274,6997. in 1885; 395,5477. in 1886; 291,9557. in 1887; 491,876. in 1888; 376,3987. in 1889. Of woollens the imports were of the value of 151,5167. in 1885; 157,2587. in 1886; 113,1337. in 1887; 152,8127. in 1888; 124,1957. in 1889. Iron, wrought and unwrought, 103,6807. in 1889. Machinery 74,2167. Shipping and Navigation. In 1889, 531 vessels of 519,866 tons (235 of 262,604 tons British) entered the port of Callao, besides 744 coasting vessels of 8,086 tons. The port of Mollendo was visited in 1889 by 302 vessels of 406,388 tons (130) British of 163,790 tons). The merchant navy of Peru now (1890) consists of 2 steamers of 488 gross tonnage and 35 sailing vessels of 8,860 tons; and it is expected that the increase will be progressive, as, according to a concession contained in the law of November 9, 1888, foreigners are allowed to own vessels carrying the Peruvian flag. Internal Communications, In 1889 the total working length of the Peruvian railways was reportei as 1,625 miles. The Peruvian railways, including those ceded to Chile, cost about 36 million sterling. The length of State telegraph lines in 1889 was 1,564 miles. The telegraph cable laid on the west coast of America has stations at Paita, Callao, Lima, and Mollendo, and thus Peru is placed in direct communication with the telegraphic system of the world. A telephone system is in operation between Callao and Lima. In 1887, 1,833,689 letters, post-cards, journals, &c., passed through the Post Office; there are 230 offices. Money, Weights, and Measures. The money, weights, and measures of Peru, and the British equivalents, MONEY (SILVER COINS). = 100 centesimos; nominal value, 48.; real value 3s. 44. Medio Real = The paper sole was (1887) worth about 2d. In the beginning of 1888 the paper money was withdrawn from circulation, except as payment of 5 per cent. of customs duties, at the rate of 35 paper soles for one of silver. DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATIVES-BOOKS OF REFERENCE 815 The French metric system of weights and measures was established by law in 1860, but has not yet come into general use, except for the customs tariff. Diplomatic Representatives. 1. OF PERU IN GREAT BRITAIN. Minister.-Señor don Carlos G. Candamo. Secretary.-Wenceslao Melendez. Military Attaché.-Colonel Lara. Naval Attaché.-Captain W. Delboy. There are Consular representatives at Belfast, Cardiff, Dublin, Dundee, Liverpool, Queenstown, Southampton, Gibraltar, Hong Kong, Melbourne, Montreal, Port Elizabeth, Sydney. 2. OF GREAT BRITAIN IN PERU. Minister and Consul-General.-Colonel Sir Charles Edward Mansfield, K.C.M.G. Appointed Dec. 24, 1884. There are Consular representatives at Callao, Paita, Arequipa, Mollendo, Pisco. Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning Peru. 1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS. Demarcacion politica del Peru. Edicion oficial de la direccion de estadistica. Fol. Lima, 1874. Paz Soldan (Mariano Felipe), Diccionario geográfico-estadistico del Peru: Contiene ademas la etimologia Aymara y Quechua de las principales poblaciones, lagos, rios, cerros, &c. 8. Lima, 1879. Raimondi (Antonio), El Peru. 3 vols. Published at Lima, 1874. Report by Sir C. Mansfield on the auriferous deposits of Peru. No. 167 of 'Reports on Subjects of General and Commercial Importance.' 1890. Report on the Trade of Callao in 1889, in Deutsches Handels-Archiv,' August 1890. Berlin, 1890. Trade of Peru with Great Britain, in Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions for the year 1889.' Imp. 4. London, 1890. 2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS. Albertini (L. E.), Pérou en 1878. Paris, 1878. Bates (H. W.), Central and South America. London, 1882. Chérot (A.), Le Pérou : Productions, guano, commerce, finances, &c. 8. Paris, 1876. Duffield (A.), Peru in the Guano Age. 8. London, 1877. Fuentes (Manuel A.), Lima, or Sketches of the Capital of Peru: Historical, Statistical, Administrative, Commercial, and Moral. 8. London, 1866. Grandidier (E.), Voyage dans l'Amérique du Sud, Pérou et Bolivie. 8. Paris, 1863. Guillaume (H.), The Amazon Provinces of Peru as a Field for European Emigration. London, 1888. Hill (S. S.), Travels in Peru and Mexico. 2 vols. 8. London, 1860. Hutchinson (T. J.), Two Years in Peru. 2 vols. 8. London, 1874. Markham (C. R.), Cuzco and Lima. London, 1858. Markham (C. R.), Peru. 1881. Markham (C. R.), The War between Peru and Chili, 1879-81. London, 1883. Markham (Clements R.), Travels in Peru and India, while superintending the Collection of Cinchona Plants and Seeds in South America, and their Introduction into India. 8. London, 1862. Menendez (D. Baldomero), Manuel de geografía y estadistica del Perú. 12. Paris, 1862. Paz Soldan (Mariano Felipe), Historia del Peru Independente. 3 vols. Squier (E. G.), Peru: Incidents of Travels and Exploration in the Land of the Incas. S. London, 1877. Temple (Edmond), Travels in various Parts of Peru. 2 vols. London, 1830. The Railways of Peru in 1873. 8. London, 1874. Tschudi (Joh. Jakob von), Reisen durch Südamerika. 5 vols. 8. Leipzig, 1866–68. Ursel (Comte C. d'), Sud Amérique : Séjours et voyages au Brésil, en Bolivie, et au Pérou. 12. Paris, 1879. Wappacus (Joh. Eduard), Die Republic Peru; in Stein's Handbuch der Geographie und Statistik. Part III. 8. Leipzig, 1864. Wiener (Charles), Pérou et Bolivie. Paris, 1880. PORTUGAL. (REINO DE PORTUGAL E ALGARVES.) Reigning King. Carlos I., born September 28, 1863, son of King Luis I. and his Queen Pia, daughter of the late King Vittorio Emanuele of Italy, who still survives; married, May 22, 1886, Marie Amalie, daughter of Philippe Duc d'Orléans, Comte de Paris; succeeded to the throne October 19, 1889. Children of the King. I. Louis Philippe, Duke of Braganza, born March 21, 1887. Brother of the King. Prince Affonso, Duke of Oporto, born July 31, 1865. Aunt of the King. Princess Antonia, born February 17, 1845; married, September 12, 1861, to Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, born September 22, 1835. Offspring of the union are three sons-1. Prince Wilhelm, born March 7, 1864. Ferdinand, born August 24, 1865. 3. Prince Karl, born September 1, 1868. 2. Prince The reigning dynasty of Portugal belongs to the House of Braganza, which dates from the commencement of the fifteenth century, at which period Affonso, an illegitimate son of King João, or John I., was created When the old by his father Duke of Braganza and Lord of Guimaraens. line of Portuguese kings, of the House of Avis, became extinct by the death of King Sebastian, and of his nominal successor, Enrique 'the Cardinal,' Philip II. of Spain took possession of the country, claiming it in virtue of his descent from a Portuguese princess; but in disregard of the fundamental law of the Kingdom, passed by the Cortes of Lamego in 1139, which excluded all foreign princes from the succession. After bearing the Spanish rule for more than half a century, the people of Portugal revolted, and proclaimed Dom João, the then Duke of Braganza, as their king, he being the nearest heir to the throne, though of an illegitimate issue. The Duke thereupon assumed the name of João IV., to which Portuguese historians appended the title the Fortunate.' From this João, through many vicissitudes of family, the present rulers of Portugal are descended. For two centuries the members of the line of Braganza kept up the ancient blood alliances with the reigning house of Spain; but the custom was broken through by the late Queen Maria II., who, by a union with a Prince of Coburg, entered the great family of Teutonic Sovereigns. Carlos I. is the third Sovereign of Portugal of the line of BraganzaCoburg. Carlos I. has a civil list of 365,000 milreis; while his consort has a grant of 60,000 milreis. The whole grants to the royal family amount to 571,000 milreis. The following is a list of the Sovereigns of Portugal since its conquest from the Moors: The fundamental law of the Kingdom is the 'Constitutional Charter' granted by King Pedro IV., April 29, 1826, and altered by an additional Act, dated July 5, 1852. The crown is hereditary in the female as well as male line; but with preference of the male in case of equal birthright. The Constitution recognises four powers in the State, the legislative, the executive, the judicial, and the 'moderating' authority, the last of which is vested in the Sovereign. There are two legislative Chambers, the 'Camara dos Pares,' or House of Peers, and the Camara dos Deputados,' or House of Commons, which are conjunctively cailed the Cortes Geraes. The law of July 24, 1885, abolishes hereditary peerages, though only by a very gradual process. The number of life peers |