name and address, J. C. CORDING, 231, Strand, five doors west of Temple Bar, and 3, Royal Exchange, facing Cornhill.

DENT'S IMPROVED WATCHES

and CLOCKS.-E. J. DENT, Watch and Clock Maker by distinct appointment to the Queen, H. R. H. Prince Albert, and H. I. M. the Emperor of Russia, most respectfully solicits from the public an inspection of his extensive STOCK of WATCHES and CLOCKS, embracing all the late modern improvements, at the most economical charges. Ladies' Gold Watches, with Gold Dials, jewelled in four holes, Eight Guineas. Gentlemen's, with Enamelled Dials, Ten Guineas. Youths' Silver Watches, Four Guineas. Warranted substantial and accurate going Lever Watches, jewelled in four holes, Six Guineas.

E. J. DENT, 82, Strand, 33, Cockspur Street, and 34, Royal Exchange (Clock Tower Arca).

UNION BANK of AUSTRALIA, 38,

Old Broad-street.-This Bank GRANTS BILLS at Thirty Days, and LETTERS of CREDIT on its branches in the Australian Colonies and New Zealand, at a charge of Two per Cent. on sums above 10%. Approved bills are negotiated on the Colonies, the terms for which may be learned at the offices of the Bank. London, July 20, 1849.

SAMUEL JACKSON, Sec.

BANK OF AUSTRALASIA (incorpo

rated by Royal Charter, 1835), 8, Austin Friars, London.-The COURT of DIRECTORS grant Bills and Letters of Credit on the undermentioned Branches, viz., Sydney, Maitland, Melbourne, Geelong, Hobart Town, Launceston, and Adelaide, on terms which may be learnt on application, either at their offices, or at their Bankers, Messrs. Smith, Payne, and Smiths. By order of the Court,

WILLIAM MILLIKEN, Secretary.

MIGRATION.-A Medical Man

EMIGRATION 4

NIES, as Surgeon Superintendent of a first class vessel, offers his services to the friends of any respectable young person who may be going there, and for whom the protection and guardianship of a middle aged married gentleman may be deemed desirable either on account of health or other circumstances. Address post paid, MEDI. cus, care of Mr. Lee, 440, West Strand.

Now ready, and may be had at all the Libraries, in 3 vols. post 8vo,

HE EMIGRANT

THE

FAMILY;

or the Story of an Australian Settler. By the Author of "Settlers and Convicts." London: SMITH, ELDER, and Co., 65, Cornhill.

VERY NEWSPAPER SUPPLIED By S. and E. J. EYRE, ADVERTISING AGENTS, 19, Bouverie Street, Fleet Street.

***Subscriptions received for all Publications. SIDNEY'S EMIGRANT'S JOURNAL.-To prevent disappointment to the advertisers of Sidney's Emigrant's Journal, they are requested to forward their advertisements to S. and E. J. EYRE, on or before the Saturday previous to the following publishing day.

Now ready, to be had of all Booksellers, No. 1 (published monthly), price 18., of HE JOURNAL of DESIGN, with THE Ten actual Fabric Patterns inserted, and Thirty Wood Engravings. Addressed to Merchants, Manufac

turers, Retail Dealers, Designers, and Art-Workmen. THE JOURNAL OF DESIGN will have, as it ought to have, politics of its own. In this matter of Ornamental Design, we hope to prove ourselves thoroughly conservative of the best interests of manufacturers, designers, and all parties concerned. We are the advocates for better laws, and a better tribunal to protect copyright in designs, and for a largely increased extension of copyright. We think the restless demands of the public for constant novelty are alike mischievous to the progress of good ornamental art as they are to all commercial interests. We think that the Schools of Design should be reformed and made business-like realities. We shall wage war against all pirates; and we hope to see the day when it will be thought as disgraceful for one manufacturer to pillage another's patterns as it is held to be if he should walk into the counting house and rob his till. These are some of the points of our political creed, with which we start on our undertaking. In conclusion, we profess that our aim is to foster ornamental art in all its ways, and to do those things for its advance, in all its branches, which it would be the appropriate business of a Board of Design to do, if such a useful department of Government actually existed.

ADDRESS.

Contents of No. 1.

REVIEW of PATTERNS.

ON THE MULTITUDE OF NEW PATTERNS.
WOVEN FABRICS. Chintzes, printed for Hindley and
Sons; and Halling, Pearce, and Stone; also for
Clarkson.

Flannel, printed by Swaisland, for R. Andrews.
Swiss printed Cottons, for Faulding and Co.
Calico for Bookbinding, printed for Bone and Son.
SILK. Coventry Ribbon, inade for Harding, Smith,
and Co.

Tapestry, made by Keiths, for J. Webb.

CARPETS, manufactured by Morton and Co.; also by Pardoe, Hoomans, and Co.

RUG, manufactured by Watson, Bell, and Co. METALS. Bracelet, manufactured for Hunt and Roskill, W. and D. Gass, &c.

Two Epergnes, designed and made by W. Potts. Chandelier, manufactured by Messengers, for the garden-pavilion in Buckingham Palace. Double Candlestick, manufactured by Messengers. Urn, manufactured by Warner and Sons. PAPER-HANGINGS. French paper-hangings, imported by W. B. Simpson.

Cheap English Paper, sold by W. B. Simpson. WOOD. Potato Bowls, carved by Philip and Wynne, W. G. Rogers, and the Wood-carving Company. POTTERY. Statuettes: "The Distressed Mother," "Dancing Girl," "Prince of Wales, in a sailorboy's costume," "The Cornish Wife at the Well of St. Keyne;" Vase, manufactured by Copelands; Two Spill Cases, manufactured by Wedgewoods; Oyster Tub and Dish, manufactured by Wedgewoods; Jugs, manufactured by Copelands, by Ridgways, and by Mintons; Potted Hare-Pot, manufactured by Copelands.

GLASS. Flower Vase, Wine Glass, and Finger Glass. MISCELLANEOUS. Book-Cover to Songs, &c. ORIGINAL PAPERS.

COPYRIGHT IN DESIGNS. MIXTURES OF STYLES. BOOKS.

Merrifield's Treatises-Shaw's Booke of Draughtes-
Rich's Illustrated Dictionary-Byrne's Coloured
Euclid.

INSTITUTIONS.
Constitution of the "Government" School of Design-
Dyce's Lecture on Ornament-Meetings of Edinburgh
and Leeds Schools of Design-Commons' Report on
School of Design-Changes in Masterships in Schools
of Design-Williams's Paper on Design at College of
Freemasons of the Church.-Third Exhibition of
British Manufactures at the Society of Arts.
TABLE TALK.

Depreciation in the Value of Woven Fabrics-Blue and White Jasper Ornaments-Printed Manufactures depressed-Tapestry-Carpets-Beauclerc v. Copeland-Mouldings in Glass-Fine Arts Commission's Eighth Report.

CORRESPONDENCE.

London; CHAPMAN and HALL, 186, Strand.

Printed by HENRY DICK WOODFALL, of No. 14, Great Dean's Yard, in the City and Liberties of Westminster, in the County of Middlesex, Printer, at No. 11, Angel Court, Skinner Street, in the Parish of Saint Sepul chre, in the City of London, in the said County. Published by WILLIAM SOMERVILLE ORR, 2, Amen Corner, Thursday, 1st March, 1849.

EMIGRANT'S

The Land Route to California-continued....

Miscellaneous:

"What is an Immigrant?"-Two Sides to Yankee Character.French in America-Farming in Lower Canada. Advertisements

WAKEFIELD'S ART OF COLONIZATION*.

183

184

AFTER a long silence, Edward Gibbon Wakefield, projector of the South Australian, director of the New Zealand, and prime mover of the Canterbury Colony, has given the world his matured view of the Art of Colonization. We had hoped that this great work would have contained, if not a manly retractation of the author's errors on the subject of "Concentration," and other practical points-if not a tribute to the misfortunes of those who proved their faith in his plausible fallacies-by rushing to inevitable ruin on a foreign shore-at any rate a narrative of the colonizing events of the last twenty years, in which he has taken so active a part. rences to experience, would inconveniently trammel the flights of But this is not the Wakefield system. Facts, dates, and refesuch genius. Instead of history or argument, we have, as attacks on the Colonial Office, Earl Grey and Sir James Stephens penned in a style of vulgar virulence worthy of a Mississippi editor. In some chapters, containing suggestions for the political Government of Colonies, there is much worthy of consideration; but in all that relates to the New System for the acquisition and disposal of land in the Colonies, on which alone Mr. Wakefield rests his Colonial reputation, there is nothing but dogmatic assertion put forth with the ignorant presumption of an able man, spoiled by flattery and unmerited success. We cannot help remarking, that Mr. Wakefield, to use his own terms, "whines" a good deal at being excluded from the Edinburgh Review. A most extraordinary grievance, considering that, as we can personally testify, both in this country and in the Colonies, his colonizing friends have never stopped at any means of corruption or coercion in order to secure a favourable notice of their speculations and to suppress any record of, or a criticism on, their deception and mis

management.

The history of the Colonial Office, for the last twenty years, may be a record of mistakes obstinately persisted in, of injustice repeatedly perpetrated; the history of Mr. Wakefield's Model Colonies is a history of follies persisted in until they became frauds. The "Sighing Rooms" of Downing Street, quoted by him, may be paralleled by "Swindling Rooms" in another spot that he has frequented pretty often, hung round with fraudulent baits for confiding emigrants. But, not imitating the great char latan of Colonization, we will fairly state his "Sufficient Price theory, and then show that he has other and more formidable opponents to meet than the claqueur to whom he gives the name of Statesmen, or than the red tape army whom he summons only to demolish. The following is

Mr. Wakefield's Case and Remedy.

The great difficulty of Colonies, in which neither slave nor convict labour-which is white slave labour-existed, has been the want of labour; because labourers, where land was either granted or sold cheap, being smitten by an "ignorant prejudice in favour of landowning," became freeholders too soon, and ceased to be labourers; and thus capitalists, being unable to depend on a continuous supply of labour at moderate wages, were unable to undertake any (agricultural) work on a large and complete scale, such as may be seen in the Lothians and Norfolk, or in Van Diemen's Land, where convict labour is available.

Without capitalists, Mr. Wakefield contends that Colonists will not only peak and pine, but suffer in civilization, deteriorate, and finally become universal blackguards, if not barbarians.

As a remedy for these (presumed) evils, he suggests that "land may be made dear enough to prevent a scarcity of labour for hire by putting on it 'a Sufficient Price;"" that is to say, a price

* A View of the Art of Colonization, with present reference to the British Empire; in Letters between a Statesman and a Colonist. Edited by (one of the writers) Edward Gibbon Wakefield.

-PRICE 2D. STAMPED 3D.

which would "occasion neither a superabundance of people nor a superabundance of land, but so limiting the quantity of land as to give the cheapest land a market value that would have the effect of compelling labourers to work some considerable time before they could become landowners." He further maintains, that "the sufficient price has never yet been adopted in our Colonies, where it has varied from five to forty shillings." But, although Mr. Wakefield proposes 66 a Sufficient Price," in order to protect capital against the inroads of a monopoly of the powers of drudgery, in the hands of labourers, he by no means desires that this protection shall be in the nature of a fixed duty; that the labour was scarce, and the price of land too low, he would on the contrary, he suggests a sliding scale. If the lawgiver saw raise the price: if he saw that labour was superabundant, and the price too high, he would lower the price."

66

Mr. Wakefield further affirms that, by this system of a Sufficient Price for new land, "the productiveness of industry would be enormously increased, profits and wages would be higher, and exports greater than without it; and that capitalists would be induced, by self-interest and desire to make the Colony popular, to field asserts that, "the price being sufficient to prevent labourers give labourers a full share in these profits." In case of any need of additional labour in a Colony, Mr. Wakefrom turning into landowners too soon, it would be worth the while of capitalists to procure labour from the mother country, at their own cost; because all labourers, being under the necessity of remaining labourers for some years, it would be possible for capitalists to enforce contracts for labour made in the mother country." He continues: "upon the whole, therefore, I think that the inducement to the importation of labour by capitalists would be as great as they are in Brazil and Cuba, perhaps greater, if we consider the superiority of free to slave labour." would be derived from the sale of lands at "a Sufficient Price," he With respect to the large fund which Mr. Wakefield assumes maintains that; "as it is a price that ought to be imposed under any circumstances, even if the purchase-money were thrown expended in conveying poor people, of the labouring class, from away." But, at the same time, he recommends that it should be the mother country to the Colonies; and that a preference should be given to young married couples without children, or to young people of marriageable age, in equal proportion of sexes. be anticipated, by the raising loans on the security of future In the case of a new settlement, he proposes that sales should sales. In case of an old Colony, where land in private hands has become extremely superabundant before the establishment of the sufficient price system, he suggests "a uniform tax per acre, equal to the acreable price of public land. Thus, if the price of public land were 27., the purchaser of 100 acres of land, at whatever price, would have to pay 2007. to the Government as a contribution to the Emigration Fund;" and, in order to avoid evasions, he suggests a "tax on lettings as well as sales."

Zealand, land, in order to compel concentration, was distributed It is right to add, that although, in his own Colony of New like rations, good, indifferent, bad, by lot, it is now part of Mr. Wakefield's 's system that the whole Colony thrown open for settlement should be completely and accurately surveyed, so as to enable each purchaser to know "where land was most heavily timbered; where clear of timber; where alluvial; where light; where water abounded or was scarce; what was the course of streams; where mill sites and fords occurred; the probable line of future roads, and so forth." And that the colonists should have every facility for making use of natural pasturage without rent or tax. In South Australia, close restrictions were placed on the use of pasturage.

To sum up, Mr. Wakefield maintains that, in order to make Colonies prosperous and civilized, it is necessary to obtain CAPITALISTS who will" direct with their heads, not drudge with their hands," and LABOURERS who will work at reasonable wages for the capitalists; and he maintains that this due proportion can be obtained by imposing such a price on waste lands as will prevent labourers from becoming landowners "too soon." He further proposes, to regulate the sufficient price" by raising it or lowering as occasion may require. It is in fact a theory of " PROTECTION TO COLONIAL CAPITAL, BY A SLIDING SCALE" of taxes on waste land.

Having thus fairly described Mr. Wakefield's theory-making