STATISTICAL AND OTHER BOOKS OF REFERENCE

901

Reports of the Medical Department for 1888. St. Petersburg, 1890. Statistical Information for the Years 1882 and 1883, published by the Minister of Justice, St. Petersburg, 1885.

Report of the Prison Administration. St. Petersburg, 1890.

A. Haspuan and Baron Nolcken, Law (Pologenie) of the New Organisation of Peasants' Tribunals in the Baltic Provinces, with a Summary of Motives. Published by Minister of Justice. St. Petersburg. 8. 2 vols. 1889.

Report of the Chief Procureur of the Holy Synod for 1888, in Official Messenger for 1890. Postal and Telegraph Statistics for 1888. St. Petersburg, 1890.

Report of the Finances of the Zemst vos for 1871-80. St. Petersburg, 1884.

The same for 1881-83. St. Petersburg, 1885.

The same for 1886-87. St. Petersburg, 1890.

Annual of the Zemstros for 1888 (Zemskiy Ejegodnik). St. Petersburg, 1830.
Short Report on Telegraph Statistics for 1887. St. Petersburg, 1890.

Report on the Returns of Municipal Finance for 1881. Published by the Ministry of Interior. 1885.

Institutions of the Navy (Srod morskikh Postanorleniy), 18 volumes. St. Petersburg, 1888. Report of the Ministry of Domains on the Administration of Forests for 1882. St. Petersburg. 1884.

History of the Ministry of Domains for the Fifty Years of its Existence. St. Petersburg,

1887.

Krivenko, Short Description of the Governmental Institutions of Russia. 2nd edit. St. Petersburg, 1889.

Materials (Scod Materialor) relative to the Economical Conditions of the Peasants of Transcaucasia. 3 vols. Tiflis, 1886-88.

Materials (Materialy) relative to the Economical Conditions of the Peasants and Indigenes of West Siberia. 2 vols. St. Petersburg, 1888-89.

Collections of laws (Sbornit uzakoneniő) issued on July 12, 1889, on the Peasants' Institttions and Justices of Peace. Edited by the Ministry of Interior. St. Petersburg, 1890. Russian Mining Industry in 1887, published by the Mining Department. St. Petersburg, 1890.

Memoirs and Bulletins of the Russian Geographical Society and its Branches in Caucasus and Siberia.

French, English, &c.

Annuaire des finances russes: budget, credit, commerce, chemins de fer. Par A. Vessólov-ky, secrétaire du comité scientifique du ministère des finances. 8. St. Petersburg, 1890. Tableau du commerce extérieur de la Russie de 1861 à 1878. Publié par la commission impériale Russe de l'exposition universelle de Vienne. 8. St. Petersburg, 1881.

Statistik Arbok för Finland, utgifven af Statistiska Centralbyrån, 1889. Helsingfors, 1890. Hertslet (Sir Edward), Foreign Office List. Published annually. London, 1891. Grierson (Captain J. M.), Arined Strength of Russia (with two maps). London, 1886. Diplomatic and Consular Reports of the Foreign Office for 1889. London, 1890. Trade of Russia with the United Kingdom; in Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions for the year 1889.* Imp. 4. London, 1890.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Bär (K. E. von) and Helmersen (Gr. von), Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Russischen Reichs. 25 vols. 8. St. Petersburg, 1852-72.

Bernhardi (T. von), Geschichte Russlands. 2 vols. Leipzig, 1874.

Bezobrazof, Etudes sur l'économie nationale de la Russie en 1877-82. St. Petersburg, 1884. Brzeski, The Debts of the Russian Empire. St. Petersburg, 1884. (Russian.)

Caucasian Almanack (Kavkazskiy Kalendar) for 1890. Titlis, 1889.

Collection of materials relative to the Russian and American naphtha industry. Bazu, 1890. Das Russische Reich in Europa. Eine Studie. Berlin, 1884.

Dialonoff, Statistics of Blindness. Moscow, 1888. (Russian.)

Erdmann (Dr.), System des Privatrechts der Ostseeprovinzen. Bd. I. Riga, 1889.

Erman (Georg Adolf), Archiv für die wissenschaftliche Kunde Russlands. 25 vols. 8. Berlin, 1841-68.

Heyfeder (Dr. 0.), Transkaspien und seine Eisenbahn. 1888.

Ilün (A.), Detailed Atlas of Russia, with plans of chief towns. St. Petersburg, 1886. (Russian)

Jourdier (L.). Des forces productives, destructives et improductives de la Russie. 8. 2nd ed. Leipzig, 1861.

Lansdell (H.), Russian Central Asia. London, 1885.

Leroy-Beaulieu (Anatole), L'empire des Tsars et les Russes. 2 vols. Paris, 1882. Matthaei (Fr.), Die wirthschaftlichen Hülfsquellen Russlands, 2 vols. Leipzig, 1887. Pauly (J. N.), Description ethnographique des peuples de la Russie. 8. St. Petersburg, 1862.

Raffalovich (Arthur), Les finances de la Russie depuis la dernière guerre d'Orient, 1876-83. Paris, 1883. Also articles in the Journal des Economistes.

Rambaud (Alfred), The History of Russia from its Origin to the year 1877. 2 vols. 8. London, 1879.

Ravenstein (E. G.), The Russians on the Amur: its Discovery, Conquest, and Colonisation. 8. London, 1861.

Reclus (Elisée), Géographie universelle. Tome V. L'Europe Scandinave et Russe, revised to date in 1885. VI. L'Asie Russe. Paris, 1880-81. And Appendix to the Russian translation, by MM. Beketoff, Bogdanoff, Woeikoff, and others. St. Petersburg, 1884. Reed (Sir E. J.), Letters from Russia in 1875. 8. London, 1876.

Röttger (Carl), Russische Revue. Monatsschrift für die Kunde Russlands. 8. St. Petersburg, 1872-89.

Roskoschny, Russland, Land und Leute. Leipzig, 1886.

Roskoschny, Die Wolga. Leipzig, 1887.

'Russkiy Kalendar,' published in September each year.

Sarauw (Christian von), Die Russische Heeresmaclit auf Grund offizieller Quellen und eigener Anschauung. 8. Leipzig, 1875.

Semenoff (N. P.), The Emancipation of Peasants. Vol. I. St. Petersburg, 1889.

Schnitzler (Jean Henri), Les institutions de la Russie, depuis les réformes de l'Empereur Alexandre II. 2 vols. 8. Paris, 1867.

Schuyler (Eugene), Turkestan: Notes of a Journey in Russian Turkestan, Khokand, Bukhara, and Kuldja. 2 vols. 8. London, 1876.

Semenof (P. P.), Geographical and Statistical Dictionary of the Russian Empire. (Russian.) 5 vols. 8. St. Petersburg, 1863-84.

Stchapof (A.), The Intellectual Development of the Russian People. (Russian.) 8. St. Petersburg, 1870.

Strelbitzky (M.), Superfies de l'Europe. St. Petersburg, 1882.

Thun, Industrie Central-Rv slands.

Wallace (Mackenzie), Russia. 2 vols. 8. London, 1877.

Yanson, Comparative Statistics, vol. 2. St. Petersburg, 1880. Researches into the Allotments of Peasants. St. Petersburg, 1882. (Russian.)

Ungern-Sternberg, Vine Culture in Crimea. St. Petersburg, 1888. (Russian.)

1

SALVADOR.

(REPÚBLICA DEL SALVADOR.)

Constitution and Government.

THE Republic of Salvador, an independent State since 1853, when it dissolved its federative union with Honduras and Nicaragua, is governed nominally under a constitution proclaimed in March 1864, and modified in February 1880, December 1883, and March 1886. The Constitution vests the legislative power in a Congress of 70 Deputies, 42 of whom are proprietors. The election is by suffrage of all citizens of the Republic. The Representatives are chosen for one year. The executive is in the hands of a President, whose tenure of office is limited to four years.

President of the Republic.-General Carlos Ezeta, elected provisionally September 11, 1890, to March 1, 1891.

The regular election of the President has in recent years been constantly superseded by pronunciamientos' and military nominations.

The administrative affairs of the Republic are carried on, under the President, by a ministry of four members, having charge of the depart ments of the Exterior, Justice and Religion; War and Finance; Interior; and Public Instruction.

The army numbers 2,500 men, with 12,000 militia.

Area and Population.

The area of the Republic is estimated at 7,225 English square miles, divided into 14 departments. The population, according to a census of January 1, 1886, was 651,130 (318,329 males and 332,801 females), giving an average of 89 inhabitants to the square mile, being twenty times that of the average of the other States of Central America. An official estimate for 1888 makes the population 661,513. Aboriginal and mixed races constituet the bulk of the population, among whom live about 10,000 whites or descendants of Europeans. The capital is San Salvador, founded in 1528, with 16.327 inhabitants (1888). The city was repeatedly destroyed by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, the last time on April 16, 1854, when it was overwhelmed by almost total ruin, in consequence of which most of the inhabitants erected new dwellings on a neighbouring site, at present called Nueva San Salvador. The new capital again was partly destroyed in 1873 by a series of earthquakes and eruptions, and suffered again severely in 1879.

Instruction and Justice.

Education is free and obligatory. In 1888 there were in Salvador 732 primary schools, with 27,000 pupils; 18 higher schools (including 2 normal and 1 polytechnic school) with 1,293 pupils; and a national university with faculties of jurisprudence, medicine, natural sciences, and engineering, attended by 180 students.

In the capital is a national library and museum, and in the Republic 13 newspapers are published.

Justice is administered by the Supreme Court of Justice, by several subordinate courts, and by local justices.

Finance.

The following are the official figures of the revenue and expenditure for

The revenue is derived largely from customs and monopolies. Among the items of expenditure for 1889 were-public debt, 972,000 dollars; army, 909,000 dollars; public works, 555,000 dollars; public instruction, 336,000 dollars.

The internal debt is divided officially into three classes, and is stated to be as follows:-1st class, 1,332,022 dollars; 2nd class, 1,834,064 dollars; 3rd class, 2,222,673 dollars: total, 5,388,759 dollars. The external debt is estimated at 300,0007.

Industries.

The native population of Salvador, more inclined to civilised pursuits than that of any neighbouring State, is largely engaged in agriculture. The principal articles of agricultural produce are indigo, coffee, sugar, and balsam, and the mineral wealth of the Republic includes gold, silver, copper, iron, mercury. The mines and quarries in operation number 180.

Commerce.

The imports and exports have been as follows for three years :

To the imports in 1889 Great Britain contributed 957,359 dollars; the United States, 219,206 dollars; France, 312,295 dollars; Germany, 328,650 dollars. Of the exports. 940,154 dollars went to Great Britain; 258,734 dollars to the United States; 1,027,980 dollars to Germany; 1,158,806 dollars to France. The principal imports in 1889 were: Cotton goods, 982,500 dollars. The principal exports in 1889 were: Coffee, 3,808,410 dollars; indigo, 1,347,108 dollars.

The statistics of the commercial intercourse of Salvador with the United Kingdom are not given in the Annual Statement of the Board of Trade,' in which the trade of the Republic is thrown together with that of the States of Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua, under the general designation of Central America.' (See p. 651.)

Shipping and Communications.

In 1889, 343 vessels entere the ports of the Republic, and as many cleared.

A railway connects the port of Acajutla with the inland towns of

MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES

905 Santa Anna and Ateos, and is nearly completed to San Tecla. There are over 2,000 miles of good road in the Republic. Salvador joined the postal union in 1879. In 1888 there were 48 principal receiving offices. In 1889 8,500,000 letters, printed papers, and other matter were transmitted. In 1889 there were in Salvador 89 telegraph stations and a network of 1,467 miles of wire. There are 240 miles of telephone wire.

Money, Weights, and Measures.

The money, weights, and measures of Salvador, and the British equivalents, are

MONEY.

The Dollar, of 100 centaras, approximate value 4s., real exchange value (1889-90), 6 dollars = 14

The moneys of England, France, Spain, the United States, and Central and South America circulate freely in Salvador.

In 1885 the metrical system of weights and measures was introduced.

Diplomatic Representatives.

1. OF SALVADOR IN GREAT BRITAIN.

Consul-General.-L. Alexander Campbell.

2. OF GREAT BRITAIN IN SALVADOR.

Minister and Consul-General.-Audley C. Gosling.
Consul.-John Moffatt (San Salvador).

Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning Salvador.

1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Constitutión politica de la República del Salvador decretada por el Congreso Nacional Constituyente el 4 de Diciembre de 1883.

Diario Oficial, 1886, August 17, has a new Constitution.
Memoria de Hacienda, Guerra y Marina. San Salvador, 1890.

Report by Consul Moffatt on Salvador for 1889, in No. 749 of Diplomatic and Consular Reports.' London, 1890.

Report on the Trade of Salvador, in Deutsches Handels-Archiv,' September 1889.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Fröbel (Julius), Aus America. 2 vols. 8. Leipzig, 1857-58.

Gonzalez (Dr. D.), Geografia de Centro-América. San Salvador, 1878.

Guzman (D.), Apuntamientos sobre la topografia fisica de la rep, del Salvador. San Salvador, 1883.

Laferrière (J.), De Paris à Guatemala. 8. Paris, 1877.

Marr (Wilhelm), Reise nach Central-America. 2 vols. 8. Hamburg, 1863.

Morelot (L.), Voyage dans l'Amérique centrale. 2 vols. 8. Paris, 1859.

Reyes (Rafael), Nociones de história del Salvador, San Salvador, 1886.

Scherzer (Karl Ritter ron), Wanderungen durch die mittelamerikanischen Freistaaten

Nicaragua, Honduras und Salvador. 8. Braunschweig, 1857.

Squier (E. G.), The States of Central America. 8. London, 1868.