FINANCE-DEFENCE-PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRY 929 The credit balance being on June 30, 1890, 883,8427. The revenue is derived from land sales, quit-rents, customs, hut-tax, stamps, transport dues, and principally from licences on the goldfields. The revenue derived from goldfields during the year 1888 amounted to 460,4667., and for the year 1889 to 882,195l.; for the first six months of 1890, 381,1377., showing a falling off against the six months returns of 1889 of 66,1647. The estimates for the complete year 1890 are set down as revenue 1,610,9067., and the expenditure at 1,297,1767. This great improvement in the revenue of the country is attributed to the development of the vast goldfields which have been discovered in almost every part of the republic. These goldfields, as yet only imperfectly worked, already produce surprising results. The public debt on August 8, 1890, was 285,9851. The State lands were valued in 1884 at 400,000l., but may now be valued at some millions, as the principal goldfields at Barberton are on Government lands. The debt due to Great Britain bears interest at 3 per cent., and is to be extinguished by a sinking fund of 31. 08. 9d. per cent. in twenty-five years. Defence. The republic has no standing army, with exception of a small force of horse artillery, all able-bodied citizens being called out in case of war. Production and Industry. The South African Republic is specially favourable for agriculture as well as stock-rearing, though its capacities in this respect are not yet developed. It is estimated (1884) that 50,000 acres are under cultivation. Wheat and tobacco of a superior kind are the chief products, though sugar, coffee, and cotton are also grown; cattle, sheep, and ostriches are reared. The agricultural produce, however, is not sufficient for the wants of the population. There are about 20,000 farms, 16,000 of which belong to private individuals, and the rest to the State. The country is possessed of considerable mineral wealth, and golddigging is carried on to a great extent in the various goldfields, principally Barberton and Witwatersrand, the total number of proclaimed goldfields being at the present (August 1890) twenty-one, covering an area of more than 1,500,000 acres. The output of the Witwatersrand Mines alone amounted to 230,911 oz. in 1888, and to 381,032 oz. in 1889, representing a value of 808,1887. and 1,333,6127. respectively. The output of the Kaap goldfields for 1889 was 34,148 oz., to the value of 119,5187.; from Klerksdorp and Zautpansberg and other goldfields, 13,852 oz., to the value of 48,5821. Total output for 1889 from all the fields, 421,032 oz., to the value of 1,473,6127. The Rand output for the first six months of 1890 amounted to 223,864 oz., to the value of 682,7851. The gold export through the custom houses in Natal and Cape Colony amounted to 918,704/. in 1888, to 1,444,1127. in 1889, and for the first six months of 1890 to 818,7367. In the South African Republic and Swaziland in 1889 there were over 371 companies working for gold, with a nominal capital of over 21,473,0007. and 2,151 stamps. Excellent coal is found in the east of the country, which is being worked to a small extent, while iron is also known to abound; lead, silver, and tin have also been found. According to Skinner's Mining Manual for 1889-90, the number of South African mining companies was 642 in 1889. Of these 315 had offices in London, with a nominal capital of 55,564,8157., and paid up 44,330,8047. Commerce. The principal exports are wool, cattle, hides, grain, ostrich feathers. ivory, gold, and other minerals. The imports on which dues were charged for 1886 amounted to 721,3537.; in 1887 to 2,204,3277.; in 1888 to 3,748,8307. in 1889 to 5,000,000l. The import duties in 1888 amounted to 249,9221 in 1889 to 372,9197., and for the first six months of 1890 to 225,006/. Communications. The southern boundary of the South African Republic is about 220 miles from Durban, 536 from Port Elizabeth, and 698 from Cape Town: while its eastern boundary is not 40 miles from Delagoa Bay. A railway from Lourenço Marques, on Delagoa Bay, was opened in December 1887. and now (1890) it extends to the boundary. The line from the Portuguese boundary to Pretoria, with a branch from Crocodile River to Barberton, is now being built, 20 miles of earthworks being finished within Transvaal territory. From Pretoria the line will be continued to Vaal River, via Johannesberg. The South African Republic is joined to Natal by telegraph, and telegraph lines extend 1,462 miles; the country is also connected with the Orange Free State and Cape Colony by telegraph. There are Weights and measures are the same as in Cape Colony, and the currency is English money only. 33 offices. British Diplomatic Agent.-Sir Jacobus de Wit, K.C.M.G. Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning the South African Republic. 1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS. Convention between Her Majesty and the South African Republic. London, 1884. Correspondence respecting the Debt due to H.M.'s Government by the Transvaal State London, 1882-83. Correspondence respecting the Affairs of the Transvaal and adjacent Territories. 1884. London Further Correspondence respecting the Affairs of the Transvaal and adjacent Territories (C. 4,275, 4,432, 4,588). London, 1885 (C. 4,643) 1886. Jeppe (F.), Local Laws of the South African Republic, from 1849-1885, revised by Chief Justice Kotze. Pretoria, 1887. Kotze (J. G., Chief Justice), Local Laws of the South African Republic for 1886 and 1887. Pretoria, 1888. Mémoire déscriptif sur l'avant-projet de la partie transvalienne du chemin de fer de Lourenço Marques à Pretoria. Par J. Machado. Lisbon, 1885. Précis of Information concerning South Africa, the Transvaal Territory, prepared by the Intelligence Branch, War Office. London, January, 1878. Appendix to Précis on the Transvaal. London, 1879. 2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS. Argus Annual and South African Directory for 1890. Cape Town, 1890. Aubert (V. S.), La République Sud-Africaine. Situation économique et Commerciale es 1889. Paris, 1889. Baines (T.), The Gold Regions of South Africa. London, 1877. Bellairs (K. F.), The Witwatersrandt Goldfields: a Trip to Johannesberg and Back London, 1889. Cape of Good Hope Directory for 1890. Cape Town, 1889. Clark (Dr. C. B.), The Transvaal and Bechuanaland. London, 1883. Dose (Dr. Karl), Das Klima des aussertropischen Südafrika. Göttingen, 1888. Funney (F. B.), Geographical and Economic Features of the Transvaal, in 'Journal of the Royal Geographical Society,' vol. xlviii. BOOKS OF REFERENCE 931 Holub (Dr. Emil), Von der Capstadt ins Land der Maschukulumbe. 2 vols. Vienna, 1890. Jeppe (F.), Transvaal Almanac and Directory for 1889. Cape Town, 1889. Jeppe (F.), Notes on some of the Physical and Geological Features of the Transvaal, in Journal of the Royal Geographical Society,' 1877. Mackenzie (John), Austral Africa: Losing it or Ruling it. 2 vols. London, 1887. Mohr (Edward), To the Victoria Falls of the Zambesi. London, 1875. Morrison (Pearse), A Visit to the Transvaal, Barberton, and Johannesberg and Back. London, 1890. Nixon (J.), Among the Boers. London, 1880. Norris-Newman (Č. L.), With the Boers in the Transvaal and Orange Free State in 1880-81. London, 1882. Penning (W. Henry), Guide to the Goldfields. Pretoria, 1883. Pinto (Major Serpa), How I crossed Africa. 2 vols. London, 1881. Roche (H. G.), On Trek in the Transvaal. London, 1878. London, 1877. London, 1880. Cologne, 1881. Silver's Handbook to South Africa. London, 1880. Young (Sir Fred.), K.C.M.G., A Winter Tour in South Africa. London, 1890. SPAIN. (ESPAÑA.) Reigning Sovereign. Alfonso XIII., son of the late King Alfonso XII. and Maria Christina, daughter of the late Karl Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria; born after his father's death, May 17, 1886, succeeding by his birth, being a male, his eldest sister. Queen Regent. Maria Christina, mother of the King. Took oath as Queen Regent during the minority of her son. Sisters of the King. I. Maria-de-las-Mercedes, Queen till the birth of her brother, born September 11, 1880. II. Maria Teresa, born November 12, 1882. Aunts of the King. I. Infanta Isabel, born December 20, 1851; married, May 13, 1868, to Gactan, Count de Girgenti; widow November 26, 1871. II. Infanta Maria-de-la-Paz, born June 23, 1862; married, April 3, 1883, to Prince Ludwig, eldest son of the late Prince Adalbert of Bavaria. III. Infanta Eulalia, born February 12, 1864; married to Prince Antoine, son of Prince Antoine d'Orléans, Duc de Montpensier, February 28, 1886. (All sisters of the late King.) Parents of the late King. Queen Isabel, born October 10, 1830; the eldest daughter of King Fernando VII.; ascended the throne at the death of her father, September 29, 1833; assumed the government on being declared of age, November 8, 1843; exiled September 30, 1868; abdicated in favour of her son, June 25, 1870. Married, October 10, 1846, to her cousin, Infante Francisco, born May 13, 1822. Aunt of the late King. Infanta Luisa, born January 30, 1832, the second daughter of King Fernando VII.; married, October 10, 1846, to Prince Antoine d'Orléans, Duc de Montpensier, sixth son of King Louis Philippe of the French. Offspring of the union are two children :-1. Princess Isabelle, born September GOVERNMENT AND CONSTITUTION 933 21, 1848; married, May 30, 1864, to Prince Louis Philippe, Comte de Paris, born August 24, 1838, eldest son of Prince Ferdinand, Duc d'Orléans. 2. Prince Antoine, born February 23, 1866. Cousin of the late King, Infante Don Carlos Maria-de-los-Dolores, born March 30, 1848, the eldest son of Infante Don Carlos, nephew of King Fernando VII. Married, February 4, 1867, to Princess Marguerite of Bourbon, daughter of Duke Carlos III. of Parma. Offspring of the union are four daughters and a son, Prince Jaime, born June 27, 1870. The King, Alfonso XIII., has a civil list, fixed by the Cortes, 1886, of 7,000,000 pesetas, or 280,000l., exclusive of allowances to members of the royal family; the Queen Regent having the administration and usufruct of the said sum until the King becomes of age. The annual grant to the Queen, as mother to the King, was fixed by the Cortes, in 1886, at 250,000 pesetas. The immediate successor was assigned 500,000 pesetas, and 250,000 to the second sister, they having been Princesses of Asturias. The parents of the late King, ex-queen Isabel and her husband, have an allowance of 1,050,000 pesetas, or 42,0007, and the four infantas, his sisters, of 800,000 pesetas, or 32,000l. The total amount of the civil list and allowances to the relatives of the late King was fixed by the Cortes in 1876 at 10,000,000 pesetas, or 400,0007. The following is a list of the sovereigns and sovereign rulers of Spain, with dates of their accession, since the foundation of the Spanish Monarchy by the union of the crowns of Aragon and Castile : The present Constitution of Spain, drawn up by the Government and laid before a Cortes Constituyentes, elected for its ratification, March 27, 1876, was proclaimed June 30, 1876. It consists of 79 articles or clauses. The first of them enacts that |