EMIGRANT'S

The Progress of Colonization........ 149
Vancouver's Island..
Texas...

150

..... 150

Another Scheme of Colonization.... 150

Miscellaneous:

Management of Barley intended for Malting in New Zealand-American System of Land-Sales-Sea

Stock for Emigrants, &c......... 151 152

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CHILDREN IN AUSTRALIA.

.......

A COMMENTARY ON THE TOOTING TRAGEDY. THE lamentable affair at Tooting, where an unusual amount of disease and death has brought into prominent notice a not unusual degree of suffering among neglected children, will, perhaps, incline the public to think about plans of a juvenile pauper emigration on which they looked the other day with indifference, if not positive suspicion.

Archdeacon Sinclair, the Chairman of the Kensington Union, was kind enough to communicate, in an early number of this Journal (p. 18), a proposition for establishing farms for pauper children in the colonies. He suggested that in the next Act of Parliament, relating either to pauperism or emigration, a clause should be introduced authorizing the Government to defray the expenses of the sea voyage, and the parishes to defray the expenses of the journey to the outports, and the outfit of pauper children eleven years of age and upwards, for the purpose of placing them in any colony where provision had been made for establishing industrial schools, in which they might receive a training suitable for colonial servants, as well as education and religious instruction. The Archdeacon enumerated, amongst other arguments, the superior advantages that would be afforded to the children in health, food, and industrial education;-to the country, in being relieved of those who (born and bred in a workhouse, and to a workhouse returning periodically as to their natural home) too often form a class apart from the honest workman ;-to the colonies, in a constant stream of trained, educated, and religious servants.

With respect to the financial part of the question, the children cost the London parishes for Tooting fare 117. 14s. a year. For 147. to 157. a head, paid once in passage-money and outfit to Australia, the parishes might be relieved of them for ever. New Zealand is not yet prepared to receive and employ any considerable number of emigrants; but if the incubus of the New Zealand Company could be got rid of in a few years, the Middle Island would afford great facilities for such an institution. There is also reason to believe that a good opening might be found at the Cape.

In New South Wales, and the Port Philip district, and South Australia, such institutions might easily be rendered perfectly self-supporting.

The first step would be to obtain, for the white pauper children, the same concessions in land and money that were formerly granted to the missionaries for the conversion of the native blacks (without the return of a single convert for many years' labour, and many thousand pounds' expense); that is to say, a free grant or lease of a run, and the cost of the necessary buildings. The run ought to be selected on a river, at a considerable distance from any town, including land fit for arable and grain culture of some kind, if not of wheat, and, if possible, near a port or navigable stream. The first step would be to erect, at the distance of a few miles, two barracks of wood, one for the boys, and the other for the girls; the cost would be, for a large number of persons, about 17. a head. A large dairy, stock-yards, and a couple of paddocks fenced in. The greater part of the fencing might be deferred until the boys arrived. The establishment, for the boys' department, should consist of a director, who, if of suitable mental and personal character, had better be a clergyman, with his wife; a schoolmaster and mistress; an overseer of colonial experience, with his wife; a carpenter, blacksmith, and ploughman; a vine dresser, and gardener, according as the situation was more suitable for wheat or vines.

The institution would not be put to any expense for live stock, beyond a few stock horses, at 57. a head, and some pigs, as it would be part of the plan to undertake to feed on the run of 16,000 acres cattle, sheep, and horses on the usual colonial terms: that is to

PRICE 2D. STAMPED 3D.

say, the Institution would receive half the increase of sheep and cattle, for feeding and looking after them. It would be necessary to start with a few wethers and bullocks, for fresh meat for the first year. Plenty of colonists who are now obliged to entrust their flocks and herds on the above terms to very doubtful characters would be delighted to place them in the hands of a trustworthy institution. The children would shepherd the flocks, both boys and girls, and the boys would in turn help in riding after cattle, as the Bushman observes in the "Hand Book."

"Children are as valuable in this colony as in all thinly-peopled grazing countries. They learn to ride as soon as they can toddle. I have known two little fellows, under ten years of age, sons of a settler, lamb down a flock of 1000 ewes. In another instance, on the Buckinbar, near the Macquarrie river, a boy twelve years old, with his father, used to manage a large herd of cattle, galloping, stopping, and turning a bullock as well as any stockman."

Enough ground should be put under plough, hoe or spade cultivation to grow wheat, barley, oaten hay, potatoes, pumpkins, melons, onions, and other vegetables for the whole establishment. If the climate did not suit wheat and potatoes, yams and Indian corn would answer quite as well. The great expense of vine, olive, and raisin, and tobacco culture, in Australia, lies in the labour. Labour would be plentiful in the Institution, and these profitable crops could all be grown. All the furniture in tables, benches, bedsteads, and all the wooden tools, such as ploughs and harrows, ought to be made on the premises, as well as shoes and clothes, where it was not cheaper to buy slops. In some instances the leather could be tanned from the hides of the stock killed on the station.

With respect to the girls, a very large dairy establishment should be kept up. The cows ought to be had from Mr. Lawson's, or some other quiet breeds, and a large number milked. Milking is man's work in Australia. The girls should be employed in making cheese, salting down butter, on the Irish plan, for sea use, curing bacon fed on the skim milk, looking after the pigs that make the bacon, and the poultry of all kinds. Add to these employments sewing, washing, plaiting straw hats, perhaps spinning the coarse refuse wool for colonial tweeds, and light gardening operations; as, for instance, among the vines. In a word, the girls' department should be a training school for colonial wives.

The barracks ought to be very plainly furnished, clean, but not any better than the best kind of colonial farmers' huts-no unnecessary expenses or English notions-perhaps hammocks would answer best for the boys' beds. At any rate, in all possible cases, everything used on the establishment should be made on the establishment, both for economy and to fit the inmates for useful settlers.

The climate would assist economy in clothing. A blue shirt and trousers, and a straw hat or a cap, would be enough for the boys. Gentlemen squatters often wear no shoes or stockings in the hut, but that is a matter to be decided by the local governor.

It is presumed that, after the first year, all flower or meal, all the vegetables, all the fresh and salt meat eaten on the premises, would be grown there; that a considerable and annually increasing surplus of saleable articles would be produced; that a large extent of ground in the flats and other situations suitable for cultivation would be reclaimed; that a considerable extent would be fenced in; that one or more vineyards would have been planted; and that the wool of the establishment, from the ample supply of shepherds, would have been turned out in a first-rate state, as far as care could make it; that a band of lads would be trained up as shepherds, stockmen, blacksmiths, wheelwrights, shoemakers, splitters and fencers, &c.; that the girls would be growing up as first-rate colonial housewives-farmers' wives.

The educational, moral, and religious training these children would receive need not be inferior to what they now obtain in this country.

The servants and instructor, such as the schoolmaster, overseer, and blacksmith, might, for economy, be paid partly in money and partly in rights of pasturage and labour from their pupils. There would be no fear, in a country where food is cheap and hard taskmasters unknown, of these children being either underfed or overworked. At the same time, a system of inspection by the clergy, crown commissioners, and other competent persons, would be requisite. Some profit might be derived from receiving, at a fee, or

estimates the emigration from New England alone between 1790 and 1840 at 1,302,908, besides great numbers who have gone from the other States.

Many of these persons have not only carried capital with them, but have introduced the laws and institutions of the old States, and by their energy and intelligence have established a controlling influence over the whole western region. Every settlement opens a demand for increasing emigration. Those people who go there call for their friends to follow them, and in time all the improvements of the old States, railroads, canals, &c., are introduced. The facility with which the public lands of America are purchased, and a title obtained, is the great element of growth in the West. Lands are sold at the rate of a dollar and a quarter an acre. For that price the choice lands in the West are to be had, that is to say, all Government lands are sold at that uniform price, five shillings sterling per acre. The title is obtained direct from the Government of the United States, without expense or trouble. An emigrant goes into the country and examines the land. Havand takes out a warrant for the quantity of land he wishes, deposits his money, and soon after receives a patent from Washington for the quantity of land which he wishes to take, which is registered in the county. And the re-sale of the land is effected by the simple deed, signed by the party purchasing, and his wife, if he has one. The transfer is registered in the county where the land is situated, the expense not exceeding a few dollars.

With respect to the mode of commencing operations, we would suggest that the funds, for the first experiment, be raised by an arrangement among all those London parishes that were in the habit of sending children to such establishments as Mr. Drouet's. One head office in the colony would be sufficient for all, and one head office in London. Ten thousand pounds would be sufficient to found two institutions on a large scale, including sending out five or six hundred children. Captain Maconochie could render some valuable services in details as to apportioning labour and the mark system. The rules of the establishment at Mettray, in France, for reforming and employing in agriculture juvenile criminals, might, with some variations, be adopted. There is an excellent description of Mettray in the Rev. M. Musgrave's "Parson, Pen, and Pencil."

Want of space prevents us from saying more at present; but we hope this sketch of a practical scheme of emigration and colonization will elicit some communications from the rural clergy and the guardians of Poor Law Unions. We are no friends to the new plan of turning Australia into England's poor-house, and supplying squatters with pauper, instead of convict labour; but workhouse children are helpless and destitute, without the drawback which cankers adult pauperism. We will only add, that it is not a fanciful scheme, but that all the details have been sug gested and worked out by the well-experienced “Bushman" of the Australian Hand Book.

FACTS ABOUT THE UNITED STATES*.
(Concluded from page 138.)

There are four foreign philanthropic associations in New York, established for the purpose of giving emigrants advice and information. The St. George's for English, the St. Andrew's for Scotch, the St. Patrick's for Irish, and the German Society.

The emigration from Ireland appears, by returns, to be threefifths males; they are, to a great extent, employed on our public works, canals, and railroads in New England, New York, in Pennsylvania, and in many instances in the far west, even in Indiana and Illinois. In 1847 the wages were unusually high, a dollar a day; they are since from seventy-five cents to eighty-five cents a day (2s. 6d. to 3s. 6d.). The demand for labour was so great during that year that all the able-bodied male emigrants who arrived found employment. And, although the commission of emigration commenced its operations in May, there was no instance of applications from able-bodied men for admission to the institution until the winter time set in, which greatly diminished out-door employment; and at no time were there chargeable to the commissioners more than 300 able-bodied men, out of an emigration of 50,000 Irish and 160,000 of all nations.

When the spring opened, in February, the demand for labour on the railways revived, and all the able-bodied men in the institution went to work.

There are occasional strikes for wages, and disturbances, but their labour is invaluable to us; we could not carry on our public

works without them.

It is impossible to say what effect the completion of the railways and other works in progress will have on the demand for labour, as of late the demand has been so great for railway, canal, and mining operations. By the cessation of them a serious check would be given to emigration. But of this there is no apparent probability. In the Western States, wherever railways are finished, an additional amount of labour is required for the cultivation of the land. In the Atlantic States railways have not materially increased the demand for agricultural labour.

The superior fertility and cheapness of lands in the Western States attracts to them nearly all emigrants who intend to purchase

lands.

This simple mode of acquiring a title, the cheap price, and the fertile quality of the land, and the facility of transportation to the sea coast, are the great incentives to emigration to our new States.

After land passes into the hands of individuals, it becomes subject to a road-tax and State-tax, which is a great obstacle to speculation in wild lands, and an inducement to individuals to make them productive as soon as possible.

labourers in the west, from their savings, to purchase lands, and It is quite in the common course of events for the agricultural The capital required can be saved become independent farmers. in a few years. Houses being built of logs, which are cut on the spot, their lands are immediately productive, and soon enable them to command the comforts and necessaries of life, and consequently to become consumers of the manufactures of the Eastern States, as well as articles of foreign production.

The amount paid for the passage of emigrants goes far towards paying the expenses of the voyage of ships from America to Europe the United States in 1847 at 5,000,000 dollars. and back. I estimate the amount of freight paid by emigrants to The freights of cotton and provisions would be very greatly increased but for the proportion of the expense of the voyage borne by emigration. That is the result of my experience as a merchant and shipowner. Freights never were so low as this year. Ships could not come here at these freights except for the large amount they receive for passage back. Special laws have been passed for the protection of emigrants.

I conceive emigration to be an inestimable benefit—a benefit, first, in its effect on foreign and internal commerce, and a benefit in capital which it brings of money and of labour. If the value of labour was to be estimated by the cost of slave labour, millions could not estimate its worth to America. The people, too, who emigrate imbibe the spirit of the country. The Irish, who are said States. I have scarcely ever known an able-bodied Irishman unto be unwilling to work at home, are industrious in the United willing to work. I can speak with great confidence with regard to their indefatigable industry and willingness to work, and that they do not seek assistance when they can obtain labour.

I have the figures as far back as 1820. From 1820 to 1825, the emigration was 53,536; from 1825 to 1830, 150,442; from 1830 to 1835, 364,753; from 1835 to 1840, 504,342; from 1840 to 1845,

655,188.

Boston about thirty-two per cent. were foreigners; of the city of By our census of 1840, it appeared that of the population of New York about one-third; and of the state of New York about one-eighth. Of the whole emigration, it is estimated that about Of the emigration from Great four-fifths go to the free States Britain, it is found that about ninety per cent. go to the Free States. Canada passes into the United States. The British law which It is supposed that about sixty per cent. of the emigration into allowed children to be taken without counting them in the estimate of the proportion of persons per ton, caused the rate of passage for families with children to be much cheaper to Canada than to the take that route to the States. United States, and consequently large numbers were induced to

There is a great tide constantly setting towards the Western States, not only of foreigners, but also of persons of every class, from the older settlements on the sea-board. Mr. Chickering

indeed, to wish for any change whatever.-Godley.

LETTERS FROM ABROAD.

FROM A SHOEMAKER AND SHOEBINDER.

Cincinnati, U. S., January 2, 1849.

from 50 to 200 acres.

Many emigrants of this class have been led into loss

DEAR AUNT AND UNCLE,-I hope this will find you in good health, as it leaves us all at present, thank God for it; only that Mary's eyes are very bad again these two months past. I received your letter, and I am sorry to hear things are so bad with you. I have better news for you now than when I last wrote. Tim and I are once more together. Directly he received my letter, he sent me 53 dollars to bring me to this place, which was in three weeks after I arrived in New York. It was his intention, when he had 80 dollars made up, to send it to me to England, which would have been in about a week after he heard from me. He was very much surprised when he did, as he thought I had none of the money that he last sent me. He mistook the letter that I sent him requesting more money. Altogether, trade has been very good here. Tim has 21 dollars for making boots, that is 98. 44d. English money; there is 4s. 2d. to the dollar. I have dollar for binding men's boots, with a vamp straight across. The making here is as particular as in London, the stitch must be shown on the welt. He sometimes has to close the legs; he then gets three dollars for making and closing. Wages are higher in other places, but they are not considered so healthy as this. The climate of this place is said to be more like England than any other part of America, but the weather is much clearer and brighter here than in London at this season of the year, and daylight is longer; we have clear day at half past six o'clock in the morning, till past five in the evening. This city is in the state of Ohio, being situated on the side of the river Ohio; it is 1000 miles from New York. On the other side of the river, opposite us, is the state of Kentucky, a great place for slaves; they can come to the river side, but no farther, without a pass. The river Ohio is about half as wide as the Thames. Provisions are very cheap here: the best beef in the market is 5 cents per pound, that is 24d.; the mutton is sold by the joint, not by weight. We can get a leg of mutton from 5 to 6 pounds for 15 cents, 74d.; the best butter 15 cents per pound, best cheese 10 cents, and a goose for 25 cents. I am told in the summer they are all much cheaper. To buy flour by retail, there is 11 pounds for 25 cents, 1s. 04d. Tea and sugar are much the same as in New York. Rent and firing are the dearest things here in housekeeping. Wood is what is mostly burnt here, it costs about dollar per week for it. Every one here has their own store, which stands out in the room; we have one for which we paid 10 dollars, with every convenience along with it for cooking; there can be four pots on at one time, besides an oven that will hold two dishes. I bake our own bread sometimes. I only wish you were both here, there is plenty for every one; there are no pawn shops or beggars, but there are plenty in New York. I am sorry to hear that my uncle Weldon was going to lose his situation, it is what we did not expect. When you write again, let me know how they are getting on; also, if you hear of my mother. I have wrote to Mrs. Mousir and Mrs. Swan a fortnight ago. I would wish for you to enquire if they have received the letter. If you see Tim's mother or sisters, give our love to them; also to Sarah Donovan. Give our respects to John Donovan and family. Give my respects to Mr. and Mrs. Leach, and to all enquiring friends. I would write oftener, but I know the expense is too much for you. I wish I could pay the whole of it here. I should be glad to hear from you as soon as you conveniently can. know how you are getting your health; also how my uncle's eyes are getting on. Mary sends her love to her uncle and to you. Tim sends his love and respects to you both. No more at present, but I remain, your affectionate niece, MARGARET DONOVAN.

the way.

Let me

P.S.-We live in 7 street, Western Row, the houses are not numbered in this city. When you write, direct for Timothy Donovan, P. O., Cincinnati, Ohio, America. We shall be sure to get it. It took me 5 days and nights to come here by rail and steam the whole of I first took the steamer from New York to Albany, then rail to Buffalo; I then took the steamer to cross the lake Erie for Zandusky, which divides British America and the United States, where the last battle was fought with the Americans and English. I was out of sight of land in some parts; it takes 7 or 8 days to cross it from Zandusky. I came by rail to Cincinnati; it cost 15 dollars for myself, half price for the children. I could get for 8 dollars by canal, but it takes three weeks to come that way. When Tim wrote to me he encouraged M'Carthy to come, knowing it to be a better place than New York. I offered to pay his passage, but he would not come. Sharp and Tim worked shopmates here; they both met me when I arrived at the railway terminus. Sharp left this place after for St. Louis, which is 700 miles from here. I like this place very well, but I would sooner be in London, if we could get as good a living there; as for Tim, he says he will never return. I asked Mary what I should say to her uncle about her. She told me to tell him she would go to him.

FROM A GENTLEMAN.

Hamilton, Canada West, Dec. 11th, 1848. SIR,--Having lived in England thirty years, and for half that period in London, and having been now a resident in Western Canada for fourteen years, during which period I have travelled through the greater part of it, and been engaged in a profession which has brought me in contact with all classes of the people, I think I may be competent to form some idea of the comparative advantages which it offers to certain portions of the population of the mother country.

The class of labourers which Canada wants at present is the English, Scotch, and north of Ireland well-skilled farm servant, who can easily adapt himself to the slight modifications which are required to suit the country and climate. Such men will at once get employment at from 201. to 251. per annum, with board and lodging, and, in a few years, may save sufficient to settle on 50 or 100 acres of land. If a married man, his employer will give him board wages,on condition of his taking it out in farm produce, at the market prices. If he has children, boys from twelve to fifteen years of age will get from 10s. to 208. per month and board, and girls nearly the same. Canada will be able to receive a reasonable number of Irish pauper emigrants whenever the home Government will lend her (on good security) enough money to enable her to construct a line of railroad from Montreal to Sandwich, through the heart of the cultivated and well-settled part of Western Canada.

The next class in the ascending scale of society to which Canada offers a desirable home is that of the small farmer, by which I mean those cultivating

Canada also requires settlers possessing a moderate capital. Thousands there are of such persons who have taken up their abode on the Continent of Europe, to the great detriment of the religious principles and British character of themselves and families, and who, now that continental revolutions have driven them home again, would find here all the advantages of cheap living which they there obtained. On the whole, any one may live as comfortable here on 3007. per annum as on 500l. in England. Six per cent. is the current interest on good landed security. The greatest advantage, however, of the whole, is the ease with which sons can be established in life, with a moderate sum. Professional education can be obtained at much less expense than in the mother country; a young man of intelligence and industry can be established in commercial pursuits, with a prospect of ultimate independence, with a capital which there would be quite inadequate. Daughters need no fortunes so far as matrimonial prospects are concerned. Farms are not desirable investments for parties who do not intend to live on them; it is town property, in such places as Toronto, Hamilton, Coburg, St. Catherine, &c., in Western Canada, where such money can be most advantageously invested. (From the Britannia.) ANGLO-CANADIAN.

FROM A FARMER and Landowner at "COMPENSATION," FORMERLY CALLED "INZIKINZIKI."

Port Natal, South Africa, Oct. 25th, 1848.

I NEED not assure you that the contents of your last letter were very gratifying, for we want nothing here but inhabitants. Some of the gentlemen who lately arrived seem however not to be satisfied, which arises from their having expected to get the best cotton lands for 28. an acre, instead of which, the government upset price is from 4s. to 5s. an acre, and they have not much fine clear cotton land for sale, the greatest part being in the hands of private parties, who ask and get much higher prices. 600 acres of a farm were lately sold at 10s. an acre, and there is no constant supply of water on the lot, which is, of course, a great drawback. Another reason why these gentlemen are dissatisfied with Natal, arises, as I hear, from the fact that they have not seen the finest part of the colony. It is strange, but true, that, of all the numerous visitors from the Cape, no one sees more of the country than the road from Petermaritzberg to the Bay; and even in Petermaritzberg there are not ten people who have ever been five miles on this side of the Bay, where the land is still more valuable than in any other part of the colony. Should you therefore hear of any unfavourable reports, you will be able to furnish the reasons named above.

of it at Manchester. He ought, however, to have added, that the best land Dr. Blain has seen much of the colony, and gave a pretty correct account is between Umgine and Tugela, along the coasts, at least for cotton; and I still think that this article and sugar will be chiefly produced at Natal. We injured the crops, but a greater reason of partial failure is the manner in have had two uncommonly stormy and rainy winters, and they have greatly which most of the cotton was planted; persons being in such a terrible hurry that they planted the seed in unploughed land. I have now commenced planting cotton on this farm, but I chiefly sow beans and peas, for which there is a great demand, and I also raise potatoes, which are very saleable. If I find cotton answer in this locality, I shall cultivate it to a large extent. I have, however, more faith in sugar, and intend shortly to commence planting it. At my former farm it grows splendidly.

I have sold 128 acres of "Compensation" farm, and the purchaser is living on his land. Adjoining these 128 acres, there are 400 acres which can be

nicely divided into four farms, each having water, wood, and fine land for cultivation. I shall get a dwelling built on each. I think thirty feet long, by twelve or fourteen feet wide, containing a hall and two rooms, will be sufficient for the present. The kitchen we have here invariably in a separate building. There will thus be a dwelling, with 100 acres of freehold land, one acre of which will be ready for a kitchen garden. I could divide almost this whole farm (5873 acres) into such allotments; but on some of them wood for burning would be scarce. Good water is procured from wells five or six feet deep, all over the farm; and you will observe, when I send you the plan, that there are a good many small streams on it, some of which are constantly running, others stagnate in very dry seasons. I intend to lead out one of the former, so as to have a good extent of land under irrigation. This will be a heavy piece of work, as I have to make a watercourse 4000 yards in length.

I have another farm, "Badenhorst Kraal," most admirably situated along the old line of road from the Bay to Petermaritzberg, just half way between the two places; and, as it is a very good corn and cattle farm, I shall probably make it my dwelling-place eventually. There is an abundance of running water on it. It was inhabited for five or six years by several families of farmers, who raised good wheat, and whose cattle thrived admirably. Sheep also did pretty well, although proper care was not taken of them.

I consider it now as good as certain that we shall enjoy a lasting peace in this colony, especially if many emigrants arrive. An agricultural society has been formed, of which I have been made the president. I think that this society will be of great use to emigrants. At present we are collecting a number of books. I propose to give a 501. prize next year (1849) for the best sample of cotton, and to have a show of other produce.

EDMUND MOREWOOD.

EMIGRANTS' QUESTIONS.

Inquiries of any importance are expected to be verified by name and address, not for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. Communications for the Editors must be addressed " Care of MESSRS. G. WOODFALL AND SON, Angel Court, Skinner Street, London."

We thank friends in Ireland, Bedfordshire, London, Manchester, and other places, who have sent us Emigrants' Letters.

Childe Harold, a minor, writes a letter in a handwriting that does credit to Scotland, and proves himself much too good for a shepherd. Wages in Australia must be falling by this time; but he can look at a letter in this day's Journal. He says, My present salary is 50l. a year, my whole capital 201., some 150 volumes, a stout heart, a strong arm, and a little education. I am able to work, and willing to work, four, five, or even six years, if at the end of that period there was a prospect of raising myself to independence. Is there no situation better than a shepherd's to which perseverance and sobriety might attain, and in the obtaining which a little writing and arithmetic would have an advantage? Calculating a shepherd's wages at 251., and deducting 10l. per annum for clothes, &c., at the end of five years he would be worth 751.-not a large sum for five years' labour, and any young unmarried man might do the same thing here; but, letting that go, is there nothing to which that 757. could be advantageously applied? or must one continue a bushman for ever, stuffing his money as he gets it into some corner of his dwelling, and living in the expectation of being murdered for the sake of plunder? With all my love of roaming, I have some doubts of the wisdom of leaving home and friends and all civilized society to pass my life in the wilderness, unless I were independent. To be sure, I would be free from all the cark and care which now press upon me; that is, if a shepherd's be not a more difficult occupation than I take it to be. In truth I am in a dilemma, and would feel grateful to you for any advice. I may mention an acquaintance, a shopman, who would go along with me if I were to go. Would there be any chance of us two getting employment together? I have likewise a female acquaintance, one accustomed to work, though unfit for farm labour: if she was accompanying me, could she readily obtain a situa tion in Sydney for awhile till I was settled, or would it be preferable for her to go to the interior along with me? One other question, and I have done. What is the amount of steerage passage home?" [Childe Harold had better learn some useful handicraft trade here before emigrating; as, for instance, blacksmith, boat-builder, carpenter, shoemaker, and then his chances and wages will be better: he evidently has sense enough to see that a shepherd would not do.]

T. B., Southampton.-For remarks on climate, see an article in the last and present Journal. In the Bahamas land may be had in almost any sized lots; but we do not know enough about them to recommend them. Natal might suit T. B., as he likes hot weather. We are assured by parties who look well and rosy, and have lived there, that it is perfectly healthy, although within the tropics. T. B. is mistaken in imagining that the funds from the sale of crown land go to the support of officials; they are, with trifling exceptions, devoted, when they arise, to emigration and local improvements. We do not attribute the persistence of the Colonial Office in their fallacious land-sale system to anything worse than original ignorance and official obstinacy; change creates trouble. The Colonial Office is alway striving to do the retail when it should stick to the wholesale department, meddling with little matters it cannot understand. For instance, the Dutch boers found Natal a wilderness; they began with 9000 souls, and countless herds, to make it what Canaan was when the Israelites entered on it, and were disturbed by attempts from Downing Street to settle whether Peter Rootz or Andrew Clootz should have a few thousand acres more or less instead of leaving it to the resident governor and surveyor to settle. But we can assure T. B. that the emigrating classes have worse enemies than the Colonial Office, which is very squeezable, and only requires an organized demonstration from the masses to substitute common sense for Wakefieldite nonsense. We must not forget that it was the great enemies of the Colonial Office-Roebuck, Warburton, Molesworth, Grote, Gibbon Wakefield, and other radical, almost republican, politicians, to whom we owe the high-priced land system in the Colonies and the "capital and labour" fallacy. These theorists did not intend the jobbing. We were content with the glory, and left the bones to their sachals. But we assert, and can prove, that no tory government ever practised more corruption or more oppression than has been practised by the companies which have sprung from Mr. Gibbon Wakefield's prolific brain. Read the last passages of Earl's "Tropical Australia." So do not let us cheat ourselves with words, but set about beating down the Colonial land monopoly wherever we find it.

N. M., Redruth.-An intending emigrant to a town in South Australia is right. Such articles as will be necessary again, say crockery, kitchen utensils, knives and forks, dinner and tea sets, glass, fire-irons, and can be easily packed away, might be advantageously taken; for all these could not be sold here to be replaced in Australia but at a great loss. We recommend plated in preference to plate, for the towns of Australia. Books should be taken. As to prices paid by miners for goods, there are such variations by each ship, we should be only leading astray by quoting prices five months old.

M. P.-As a matter of common sense, we should say return to Canada, and help to make a little peaceful agitation for a railroad loan guarantee from England while cultivating your land; but, if you decide not, we could probably find a purchaser for your 200 acres, if cleared. About surveyors in Australia, there is a great uncertainty, and hopes only for those with good interest. Some good appointments have been made, but surveyors and engineers are swarming out there. Letters from Canada oblige; for sort of letters see our columns. Auctioneer of stock in Australia requires capital. G. B.-A coach-builder, can only apply to the Colonization Commissioners, Park Street, Westminster.

D. E. F.—A farmer's son, 18, would have 207. on landing in Australia.You cannot be a stockman without having had some experience in the colony, so as to become what is called a good Bushman; that is, know how to find your way about. You will probably get employed by some of the gentlemen settlers on their homesteads, if you have paid attention to your father's business.

W. H.-A coach and cart maker will find employment either in Sydney or Adelaide; perhaps, at present, the latter is the best place for a sober man. I. M., Joint Stock Cattle. Since establishing this Journal, we have been obliged to decline personal interviews, unless on very important and specific points, stated in writing.

D. R. J. says, "I see by your correspondence many gentlemen who cannot labour for themselves: do you think our labour would be equal to their money?" and he thus describes himself:

GENTLEMEN,-I have been in business many years as a general dealer, but, like many others, I find things getting so bad that I am money out of pocket for the last three years, although myself and family work hard and have no superfluities. This state of things will never do, and there must be some alteration. I am 40 years of age, rather asthmatic, otherwise very active and hearty; my wife 36, well and able to work; 9 children, 6 boys, aged 21, 16, 12, 8, 44, 24; 3 girls, 19, 15, 91, all strong lads and lasses. I have also an uncle, 50, a strong healthy old man, understands farming and stock, having been an agriculturist all his life in Somerset. I have been a sailor in my younger days, and, as most sailors, can turn my hand to anything, nothing comes amiss. I have done for the last 15 years all the carpentering, bricklaying, plastering, painting, glazing, &c., to 2 houses which I have. I also make all the boots and shoes for the family; can make a pail, or put a new head or stave into a cask, steer a ship, reef a topsail, sail a boat in any weather, if a good one (having been a boatman at the Cape two years). I don't want showing twice how to do a thing; in fact there is little but what I can make a good fist of. My eldest son understands the breeding and management of horses (I mean superior horses). I should think there is no better judge of a horse; can shoe and doctor a horse with any ordinary man; a good coachman, groom, and jockey, very industrious and willing to turn his hand to anything. In fact, all my family are brought up to work, as I make them sign their hands to it when they are 7 years old. I have been thinking of going to Nelson or Wellington, taking a 5 ton sailing boat with me; when there, endeavour to get a piece of land up a river, and, taking backwards and forwards passengers and goods to the town, do you think this would answer? When I first arrived, I thought of sending 4 of my eldest out to service for a time, and, if I could get a little land, to set Uncle Sam to cultivate it. We could soon knock up a house where there is plenty of timber (by the by, instead of burning the wood, I could take it to town in my boat and sell it). I could land at Nelson or Wellington with about 2001. in my pocket, with a good stock of tools of every description, which I have by me, and plenty of clothes for all hands. I know a little of New Zealand, having been there some years ago in a whaler.

[Our Correspondent is, we presume, an Irishman, as he does not say how or where our capitalists are to find him. As for himself, if well placed he needs no capitalist. The New Zealand plan, a late settler tells us, will not work. The rivers are not navigable, and seas not safe for open boats, in consequence of tremendous shifting gales. He would do well anywhere; in Canada firstrate; small cleared farm, store, &c., in the St. Clair, district, for instance. But if, in consequence of asthma, he prefers Australia, then he can make a good bargain for a small lot of land, 100 acres, on credit at 5l. a year, from the Australian Agricultural Company, and purchase when he pleases, on a river where his boat plan will answer, and all the services of his family come in. Port Stephen close at hand-good wages for his sons, if they have not enough to do at home.]

M. G.-This young lady, whose sensible letter has given us much pleasure, shall have a full answer in our next.

Philanthropos.-We will return to these next week.

G. R., and another Enquirer, New Zealand.-New Zealand is a very fine country; distinguish always between New Zealand and the New Zealand Company, the grand incubus upon healthy colonization. It will not pay G. R. to buy a yard of land if he means stock-feeding. Several late residents in New Zealand are waiting to see how prices turn out before they embark in stock. Agriculture pays only those who work with their own hands, with sons; very well, so does gardening; but not all with hired labour. The story about 108. a week from cows is a piece out of an old New Zealand almanac. Butter once sold 6s. a pound, and the New Zealand Companies' publications republish these sort of deceptive facts without dates. If you grow much wheat, you would be puzzled first to reap, and then to sell it. The natives are selling it at Wellington at 28. a bushel by barter. All the agriculturists with any means are backing out of agriculture. The thriving men are labouring men. You will see by accounts from Otago that cattle have died from the plant you refer to, but acclimatized stock is to be had. At Nelson you may buy a house and improvements cheap enough for cash, for much less money than you could make the improvements. At the same time, the suburban lots are thirty miles from the town, and the rural lands where the cattle runs are a hundred miles, requiring four days' journey on horseback over a very bad road. Note how the New Zealand Company carried out their own theory of concentration. At Otago the whole settlement is an experiment, but there is the land at hand. We should say, with 15007., take a letter of credit, go and spy the land, look in at Wellington, at Nelson, at Sydney, at Port Philip; you would find the cost of voyage well spent, and decide six months after you arrive. We have in type "The Truth about New Zealand," prepared by two late settlers, one a practical farmer, commenting on the as yet uncontradicted fallacies of the organs of the chartered libertines in land-jobbing, &c. The two great wants of New Zealand are a staple and a market. The climate is admirable, and some of the land excellent. Unfortunately, as we shall shortly prove, it is not possible to believe a single word published by the agents of the Company. One instance, as an example. In the New Zealand guides, a long list of exports are given, as copper ore, manganese, flax, dyewoods, timber, furniture; while, in fact, beyond a solitary sample, none of these things are exported, as the customs list proves, the only present exports are pigs, lard, and potatoes, chiefly native grown. Of late, a little barley has been sent to Sydney in return cargoes and vessels bringing stock. New Zealand will probably some day be the granary of the South Seas, but not until the Company, once more insolvent, has resigned its mismanaged trust to the nation.

Enquirer, Bangor, N. Wales.-The majority of railways in America are constructed on a very cheap principle. Tunnelling is almost unknown, bridges and viaducts of wood, gradients very heavy, curves very sharp, rails very light, pace very moderate. For list of lines in construction, see an early number of this Journal. We expect to see a railway from Missouri to California if the gold holds out.

J. F. will find a fair account of the Cape in No. 17, and an important letter on Natal in this Journal. In both colonies, which are quite distinct, he will buy more advantageously from settlers than from Government. He does not say what his previous pursuits, and those of his sons have been, which is a very important consideration. With such a family, 7 daughters and 3 sons, the step is important; and if he will send us further particulars, attending to our standing requisition at the head of this column, he shall