have a sketch of his best course.

Iowa and Wisconsin are the most healthy of the western states. Of the other states, a list shall be given when we hear from you again.

C. S., a Military Man.-With an income of 2501. a year, which is the best colony?-[Canada; where, without sinking any capital, you can live very comfortably, and hold a most respectable position. If you prefer the southern colonies, New Zealand is a very agreeable residence, but do not meddle with land or stock, or you will burn your fingers to a certainty, for only labouring men and merchants make a living in New Zealand, although you can live comfortably on 250l. a year there. If you have to provide for a family, go and live in a rural township of Australia, within fifty miles of a port, for a couple of years, before embarking in anything. You can live as well there as on double the sum here.]

E. W.-We have to thank for a useful communication. Demand for accountants, doubtful; for schoolmasters there is more certainty. You can write to the secretary for providing schoolmasters for emigrants-W. H. Kingston, Esq., 7, Trinity Chambers, Charing Cross. A bonnet-maker and dress-maker are good trades in all the towns of

Australia.

D. R.-We will try to let you have an answer shortly to a question that requires some consideration. Our present idea is a cleared farm in one of

the healthiest of the United States.

J. H. S.-No custom dues for passengers' baggage at New Orleans, but we believe, by a late act, a dollar a head poll-tax. See letter from Cincinnati. What is your trade?

In future the directions for obtaining free passages, the lists of emigration commissioners, outfit, &c., will only be repeated at intervals of not less than a month.

Questions not answered, have already been answered in reply to parties mentioned in the following index :

INDEX OF QUESTIONS ALREADY ANSWERED.

In consequence of the interest at present excited by California, the conductors of this Journal have decided on publishing the Diary of the march of an emigrant party from the United States across the Prairies and the Rocky Mountains, to the Gold District on the Sacramento, with a full description of that wonderful country. The substance of an octavo volume will thus be afforded for a few pence.

GREENWICH SOCIETY FOR THE DIFFUSION OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE.SAMUEL SIDNEY, Esq., has been engaged by this Society to deliver a Lecture on Australia, as an Emigration Field, on Tuesday Evening, February 13th. CANADIAN FIELD SPORTS.-The field sports are tolerable; there is pretty good snipe and duck shooting, and on the Saguenay, about seventy miles down the river from Quebec, excellent salmon fishing. I have heard of performances there which quite surpass anything to be met with in Norway, as far as regards the number of fish caught; but the average size was not so good. In winter the only sport is moose hunting; and last year these animals were so numerous, and the state of the snow so favourable for running them down, that the officers of one battalion killed, I think, fifty during the season. They describe it as rather tame work; no skill is required, and sometimes very little trouble, for if the snow is soft and deep, the moose gets knocked up immediately, and you have only to despatch him at your leisure; however, when the snow is hard, he gives a long and exciting run (upon snow shoes, too, which are anything but a pleasant chaussure), and the hunters have to bivouac very often in the woods. I wonder why the skidor or snow skates, which are used in Norway and Sweden, have never been introduced here. I suppose, however, the ground is seldom open enough here for any considerable distance to use them with effect. There are also a few of the carriboo (the American name for reindeer) to be met with as far south as Quebec, but they are very difficult to get at. I only heard of one being killed last winter. ENGLAND AND AMERICA.-I cannot but often repeat that American institutions, society, and character, are but what ours would be if it were not for the check of old associations, a more powerful barrier than positive enactments, and what it is not wholly impossible that ours may at some future time become. It is therefore most important to study them, with a view of preserving those feelings and habits in our population, which must form the only true preservative against an undue preponderance of their peculiar spirit.-Godley.

THE PROGRESS OF COLONIZATION. CALIFORNIA-VANCOUVER'S ISLAND-NATAL-AUSTRALIAN AGRICULTURAL

COMPANY.

Although books, pamphlets, and flying sheets swarm from the press on the subject of California, very little more information has been received, with respect to the "Gold Diggins," than was contained in the papers that arrived with the report of Colonel Mason, which we have already published. The extent of the district and the richness of the ores have not been exaggerated. Rumours of lawless outrage, robbery, and murder are beginning to arrive. The last authentic accounts were through the Hudson's Bay Company, from the Sandwich Islands. A cargo of goods from those the owner of the cargo had been assassinated up the country. Punch has islands had been sold at St. Francisco at an enormous profit, and a friend of not exaggerated the price of provisions, one having realized 14,000 dollars by retailing a barrel of brandy. Six months must elapse before it will be possible to foresee what California will become. There is no doubt that one portion of the country is both healthy and fruitful, and it would be doing injustice to the acuteness of the American character, not to expect that a very considerable population will prefer feeding the gold diggers to digging themselves. Still it is just possible that the influx of population may outstrip the increase of live stock, great as that at present is.

Some of our contemporaries have suggested that the United States will put such a duty on the gold dust as to deprive those foreign merchants who take it in barter for goods of all profit; but those who know anything of the genius and temper of the American people are sure that taxes, to be levied from the free Republicans, must be levied with a very gentle hand. It would be impossible to put more than a mint tax on the gold, without interfering with the gold hunters' profits; and that is a kind of interference which such a population as California would ill endure. Besides, in a country of such extent, and with such an article as gold dust, to collect a high duty would be rendered impossible by an organized contraband.

There can be little doubt but that a railroad, or at any rate a perfect rapid conveyance, will be opened across the isthmus of Panama; the various thickets may be cleared away by fire, and towns, with ample accommodation for travellers, will replace the present miserable posadas at Chagres and at Panama. There will also be an attempt to open the long talked of water communication across the Mexican territory. But, although ships of all kinds and steamers are being freighted from day to day, the grand rush into California will not take place until the winter snows have disappeared, and the land route across the Rocky Mountains is again open. This, after all, for the Americans, is the easiest route, except where merchandise has to be transported. The distance is under three thousand miles from Independence, Missouri, to Captain Soter's Fort on the Sacramento, where the first gold was discovered; the road is throughout passable for wagons, and easy, comparatively speaking, for an accustomed traveller, mounted either on a hardy horse, or, better still, a good mule. The difficulties commence with the Rocky Mountains, and continue three or four hundred miles; but an Australian bushman, with a bag of tea and flour, and a skin for water, would not think much of difficulties most distressng to the cits. of London or New York. Before reaching the Rocky Mouniains, water and grass are plentiful. We shall commence next week, and complete in three or four Numbers, the "Diary of a Land Journey from Missouri to California."

After looking on the map, at the soon-to-be-crowded harbour of St. Francisco, the eye naturally travels to the last of our colonies-Vancouver's Island, distant only about eight days' sail, and, as rumour goes, well provided with coal.

The Hudson's Bay Company have just published their plan of colonization. The land is to be sold in lots of twenty acres, at 17. an acre. Purchasers of larger quantities to pay the same price per acre, and take out with them five single men, or three married couples, for every hundred acres. All minerals to belong to the Company, who are to have the right of digging, making compensation to the owner of the soil, except coal mines, which the owner of the soil may work, paying a royalty of 2s. 6d. per ton. A portion of land, equal to one-eighth of the quantity sold, is to be set aside for a minister of religion, and a free passage granted to such number of persons as settlers, having an equal quantity of land, would be required to take out. Provisions are made for representative assemblies.

Under the terms of the grant government can revoke it, if within five years a settlement of resident colonists from the British dominions has not been established.

The terms, in fact, amount to 27. an acre, including passage money for the small lots, and upwards of 21. an acre for the one hundred acre lots. Vancouver's Island has no town, and no market for produce. The Company grow and rear all they themselves require on their own farms. The nearest market would be found in the Sandwich Islands, to which a numerous body of whalers resort.

If the Company enter on any public works, roads, or harbour constructions, there may be something for the twenty-acre men to do. But, on the whole, considering that Vancouver's Island lies at the distance of a six months' voyage from England; that it produces nothing worth exporting; that in California and Oregon, where there is an increasing population, the United States' Government will, according to invariable rule, sell land at 58. 24d. an acre; that land in Canada and the nearer districts of the United States is to be had on the same terms; that land is to be had in Natal at from 28. to 10s. an acre; that land is to be had in Otago at 21. an acre, with a full drawback for the passage money of steerage passengers, and that the Australian Agricultural Company are offering, in convenient lots at 17. an acre, with an allowance for the voyage, half a million acres situated on a river provided with bridges and roads, in a situation dotted with long established farms, well stocked with cattle, near Port Stephen and within 100 miles, and steam communication, of Sydney and its fifty thousand inhabitants;-we say, considering all these facts, the Hudson's Bay Company cannot expect to sell much land in this Ultima Thule of Vancouver's Island, unless to their re

tired servants.

One shilling an acre, with the proviso for landing a man for every fifty acres, would have been ample. It is in Oregon, and the intervening prairies, that our Australian sheep-farmers will find competitors untrammelled by colonization quacks, and untaxed by official greed.

We call attention to an interesting letter from Natal under "Letters from Abroad." Mr. Morewood, the writer, has resided ten years in that country; the letter was addressed to his brother, of No. 1, Great Winchester Street, London.

VANCOUVER'S ISLAND.

THE principal details at present available are contained in some despatches from Mr. Douglas, chief factor of the Hudson's Bay Company, written between 1842 and 1846, and these, in so far as they bear upon the eligibility of the island for colonization, are decidedly favourable. His survey, however, extended only over the southern portion of the coast, and was undertaken simply with the view of finding a desirable depôt for the company, in the event of it becoming expedient for them to remove their station from the Columbia River. The point he fixed upon, and which has since been adopted, was a port called Camosack, and it is to this place, therefore, that emigration, at all events in the first instance, would be likely to be exclusively conducted. As a harbour it is equally safe and accessible, and is calculated to become a desirable port of refuge and refreshment for any vessels frequenting those seas. It has abundance of valuable oak and pine timber, and there is a canal six miles long, through which the tide rushes out and in with a degree of force capable of driving the most powerful machinery. Unlike other parts of the coast, there is a range of plains nearly six miles square, containing a great extent of valuable tillage and pasture land, equally well adapted for the plough or for feeding stock. The soil of the best land is a dark vegetable mould about twelve inches in depth, overlaying a substrate of greyish clayey loam, producing abundance of grass and several luxuriant varieties of red clover. The climate is mild, pleasant, and salubrious, and apparently such as to favour the growth of every kind of grain raised in England, the results of the farming at the Hudson's Bay Company's station, Fort Victoria, having hitherto realized the most sanguine expectations. In Upper California the fogs blight and deteriorate the crops near the sea coast, but at Vancouver's Island no destructive local influences have yet been ascertained. Potatoes flourish and grow to a large size, and the Indians have many fields in cultivation. Fish (especially salmon and sturgeon) and venison abound, and domestic cattle also thrive. The natives are peaceable and well disposed. The port of Camosack is much nearer the fishing grounds than either California or the Sandwich Islands, and it is therefore calculated that an advantageous business might be carried on by supplying whale ships with clothing stores and refreshments. "Nothing," it is observed by Commodore Wilkes, can exceed the beauty of these waters and their safety. Not a shoal exists that can in any way interrupt their navigation by a 74-gun ship."

All the other parts of the south coast of the island appeared to Mr. Douglas inferior to Camosack, the shores being generally high, steep, and rocky, and covered with wood. The entire length of the island is 290 miles, with an average width of 55 miles. The coal district extends over all the north-eastern part, and the experiments as to its quality show it to be at least equal to the best Scotch coal. It can be obtained from the surface with the greatest ease, and is readily supplied by the natives, the steam sloop Cormorant having on one occasion obtained 62 tons in less than three days, at an expense of not more than 4s. per ton. Specimens of very fine lead have been found in the mountains on the coast, and there is also a supply of limestone.

Under these circumstances it will be seen that the island can scarcely fail to grow into importance. During the present impulsive rush to California, of course its settlement will be attended with great difficulties, but it is out of this very excitement that its prosperity seems destined most rapidly to arise, the Californian immigration having already insured the success and permanency of steam navigation on the northern coasts of the Pacific. This immigration, moreover, is sure to continue until at length, however vast may be the ultimate yield of gold, it will be more profitable to settle in other places with a view to trading with the population thus created. Hence, at intervals, the various points of the coast will become peopled, and not only will the local importance of coal and timber be increased, but the period will be accelerated when their value will be incalculably raised by the consummation of the western route (with the Sandwich Islands as a depôt) to India, China, and Japan. -Times.

TEXAS.

Watford, Herts, January 19th, 1848. MR. EDITOR,-There are several countries given out to be good for persons with small means, and one in particular, that is Texas. What the country is at this present time, I do not pretend to say; but the year 1838 to 1840, which time I was in it, I can give but very little flattering account. Parties who are tempted by cheap land to go there will find out to their cost that they have got into a fix, which they cannot get well out of. They may get the land when they arrive, but I will not assert it as a fact they will; I know I did not, and many more besides myself. They will find a country like that at first sight very promising, plenty of land, with no timber, game in abundance, living cheap; these are well, no doubt; but let me put to that, ague and fever, Indians coming down to destroy your cattle and yourself, if you happen to be in the way, and as for money you must never think about. Barter is the way business is done there, without men are fools enough to give hard cash, which, of course, is never seen again. At the time I mention, 1838 to 1840, I found many that would have given their land and their bullocks to have got away. These persons, no doubt, at the first, not being well up to the customs of the country, had spent their all in land, cattle, &c., &c. What is the result? They have no money, they cannot get money, without they can get hold of some poor deluded creature just arrived from England to buy it off their hands (and wishing you luck with it), and leaving them in the same predicament. Let me advise every one who has the desire to emigrate never to think of Texas. Go to some spot where your property is safe and a good government.—I am, Mr. Editor, yours respectfully, J. FREEMAN.

THE WESTERN STATES.-The more remote north-western states, Iowa and Winsconsin, are now filling fast, and offer, in one respect at least, great inducement to European emigrants; namely, that fever and ague are comparatively unknown there. Illinois, Michigan, and Ohio, on the contrary, unsurpassed in advantages of soil and situation, are found so unhealthy, that (as I have heard from many who have lived there) it is almost impossible to meet with a family which is not more or less affected. This dreadful evil, however, becomes mitigated as settlement and cultivation advance; at present, I should think its existence a decisive reason for avoiding those states; they are, however, colonised to a great extent by English farmers,-particularly the neighbourhood of Chicago, in Illinois,-tempted by the productiveness of the land, and the facility of cultivating it.

ANOTHER SCHEME OF COLONIZATION.
(From a Correspondent.)

That quoted from Frazer's Magazine in the last number of the Journal (p. 135), is good, in as far as it recommends road-making in all directions, as the foundation of an extensive system of colonization. This was the Roman plan; but, to carry it out extensively, we should, like the Romans, employ soldiers-an army of pioneers. What hold would the government have of the "labourers" proposed to be hired at 10s. a week till they had repaid their passage-money? But let it raise a corps of 10,000 pioneers for two or three years' service, all subject to martial law and military discipline, with pay of 10s. a week, and a grant of twenty acres of land to the most deserving at the end of the time, and the very best machinery would be established for carrying out an extensive system of colonization, adequate to clear both Ireland and Great Britain of all redundant population. Every one knows what helpless emigrants most of the Irish would make, yet who denies that they can be drilled into the best of soldiers? How easy, then, would it be, on the Roman plan, to make an army of pioneers a school for transforming the present indolent and helpless race of Irish into active colonists, by mixing them with the energetic Saxon labourers of England, and obliging them, under military discipline, not merely to learn the use of arms, but of the axe, spade, and plough! And what a valuable opening would be thus presented for officers, to our vast number of aspiring young farmers, engineers, &c., who have no prospects at home! Let an arrangement be made with the colonial government for the cession of a large district of wooded country in Upper Canada; let a corps of 10,000 pioneers be employed first to make roads, and next to divide the land into lots of fifty acres (each with a narrow frontage), clearing five acres and building a log house, and you would have homesteads prepared into which small capitalists might step with the moral certainty of prospering, and even honest selected paupers, who would be glad to pay a rate of 30s. a year for such an allotment, which would cover the interest of the sum spent in locating them, till, by the exertions of a few years, they were able to clear the whole fifty acres, and buy them outright at 10s. or 15s. an acre, thus repaying their whole debt, and becoming prosperous and independent landowners, and at the same time extensive customers for our manufactures.

MANAGEMENT OF BARLEY INTENDED FOR MALTING IN NEW ZEALAND.

"If the barley is intended to be mown, the weather must be closely attended to; if showery, and the grain becomes wet, a few hours, with ripe barley, greatly injures its qualities for malting; and twenty-four hours lying on the ground wet, and the weather warm, it does in most instances make it worthless for the maltster, from the vegetative power having commenced. The object to be attained, therefore, is to keep malting barley from all moisture; if a portion of the crop is wet, and not well harvested, it is better to keep that separate, as by mixing the two samples the whole is made unfit for malting. Reaping is by far preferable, if done in small sheaves; proper care being taken to shock it well in the field, examining and opening the sheaves immediately after rain. Should the grain get wet, care should be also taken not to carry until well harvested, and to avoid all heating in stack, from its proneness to acidity, which is more likely to happen than any other kind of grain. It should be from two to three months in stack before thrashing, which mellows it and greatly adds to its evenness in malting; after thrashing, attention should be paid that the grain be not kept in heaps or sacks. "Immediately any heat arises from its being kept in too large a body, it is certain to destroy it for malting, and consequently totally unfit to brew from. "The principal points to be arrived at are to keep the grain free from moisture, whether on the field or the stack, so that a perfect sample may be brought to the maltster. If only five per cent. of injured grains are allowed to be mixed with good and perfect ones, it causes the sample to be worth less ten per cent. to the brewer, and so on in proportion to the quantity injured. The next point, as before stated, is to prevent its heating, either in stack or bulk. If the sample is brought in good condition and perfect, it will always obtain an extra sixpence per bushel."-Nelson Examiner.

AMERICAN SYSTEM OF LAND-SALES.-The practical working of the United States' system of land sales, however, though of course liable to abuse, has been on the whole judicious and profitable; but it is singular, that its efficiency has been the result less of positive law than of the custom and feeling which prevails among the settlers. The usual plan is, after selecting a "location," to "squat" in the first instance; that is, settle, clear, and improve, and at the next land-sale to attend and bid the upset price (one and a quarter dollar invariably). Now, I believe, there is nothing (in point of law) to prevent anybody else from bidding against the squatter, and becoming owner of his property; but, in fact, a prescriptive right of pre-emption has been established in his favour, in consequence of the difficulty which would arise in valuing his improvements, and, above all, the invidiousness (not to say impossibility in most cases) of getting him out.

DEER HUNTING.-In October, when the deer are on the move, the chance of sport is greater, as the hounds are more likely to strike on their track, and the wild fowl are far more numerous, being on their way to the south at that time; the weather is generally as fine, without the intolerable heat of this season; above all, there are no mosquitoes, whose attacks it requires no ordinary keenness to brave. The country in Knapp's neighbourhood is now in process of being settled very fast, in consequence of the improvement of Kingston, so that I suppose the deer will soon retreat as usual before the advance of civilization, and leave the woods to man. As it is, there is much better shooting of all kinds to be had by following the chain of lakes farther to the northward; but it is necessary to be prepared for bivouacking, as house accommodation is not to be found. Our host lives very well, i. e., plentifully, but in the most primitive manner. He is not much of a farmer, and produces no more than is necessary for the consumption of his family; his live stock consists of six cows, two horses, and a good number of pigs and poultry; the visits of sportsmen like ourselves, and occasional speculations in lumber, give him what money he requires for clothes, &c., and he has venison and fish for the taking. What more does he want, as far as worldly goods are concerned? The whole family were most kind and attentive in their treatment of us, and nothing could be more moderate than the remuneration which we had been told it was usual to offer, and with which they appeared perfectly satisfied.-Godley.

NEW ZEALAND AND ITS PRODUCTIONS.-The exaggerated statements circulated in England of the colony and its productions, soil, and climate, have led generally to the very erroneous impression and opinion, that the necessaries, and even more, as regards food, would be abundant and cheap. But New Zealand has neither a tropical climate, nor is it a country in which edible vegetables and fruits, indigenous to such regions, grow and flourish spontaneously and abundantly, nor is it a land inhabited by native animals, adapted for the food of man, and easily obtained by the toils or chase. The islands of New Zealand are uncultivated wasteseither of mountains covered with dense forests-of plains and lowlands covered with impenetrable high fern and shrubs, or of swamps and marshes covered with rush and flax, without any open spots of grass land for pasturage, or of verdant downs and hills for sheep. In these vast tracts there is not to be seen a living animal, wild or domestic. Whatever is produced from the soil in New Zealand for the food of its population, either of grain from arable land, or of stock from pasturage, must be the work of time, by great labour and at much expense. The very nature and circumstance of the country must render the progress of agriculture in New Zealand slow and gradual. The reasons are, the scarcity and high price of European labour, for the farmers can reckon on no other, the indispen sable necessity and consequent labour and expense of inclosing all cultivated areas, and the further cost of time and labour in clearing the ground whether of timber or of fern.-Terry's New Zealand.

SEA STOCK FOR EMIGRANTS.-London is the place to learn to live well in-for your roast beef, oven-baked lamb and mutton, and your pies and puddings-your pickles, tarts, and breakfast hot rolls and muffins; but then you must first get the money; with this you can obtain anything-without it nothing-not even a cold potato or a handful of meal, as one may do in Ireland. It is well, however, that the frame can be sustained in buoyancy and healthfulness without so many good things of the table. For me, in the early periods of my life, it has been well, and for you it is still so, and for thousands beside. In advising, therefore, about your sea stock of eatables, I need but take for my text the words"oatmeal and treacle." Provide as much of these as will last the whole of the voyage (say for six weeks); and, having done this, then add whatever little luxury your purse will allow. With regard to flesh meat, if you can get some properly corned beef, warranted to keep for that time, get it. A cup of tea relishes well after sickness, and composes the head. Eggs may be preserved all the way by being slightly rubbed over with butter or lard, and then covered up in your salt or some sawdust, taking care to place them resting on their ends, so as not to touch each other, or otherwise, by being thrown against each other in the jolting of the vessel the shells will be broken. The shells of eggs, through being greased in this manner, are made impervious to the air, and hence the preservation of the interior food. Gum dissolved in water will also effect the same purpose. Your butter should be put into a tin case or canister, or stone jar. If you buy biscuit, get the sort they call "captain's," the common sea biscuit being very coarse and hard eating. Bakers', or white bread, may be kept from turning sour and mouldy by cutting the loaves into moderate-sized slices, and getting the baker to put these slices into the oven, and baking them well. The bread purchased for this purpose should be always cut up in its stale state, both because it is better then for the purpose, and there will be less waste. When at sea, and you are about to make use of the slices so treated, you will dip them quickly into clean warm water, and then, after being held for a short time before the fire to dry, they will, when buttered, eat as toast. Bread, however, prepared thus, will be found to be very brittle, and must, therefore, be kept from pressure, or otherwise it will soon become like a mass of brown dust. As to spirituous liquors, my best advice would be not to bring any in my own case, I found they were of no real benefit, while the evils they give rise to are often very disagreeable and afflicting. Flour would serve to make a cake now and then, and a slice of cooked bacon be also very acceptable. The same may be said of a good red herring, or one which has been properly preserved in brine.---Devlen's Emigration Tracts.

COLONIZATION SCHEMES.-As surely as night succeeds day, so surely do the golden beams of every scheme of colonization sink, after a few glistening hours, beneath a dark horizon of sad reality. The poor man, forced to emigrate, leaves his native soil with a heavy heart; he yields to the dread of abject poverty; but, having his eyes fixed on independence, he can patiently endure the hardships of a settler's life. There is another class of emigrants, however, who play a very different part; there are persons who seek not a refuge, or a last resource for independence, but who speculate on the hopes and necessities of others; they are sufficiently at ease to indulge in the play of imagination; the settler's life appears to them a succession of Arcadian scenes; they trumpet forth the beauty, the fertility, the balmy salubrious air of the new country, and their own legislative fantasies, which will be sure to remove all social ills from the young community; they sing the praises of enterprise and industry; and finally, with professions of the liveliest philanthropy, they sell their land to the gaping crowd at advanced prices. The new possessors of the soil are now in a situation to turn from the contemplation of that brilliant future which dazzled their senses, and to consider closely the actual state of things, and behold the vision melts away; the industrious settler finds himself in a wilderness oppressed with dearth, and with little for his money save those hopes and promises which may at any time be had for nothing. We have already intimated our misgivings respecting the vaunted discoveries in the art of colonization. An association, or company, pounces on a new country for the purpose of selling it again, and, to justify this forestalling, they exclaim that they have hit on the true plan of colonization, which is, to sell the land at a high price, and to warrant a supply of labour. But why not sell the land at the first cost to the labourers themselves? Ay, but we wish to draw capital. Indeed! Your desire to encourage capital betrays the true character of your philanthropy. The immediate object of emigration ought to be to increase, not the aggregate wealth, but the happiness of society. Our body politic is distempered, not from want of wealth, but from the imperfect distribution of it; nor would its cure be in the least degree promoted, although a million of money made by the purchase and sale of land flowed into it from each island in the South Sea. The colony which is constituted in the first instance of two widely separated classes-namely, rich proprietors and mere labourers-starts into life with a precociousness which threatens, we think, an early corruption and decline.-Athenæum, 1841.

CANADA. The price of keeping one horse in Kingston is about 6d. per day, in Toronto 1s., but much less in all country places.

THE GENTLEMAN SETTLER AT CANADA.--Let us suppose him to possess a capital of 15007. Of this he may invest 3007. in land, for which he will get a farm pretty well cleared, and in the best situation, of 150 acres, with a log cabin where he can live for a year or two, ready built, and 2007. more in stocking it; there remains 1000l., which, at eight per cent., will be worth 801. a year. Out of the produce of his farm he ought, according to the calculation, to pay three servants or labourers (two men and a woman), who will cost in wages about 751. per annum, keep himself and them in provisions, and pay ordinary farm expenses, such as seed, &c.; leaving his whole remaining income to spend upon clothes, sundries, and improvements if he finds himself getting on well, he may by degrees invest more of his principal in land; but 100 or 150 acres are undoubtedly quite enough to begin with. To reduce the calculation to its lowest term, he may expect for the present to get board and lodging for the interest of the 500l. which he has expended, and his own labour; but then every year his land is rising in value, not only in consequence of his own exertions, but from the operation of external causes, as the country advances, and railroads, and canals, &c., are opened. GENTLEMEN FARMERS IN CANADA.-Gentlemen farmers here do not ever aim at more than making their land keep themselves, their servants, and cattle, and pay the occasional labourers whom they employ; and it requires considerable management to effect this: those only can make money of a farm (in this district) who have no labour to pay. I have procured from men of practical information and experience in these matters calculations as to the various expenses and prospects of a settler in this part of the country, and they have proved to me, conclusively, that it is under ordinary circumstances impossible for a gentleman to make money by farming. Even in the instances where land has been bought cheap, and become unexpectedly profitable, in consequence of the opening of new communications, it has been found the best plan to sell it at an advanced price to the small farmer, who labours for himself, lives economically, and, if sober and industrious, is sure to get on. Wheat is the only crop for which, at some price or other, there is a sure market in this district: it is now very cheap, only being 3s. per bushel, but the average price is a dollar. The wheat crop nas not been "firstrate" in the western part of Canada this year; indeed, the farmers say, not an average; but the immense produce of Ohio, Illinois, and Michigan, which is now admitted duty free, keeps down the price. A single man who has been accustomed to the comforts and luxuries of a gentlemanly life at home, and expects to live comfortably to the same standard here, ought to have 1007. a year, besides what he sinks in his farm. With smaller means he ought certainly not to buy land at first, but should stay for a year or two at a farmer's, in order to see his way. In this neighbourhood he could get board and lodging, with two rooms for his sole use, and his meals at his own hours, for two dollars per week (about 217. per annum), and a farmer would keep a horse for him at a dollar a week; and you may imagine from this how cheap provisions and forage must be. In order to get experience in Canadian farming (a very different sort of thing from British), he might rent land from year to year at 2 dollars per acre in this neighbourhood, this now becoming not uncommon. I was surprised to find this practice (of renting land) by no means uncommon in the United States, though, of course checked both by the habits of the people, and the facility of acquiring the fee-simple of new land; nor is it likely to become very extended or influential from the effect of the American law of inheritance. The contracting parties usually go shares" in the crop, instead of agreeing upon a fixed money rent, the former seems certainly, at first sight, the more natural and equitable plan, as making the owner of the land bear the uncertainty to which its productiveness is liable, but presents great difficulties in practice, as it is nearly impossible to obtain a bona fide valuation of the produce, and a correct average of the market price each year, both of which are necessary to its operation. It is pretty nearly the metayer system of France, except that the tenant provides capital as well as labour (but the rent is as yet generally low in proportion to the produce, from the prejudice that exists against the tenure); and thus, without tying himself down, he might see whether he could make farming pay, and, perhaps, save some money to add to his capital, before he became a purchaser. It would not be a bad plan even for a man who bought land to place himself thus, "en pension" at first, while a bachelor, for he would certainly save money by doing so, besides avoiding the trouble of housekeeping; all, however, are anxious to have houses of their own when they come out, and from their inexperience suffer accordingly.-Godley's Letters from America.

66

A CANADIAN WAGON, dear settling reader, in Canada, is not a great lumbering wooden edifice upon four wheels, whose broad circumferences occupy about four feet of the road, and contain some ton or two of iron, as our dear Kentish hop-wagons are wont to show in the Borough of Southwark, or, throughout lordly London, those carrying coals. No; it is a long box, painted green or red, a perfect parallelogram, with two seats in it, composed of single boards, and occasionally the luxury of an open-work back to lean against; which boards are fastened to an ash frame on each side, thus affording an apology for a spring seat. This is the body; the soul, or carriage, by which said body is moved, consists of four narrow wheels, the fore pair traversing by a primitive pin under the body, the hind pair attached to the vehicle itself. A pole, or, as it is called, a tongue, projects from the front, and can be easily detached; et voilà tout! The expense is 167. currency, or about 127. sterling, for a first-rate article, with swingle bars, or, as they are always called here, "whipple trees," to attach the traces to. A set of double harness is 6., and two very good horses may be obtained for 301. more, making in all 527. Canada money, or a little more than 401. sterling, for an equipage fit for a gentleman-farmer's all-work, namely, to carry a field or to ride to church and market in. There are two or three other things requisite, and among the foremost a first rate axe. No man should ever travel in Canada without an axe, for you never know, even on the great main roads, when you may want it to remove a fallen tree, or to mend your wagon with. A first-rate axe will cost you, handle and all, 7s. 6d. currency, but then it is a treasure afterwards; whereas a cheap article will soon wear out or break.

EMIGRANT HIRING AT QUEBEC.When an emigrant ship arrives, those who are in want of servants or labourers go down to the wharf, so that a man is often hired within five minutes of his landing. Generally, however, they refuse to stop in the Lower Province, very foolishly, as it often turns out; but Upper Canada is their Eldorado; besides, the climate here is so severe, that they are afraid of it. There are a good many Irish about Montreal and Quebec; but very few go out into the country; indeed, there is not the same demand for them here as in the Upper Province, and the States for the French Canaing class. dian population form (what is there altogether wanting) permanent labour

LINE OF PACKETS TO THE CAPE, ALGOA BAY, AND NATAL.

THE undermentioned First

Class Ships afford the best accommodadation to passengers about to proceed to the above prosperous and healthy Colonies; each ship carries an experienced surgeon; the dietary is on a liberal scale, and everything calculated to promote health and comfort amply provided. The steerage of these vessels are equal to the intermediate of ordinary ships. Families can arrange so as to be entirely to themselves.

The ships and times of sailing are as follows:

JENNY LIND, 350 tons, G. WESTGARTH, Algoa Bay, 1st March.

PARLAND, 481 tons, A. SMITH, Cape and Calcutta, 1st March.

ALVERTON, 409 tons, H. BUCKLAND, Cape and Madras, 1st April.

OCEAN QUEEN, 404 tons, J. SUTHERLAND, Cape and Singapore, 1st May.

For Freight or Passage apply to W. S. LINDSAY, 11, Abchurch Lane, or to W. O. YOUNG, 1, Royal Exchange Buildings.

EMIGRATION TO AUSTRALIA.

ITH a view to enable respect

WITH

able persons, who are ineligible for a free passage, to proceed to the Australian colonies, at the lowest possible cost, it has been arranged to despatch a line of superior First-class Ships of large tonnage, for the especial accommodation of steerage and other passengers, at an exceedingly low rate of passage money. These vessels will be subjected to the inspection of her Majesty's emigration officers, and will be despatched on the appointed days (wind and weather permitting), for which written guarantees will be given:

C. D. Bruce, Esq. Henry Buckle, Esq. W. S. Davidson, Esq, John Hodgson, Esq. John Loch, Esq.

Hon. J. T. Leslie Melville.
Henry Porcher, Esq.
J. H. Ravenshaw, Esq.
G. R. Smith, Esq.
Thomas Tooke, Esq.

Stewart Marjoribanks, Esq. G. S. Thornton, Esq.

The Australian Agricultural Company having at length received from the Crown the title deeds of its grant of a million of acres, situated in the colony of New South Wales proper, and free from all quit rents, imposts, and reservations whatever, the Directors have come to the resolution of throwing open the territory of the Company for sale, in allotments of all sizes, to suit the views of capitalists, with privileges annexed of commonage for sheep and cattle on the Company's waste lands.

The various and great facilities the Company can offer to parties desirous of settling on their lands in Australia are set forth in a Prospectus to be had on application at the Company's office.

The Company has also engaged the services of a gentleman many years employed in the Surveyor General's Department in New South Wales, in which capacity he assisted in the survey of the Company's Lands, and became thoroughly acquainted with their character, and who will attend daily at the Company's Office, No. 12, King's Arms Yard, Moorgate Street, London, between the hours of Ten and Four, in order to afford such further information as parties desirous of availing themselves of the present opportunity of settling on the Company's lands may desire. GEORGE ENGSTROM, Secretary.

MPORTANT TO EMIGRANTS.

HILL, invites the attention of parties cmigrating to the Colonies, &c., to his large and varied STOCK of

GUNS, RIFLES, PISTOLS, &c.,

which he is now selling at very Reduced Prices for Cash, and solicits the favour of a call from all, as he is enabled to meet those with the most limited means, having

Good SINGLE GUNS, with proved Barrels, from 20s. each, and RIFLES, with Patent Breeches, from 25s. each. Gunpowder, Shot, Percussion Caps, &c. &c., at mode

rate prices.

All kinds of Repairs attended to with despatch.
FREDERIC BARNES,

GUN AND PISTOL MANUFACTURER,

3, UNION Row, TOWER HILL, at the bottom of the MINORIES, and facing the Tower.

N.B. The following are absolutely_required by the Commissioners to be taken by each Emigrant, viz.:Steel Table Knife and Fork, Metal Soup Plate, Quart Hook Pot, Drinking Mug or Porringer, and best Metal Table and Tea Spoon, which can be supplied as above, for 2s. 6d. with the Purchaser's name marked on each

These splendid ships have full poops, with first-rate accommodations for cabin passengers, and their 'tween decks being lofty and well ventilated, they afford most desirable opportunities for the accommodation of intermediate and steerage passengers. article. They will be fitted

and provisioned in all respects on a similar plan to the vessels now being despatched by her Majesty's Colonization Commissioners, and the same dietary scale will be

SEVENTH THOUSAND,

competent persons, and carry duly qualified and expe- SIDNEY'S AUSTRALIAN HAND

rienced surgeons.

Other equally fine ships, similarly fitted, &c., will succeed; and sail on the 1st and 15th of each month from London, and the 11th and 25th from Plymouth. Load at the Jetty, London Docks.

For further particulars apply to the undersigned, who are constantly despatching a succession of superior firstclass ships (regular traders) to each of the Australian colonies.

MARSHALL & EDRIDGE, 34, Fenchurch Street, London.

to SETTLE and SUCCEED in AUSTRALIA. By a BUSHMAN. Price One Shilling, free by Post, Eighteen Stamps.

SELECTIONS FROM "OPINIONS OF THE PRESS." "This is one of the most useful and interesting books that has ever been published on emigration. The author has set down his experience in a blunt, straightforward manner; so methodically arranged that a labourer, small or large capitalist, may easily learn whether he wou d like the colony at all; and, if he would, what part and what pursuit to choose. Every detail is given, from selecting a ship and an outfit, down to purchasing a flock

OUTFITS FOR ALL CLASSES.

HE ADVANTAGES of EMIGRATION being materially increased by the comforts of a SUITABLE OUTFIT, E. J. MONNERY and CO., 165, FENCHURCH STREET, CITY, having had many years' experience in that line, feel confidence in calling the attention of all classes to their Outfitting Warehouse, where a large assortment of shirts, clothing, hosiery, &c., &c., is kept ready for immediate use, at unusually low prices. Sea mattresses, bedding, cabin, and camp furniture of every description.-Lists, with prices affixed, forwarded by post.

19.

This little book is written by one who, to much strong natural sense, and a fearlessness in letting out rough truths, adds a personal knowledge of all that he writes about."—Gardener's Chronicle, Sept. 12.

"This is a little book, but an exceedingly smart and intelligent one. The bushman, in short, does not beat about the bush, but is direct in his statements and decisive in his opinions."-Literary Gazette.

"A capital little book, full of practical suggestions, the result of several years' experience in the bush."Economist, Sept. 12.

"We direct attention to this clever little book, as it shows what classes of persons are likely to succeed as emigrants, and the causes of disappointment and failure." -Bell's New Weekly Messenger, Aug. 27.

"The author is no mere theorist, but goes to the root of his subject in a practical truth-telling manner."-Bath Herald, Aug. 26.

"Mr. Sidney is an amusing writer, and at the same time thoroughly a man of business."-The Tablet, Sept. 2. "We have selected this little guide-book from a large heap of similar works now lying before us, for notice, on account at once of its cheapness and of the trustworthiness and solidity of its information. It is the best and most complete work on its subject which we possess; and every intending emigrant to Australia will do wisely by

CAPTAINS, VOYAGERS, and EMI

GRANTS, will find CORDING'S WATERPROOF GARMENTS the best they can purchase, and indispensable to persons about to push their way where exposure to the elements is the order of the day. A waterproof suit adds vastly to comfort, and is a great saving in the end. As imitations that will not stand hot and cold climates are being offered, observe (for security) the name and address, J. C. CORDING, 231, Strand, five doors west of Temple Bar, and 3, Royal Exchange, facing Cornhill.

BOOKS FOR EMIGRANTS. Published under the superintendence of the SOCIETY for the DIFFUSION of USEFUL KNOWLEDGE.

THE FARMER'S SERIES of the

LIBRARY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE consists of six volumes, which comprise a Treasury of Information for every husbandman. The Treatises consist of—

I. THE HORSE; its History, Breeds, and Management. By WILLIAM YOUATT. TO which is appended, a TREATISE on DRAUGHT, by I. K. BRUNEL, Esq. The whole illustrated with numerous cuts. In 8vo, bound in cloth, 6s. 6d.

***A Supplement, extending considerably the Veterinary Practice of this work, with other improvements, has been undertaken by MR. W. C. SPOONER, the eminent Veterinary Surgeon of Southampton. It will be sold separately, to accommodate the very numerous pur. chasers of the original edition of the "Horse."

II. CATTLE; their Breeds, Management, and Diseases. By WILLIAM YOUATT. With beautiful Cuts of the Various Breeds, Anatomical Illustrations, &c. In 8vo, price, in cloth, 88.

III. SHEEP; their Breeds, Management, and Diseases. By WILLIAM YOUATT. Illustrated like the volume on Cattle, together with Microscopical Examinations of the various Wools; to which is appended, the "Mountain Shepherd's Manual." In 8vo, price, in cloth, 8s.

IV. BRITISH HUSBANDRY, exhibiting the Farming Practice in various parts of the United Kingdom. By JOHN FRENCH BURKE, Esq. Illustrated with numerous Cuts. In two Volumes, 8vo, price, complete with Mr. Cuthbert Johnson's Supplement, bound in cloth, 168.

***Since these volumes were published, a very considerable advance has been made in Agriculture; various Manures have been more extensively employed; the Guano of the New World, with several other Fertilizers, have been largely imported; improved Machines have been introduced; the Royal Agricultural Society of England has been established; and Science has been still more intimately and successfully blended with Practice than heretofore. These advances having engaged the attention of the Publisher, he determined to furnish the readers of "British Husbandry" with a condensed account of them, in the form of Supplementary Notes to each volume. This Supplement was readily undertaken by MR. CUTHBERT JOHNSON, and has appeared under the title of " MODERN AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEMENTS." For the convenience of the possessors of the early editions of "British Husbandry," it is sold in a separate form at 38.

V. A

MISCELLANEOUS

VOLUME, entitled "HUSBANDRY, Volume III.," but quite distinct from the others, and comprising the following subjects:

1. REPORTS OF SELECT FARMS in various parts of England, sold separate, in boards, for 3s. 6d.

2. OUTLINES OF FLEMISH HUSBANDRY, by the Rev. W. L. RHAM, separately bound, 1s. 6d.

3. USEFUL AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTING, by Mr. GEORGE SINCLAIR, separately bound, 29. 6d.

4. THE COTTAGER'S MANUAL OF HUSBANDRY, Architecture, Domestic Economy, and Gardening, by J. C. LOUDON, F.L.S., &c., separate, 1s.

5. A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE BEST MODE of MAKING AND REPAIRING ROADS, by CHARLES PENFOLD, Surveyor, a New Edition, enlarged, 18.

The Volume in cloth boards, 8s.

These six volumes bring within the reach of a very large proportion of all persons employed in Agriculture more and better information than can otherwise be procured, except at a prodigiously greater expense. The "Horse" in particular is now the principal manual on the subject; the Volumes on Cattle and on Sheep are quite unequalled for the information as well as the amusement they afford; and the "Husbandry" comprises a mass of knowledge which could not be expected in so condensed a form. It may be interesting to the Public to know that no portion of the " Farmer's Series" was put to press without the careful revision and approbation of the late Earl Spencer, then Lord Althorpe."

The Bushman affords a mass of information, not ouly most valuable to the intending emigrant, but likewise worthy of being taken into consideration by the authorities at the Colonial Office."-Dispatch, Aug. 26. "This will be found a very valuable little book."Nottingham Journal, Sept. 8.

"The question of "How to Settle and Succeed in Australia?" This question, after a perusal of Mr. Sidney's work, founded on a number of years' experience, has been most ably and fairly answered in the most im partial and convincing manner."-Wakefield Journal,

DENT'S IMPROVED WATCHES Sept. 8.

and CLOCKS.-E. J. DENT, Watch and Clock Maker by distinct appointment to the Queen, H. R. H. Prince Albert, and H. I. M. the Emperor of Russia, most respectfully solicits from the public an inspection of his extensive STOCK of WATCHES and CLOCKS, embracing all the late modern improvements, at the most economical charges. Ladies' Gold Watches, with Gold Dials, jewelled in four holes, Eight Guineas. Gentlemen's, with Enamelled Dials, Ten Guineas. Youths' Silver Watches, Four Guineas. Warranted substantial and accurate going Lever Watches, jewelled in four holes, Six Guineas.

E. J. DENT, 82, Strand, 33, Cockspur Street, and 34, Royal Exchange (Clock Tower Arca).

GALILEO. By J. E. Drinkwater Bethune, A. M., in 3 Numbers.-KEPLER. By the same, in 2 Numbers.-SIR ISAAC NEWTON. By Dr. Howard Elphinstone, in 1 Number.-MAHOMET. By John Arthur Roebuck, Esq., M.P., in 1 Number.-CARDINAL WOLSEY. By Mrs. A. E. Thomson, in 1 Number.-SIR EDWARD COKE. By Ed. Plunkett Burke, Esq., in 1 Number.-LORD SOMERS. By David Jardine, Esq., in 1 Number.-WILLIAM CAXTON. By Stephenson, Esq., in 1 Number.-ADAM SMITH. By William Draper, Esq., in 1 Number.-AD. MIRAL BLAKE. By John Gorton, Esq., in 1 Number.NIEBUHR. By Mrs. Austin, in 1 Number.-SIR CHR. WREN. By Henry Bellenden Ker, Esq., in 1 Number.MICHAEL ANGELO. By Thomas Roscoe, Esq., in 3 Numbers.

London: ROBERT BALDWIN, Paternoster Row.

Printed by HENRY DICK WOODFALL, of No. 14, Great Dean's Yard, in the City and Liberties of Westminster, in the County of Middlesex, Printer, at No. 11, Angel Court, Skinner Street, in the Parish of Saint Sepulchre, in the City of London, in the said County. Published by WILLIAM SOMERVILLE ORR, 2, Amen Corner, Thursday, 8th February, 1849. Communications for the EDITORS, and all Advertisements for insertion, to be forwarded to Messrs. WOODFALL and Sox, 11, Angel Court, Skinner Street.