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COMMERCE- -SHIPPING- -MONEY AND CREDIT

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The subjoined table shows the quantity and declared value of wine exported from Portugal to the United Kingdom in each of the five years from 1885 to 1889:

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The commercial navy of Portugal consisted, on January 1, 1890, of 457 vessels of 60,214 tons, including 57 steamers of 30,512 tons.

Including coasters and vessels calling at different ports, there entered the ports of Portugal, the Azores, and Madeira in 1889, 2,737 sailing vessels of 441,518 tons, and 3,823 steamers of 4,610,340 tons; there cleared 2,903 sailing vessels of 435,639 tons, and 3,802 steamers of 4,381,488 tons. Of the 6,560 vessels of 5,051,858 tons which entered, 566 of 219,382 tons (53 coasters of 64,686 tons) were Portuguese; 2,488 of 2,836,140 tons British; 715 of 785,248 tons German; 589 of 527,137 tons French; and 1,074 of 130,898 tons Spanish.

Internal Communications.

The length of railways open for traffic in 1890 was 1,284 miles, 505 miles being State, and 779 miles being companies' lines. At the same time 393 kilometres were under construction. All the railways receive subventions from the State.

The number of post-offices in the Kingdom in December 1888 was 1,942. There were 23,207,000 letters, 3,437,000 post-cards, and 19,497,000 newspapers, samples, &c., carried in the year 1888. The number of telegraph offices at the end of 1885 was 275. There were at the same date 3,210 miles of line and 7,468 English miles of wire. The number of telegrams transmitted, received, and in transit in the year 1885 was 1,730,107.

Money and Credit.

At the end of October 1890 the Portuguese Savings Bank had 11,314 accounts, with deposits amounting to 2,450,355 milreis.

The following are some statistics of Portuguese banks:

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Milreis

Milreis

Milreis

Milreis

1885

41 1886 41

7,076,345

7,820,720

1887 40 1888

Milreis 9,110,753 20,756,796 4,475,251 17,909,356 16,980,772 22,599,204 3,776,000 24,328,173 16,507,100 24,126,386 4,226,21228,019,569 9,646,325 40 14,573,725 28,757,448 5,237,404 33,632,815 11,680,675 1889 37 14,637,868 35,756,712 5,316,431 36,797,819 12,109,624

Money, Weights, and Measures.

The money, weights, and measures of Portugal, with the British equivalents, are as follows:-—

MONEY.

The Milreis, or 1,000 Reis { Average rate of exchange 4s. 5d., or about

4 milreis to £1 sterling. Large sums are calculated in Contos of Reis, or 1,000,000 Reis, value, 2221. 48. 5d.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

The metric system of weights and measures is the legal standard. The chief old measures still in use are:

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Diplomatic Representatives.

1. OF PORTUGAL IN GREAT BRITAIN.

Envoy and Minister.-Senhor de Soveral, appointed Envoy and Minister to Great Britain January 1891.

Secretary.-L. de Soveral.

There are Consular representatives at London (C.G.), Bristol, Cork, Dublin, Dundee, Leith, Glasgow, Hull, Liverpool, Newcastle, Southampton: Bombay, Cape of Good Hope, Ceylon, Hong Kong, Melbourne, Newfoundland, New Zealand, Quebec, Singapore, Sydney.

2. OF GREAT BRITAIN IN PORTUGAL.

Envoy and Minister.—Sir George Glynn Petre, K.C.M.G., C.B. Appointed January 25, 1884.

Secretary.-W. E. Goschen.

There are Consular representatives at Lisbon, Oporto; Loanda, Macao, Madeira, Mozambique, St. Michael's (Azores), St. Vincent (Cape Verdes).

Colonies.

In the colonial budgets for 1890-91 the total ordinary revenue is estimated at 3,424,676 milreis, and the total expenditure at 4,545,636 milreis. The revenue for Angola is 887,497 milreis, and expenditure 1,250,615 milreis; for Mozambique, revenue 607,996 milreis, and expenditure 1,267,228 milreis. Besides making good the deficit indicated, the mother country will grant by way of subsidies to the colonies for railways, telegraphs, &c., the sum of 1,537,860 milreis.

The value of imports into Portugal(including those for re-exportation) from the colonies, and of the exports from Portugal to the colonies, were in 1888:

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The colonial possessions of Portugal, situated in Africa and Asia, are as follows:

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The area of Mozambique and dependencies is that within the limits of the non-ratified arrangement between Great Britain and Portugal of August 1890. (See British Zambesia, p. 166.)

The exports from the whole of the Portuguese colonies, including the Azores and Madeira, to Great Britain in 1889 amounted to 321,3157., and imports of British produce into the colonies to 1,005,0187.

In Angola there were in 1890 100 miles of railway in operation and $8 miles in construction. A telegraph cable between the Cape of Good Hope and Loanda has been laid, completing the telegraphic circuit of Africa,

Mozambique is administered by a Governor-General assisted by governing and provincial councils and 9 district governors. It has a colonial military force and a small navy. Every settlement on the coast has its municipality, police. tribunals of justice, and other administrative authorities, civil and ecclesiastical.

For the three years ending 1888 the imports to and exports from Mozambique were:

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In 1888 imports to the value of 1,020,057 milreis, and exports to the value of 628,384 milreis passed respectively from and to Great Britain and its dependencies.

The chief articles imported into the colony in 1888 were cotton goods (521,402 milreis), spirits, beer, and wine (in all, 175,484 milreis), money (110,233 milreis).

The chief articles exported were oil-nuts and seeds (348,611 milreis), caoutchouc (262,200 milreis), ivory (202,734 milreis), money (117,844

milreis).

In 1889 there entered the port of Mozambique 60 vessels of 40,510 tons. Of these, 32 steamers of 28.200 tons were British, and 6 steamers of 4,800 tons were Portuguese.

In 1890 the colony had 57 miles of railway (Delagoa Bay).

Statistical and other Books of Reference relating to Portugal.

1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Annuario da Direcção Geral da Administração civil e politica do Ministerio do Reino,

1888-1889.

Annuario estadistico de Portugal, 1885, Lisbon, 1887.

Boletim da Direcção Geral de Agricultura, 1889 e 1890.

Boletim official. Lisbon, 139.

Commercio do continente do ceno e ilhas adjacentes com paizes estrangeiros, &c., no anno de 1888. Lisboa, 1390.

Contas de gerencia do anno economico de 1888-1889.

Diario da Camara dos Senhores Deputa los. Lisbon, 1890.

Diario do Governo. Lisbon, 1890,

Documentos apresentados ás Cortes na sessão legislativa de 1890: negocios d'Africa. Corresp. com a Inglaterra: negocios de Moçambique, dos Matabeles e Amatongas. I vol. Negocios da Africa oriental e central. 1 vol. Negociacções do tratado com a Inglaterra, 1 Vol. Orçamento geral e proposta de lei das receitas e das despezas ordinarias do estado na metropole para o exercicio de 1890-91. Lisbon, 1890.

Correspondence respecting Portuguese Claims in South Africa. London, 1889.
Correspondence respecting the Delagon Bay Railway. London, 1889.

Correspondence relative to Negotiations between Great Britain and Portugal, for conclu

sion of the Congo Treaty, 1882-84. London, 1884.

Despatch to H.M.'s Minister at Lisbon enclosing the Congo Treaty, signed February 26, London, 1884.

1884.

O movimento da populição nos annos de 1887 e 1888 publicado pela Direcção Geral de Commercio e Industria. Lisbon, 1890,

Report on the Finances of Portugal, No. 756, and on Agriculture in No. 810. and Consular Reports for 1889, London, 1890,

Hertslet (Sir E.), Foreign Office List. Published annually. London, 1891.

Diplomatie

Trade of Portugal with the United Kingdom; in Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions for the year 1889,' London, 1890.

Imp. 4.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

As colonias Portuguezas, Revista illustrada. Lisbon. Published monthly. Aldama-Ayala (G. de), Compendio geographico-estadistico de Portugal e sus posesiones ultramarinas. 8. Madrid, 1880.

Balbi (A.), Essai statistique sur le Royaume de Portugal. 2 vols. 8. Paris, 1862.
Barros e Cunha (J. G. de), Historia da liberdade em Portugal. Vol. I. 8. Lisboa, 1869.
Barros e Cunha (J. G. de), Hoje: on the Present Situation, Financial and Political, of the
Kingdom of Portugal. 8. London, 1868.

Corro (Andrade), Colonoas Portuguezas. 4 vols. Lisbon, 1883-87.
Crawfurd (Oswald), Portugal: Obl and New. 8. London, 1830.

Round the Calendar in Portugal. London, 1890.

Eschwege (Wilhelm L. von), Portugal: ein Staats- und Sittengemilde, nach dreissigjährigen Beobachtungen und Erfahrungen. 8. Hamburg, 1837.

Lavigne (Germond de), L'Espagne et le Portugal. 8. Paris, 1883,

La Teillais (C. de), Etude historique, économique et politique sur les co'onies portugaises, leur passé, leur avenir. 8. Paris, 1872.

Les colonies portugaises. Lisbon, 1878.

Oliveira Martins (J. P.), Historia de Portugal. 2 vols. Lisbon, 1880.

Oliveira Martins (J. P.), Portugal contemporanea. 2 vols. Lisbon, 1881.

Pery (Gerardo A.), Geographia e estatistica geral de Portugal e colonias. 8. Lisbon, 1875.

ROUMANIA.

Reigning King.

Carol I., King of Roumania, born April 20, 1839, son of the late Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen; elected 'Domnul,' or Lord, of Roumania, April 20, 1866; accepted his election May 22, 1866. Proclaimed King of Roumania March 26, 1881. Married, Nov. 15, 1869, to Princess Elizabeth von Neuwied, born Dec. 29, 1843.

The King has an annual allowance of 1,185,185 leï, or 47,400l.

The succession to the throne of Roumania, in the event of the King remaining childless, was settled, by Art. 83 of the Constitution, upon his elder brother, Prince Leopold of HohenzollernSigmaringen, who renounced his rights in favour of his son, Prince Wilhelm, the act having been registered by the Senate in October 1880. Prince Wilhelm, on November 22, 1888, renounced his rights to the throne in favour of his brother, Prince Ferdinand, born August 24, 1865, who, by a decree of the King, dated March 18, 1889, was created 'Prince of Roumania.'

The union of the two Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia was publicly proclaimed at Bucharest and Jassy on Dec. 23, 1861, the present name being given to the united provinces. The first ruler of Roumania was Colonel Couza, who had been elected 'Hospodar,' or Lord, of Wallachia and Moldavia in 1859, and who assumed the government under the title of Prince Alexander John I. A revolution which broke out in Feb. 1866, forced Prince Alexander John to abdicate, and led to the election of Prince Carol I. The representatives of the people, assembled at Bucharest, proclaimed Roumania's independence from Turkey, May 21, 1877, which was confirmed by Art. 43 of the Congress of Berlin, signed July 13, 1878.

Constitution and Government.

The Constitution now in force in Roumania was voted by a Constituent Assembly, elected by universal suffrage, in the summer of 1866. It has twice been modified-viz., in 1879, and again in 1884. The Senate consists of 120 members, elected for

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