Broadside ship. Turret ships. Barbette ships. Central battery. Protected cruisers. Slope of deck armour.

The most remarkable of these ships is the Tordenskjold. It is a torpedo vessel, the largest in the Baltic, the lower deck covered with steel plates 1 inch thick on the horizontal part and 33 inches thick where it slopes down to meet the ship's side, besides a belt of cork. She is divided into 33 watertight compartments, has 8-inch armour on her barbette, and carries two swift torpedo launches besides appliances to shoot Whitehead's torpedoes, and is armed with one 14-inch Krupp breechloader, besides four 6-inch Krupp breechloaders, and two light guns. All the other armourclad ships, except the Helgoland, were constructed after old models.

The Danish navy is recruited, by naval conscription, from the coast population. The budget of 1889-60 provides for 1 vice-admiral, 2 rearadmirals, 15 commanders, 36 captains, 82 lieutenants and sub-lieutenants, 45 ensigns, and 1,137 men.

Production and Industry.

The soil of Denmark is greatly subdivided, owing partly to the state of the law, which interdicts the union of small farms into larger estates, but encourages, in various ways, the parcelling out of landed property, and leaves the tenant entire control of his land so long as the rent is paid.

Of the total area of Denmark 80 per cent. is productive; about onesixth of the unproductive area is peat bogs. Of the productive area 6 per cent. is forest, and of the remainder less than one-half is arable, and the remainder pasture and meadows. The total area under corn crops, according to latest returns, was 2,917,680 acres; potatoes, 110,306 acres; clover, 396,418 acres; bare fallow, 638,116 acres; grass, meads, &c., 3,163,020 acres. The leading crops in 1889 were oats, 25,758,591 bushels; barley, 19,323,617 bushels; rye, 16,798,647 bushels; wheat, 4,825,311 bushels; potatoes, 16,913,832 bushels; other roots, 28,825,434 bushels; besides vegetables, hay, and clover. The total value of the produce in 1889 was 274,396,459 kroner; in 1888, 253,920,580 kroner; and in 1887, 243,483,000 kroner.

G G

On July 16, 1888, there were in Denmark proper, 375,533 horses, 1,459,527 head of cattle, 1,225,196 sheep, 13,405 goats, and 770,785 swine. (In 1881 there were 1,470,078 cattle, and in 1871, 1,238,898.)

In 1888 there were exported 17,753 horses, 89,404 head of cattle, 59,155 sheep and goats, and 16,926 swine.

In 1888 there were in Denmark 134 distilleries (Copenhagen 40), whose output of brandy, reduced to 8°, was 6,665,612 gallons (31,352,928 potter). In the same year 16,287 tons of beet-sugar were produced at 6 sugar factories.

Commerce.

The following table shows the declared value, according to official returns, of the imports and the exports of home produce (including precious metal) for each of the five years from 1883 to

The commerce of Denmark was divided among the following classes in 1887 and 1888:

The principal articles of import and export in 1887 and 1888, with their respective values, were as follows:

COMMERCE.-SHIPPING AND NAVIGATION

451

The following table shows the distribution of Danish trade among the leading foreign countries with which she deals :

The commercial intercourse between Denmark (including Iceland, the Faeroe Islands, and Greenland) and the United Kingdom is shown in the subjoined table in each of the five years 1885 to 1889 according to the Board of Trade Returns:

The exports of butter to Great Britain rose from 767,1907. in 1870 to 3,742,8697. in 1889. The exports of live animals amounted to the value of 1,269,0777. in 1889, comprising 359,2457. for oxen and bulls; 578,9107. for cows and calves; 226,1631. for sheep; 84,2127. for swine; and 20,5477. for horses. The export of eggs has risen from 67,6547. in 1878 to 286,9177. in 1889. The export of lard was 6,8457. in 1883, 62,0417. in 1885, 141,5037. in 1886, and 9,0627. in 1889. Of British imports into Denmark, cotton manufactures and yarn amounted to 399,5017., coals to 587,9237., iron, wrought and unwrought, to 258,9377., sugar, 104,3027., and woollens, including yarn, 253,8727. in 1889.

Shipping and Navigation.

On January 1, 1890, Denmark and colonies possessed 3,407 vessels of 289,217 registered tons in her merchant marine, of which 311 of 103,824 tons were steamers. In 1889, 26,833 vessels of 2,034,140 tons entered, and 26,198 of 550,261 tons cargo cleared the Danish ports, besides 28,381 coasting vessels entered and 29,617 cleared. Of the vessels entered, 883 of 395,033 tons were British, and of those cleared $80 of 32,799 tons.

Internal Communications.

There are (1889) railways of a total length of 1,214 English miles open for traffic in the kingdom. Of this total, about 1,000 English miles belonged to the State, the total cost of which up to March 31, 1885, had beer 144,192,180 kroner.

The Post Office in the year 1888 carried' 45,258,000 letters and postcards, and 2,923,000 samples and printed matter. There are 782 postoffices. The State Telegraphs in 1889 carried 1,539,665 messages, of which 545,493 were internal, 960,908 international, 33,264 official. The total length of telegraph lines at the end of 1889 was 3,674 English miles (2,700 belonging to the State), and the length of wires 10,280 English miles. At the same date there were 364 telegraph offices, of which 162 belonged to the State, and 199 to railway companies.

Money and Credit.

In 1886 there were 523 savings-banks; value of deposits 377,647,960 kroner; number of depositors, 696,578. In 1888 (July 31) the National Bank at Copenhagen had total assets valued at 132,052,245 kroner, including bullion 22,589,170, specie 33,726,314; and liabilities 129,515,060 kroner, including notes 80 millions; capital 27 millions, current accounts 15,282,137.

Money, Weights, and Measures.

The money, weights, and measures of Denmark, and the British equivalents, are as follows:

MONEY.

Under a law which came into force on January 1, 1875, the decimal system of currency was introduced in Denmark, the unit being the Krone, or crown, divided into 100 öre.

The Krone 100 öre

=

Average rate of exchange, 1s. 1d. or about 18 Kroner to 11. sterling.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

The Pound=100 Kvint .

Ship Last

Tönde, or Barrel of Grain and

Salt

Tonde, or Barrel of Coal.

Foot (Fod)

Pot.

Diplomatic and Consular Representatives.

1. OF DENMARK IN GREAT BRITAIN.

Envoy and Minister.-F. E. De Billé, accredited 1890.
Secretary of Legation.-Count Reventlow.

Attaché.-Christian August Gosch.

There are Consuls at London (C.G.), Belfast, Edinburgh (C.G.), Hall (C.G.), Liverpool, Auckland (N.Z.). Bombay, Brisbane, Calcutta, Cape Town, Halifax (N.S.), Hong Kong, Kingston (Jamaica), Madeira, Malta, Melbourne, Montreal, Singapore, Sydney, Wellington (N.Z.).

2. OF GREAT BRITAIN IN DENMARK.

Envoy and Minister.-Hugh Guion MacDonell, C.B., C.M.G., appointed Envoy Feb. 1, 1888.

Secretary.-Sir F. C. E. Denys, Bart.

There are Consuls at Copenhagen, Reikjavik (Iceland), St. Thomas (West Indies).

COLONIES.—BOOKS OF REFERENCE

Colonies.

453

The colonial possessions of Denmark consist of the following territories in Europe and America. The area and population are given after the census return of February 1, 1880.

The possessions in the West Indies alone are of any commercial importance. The inhabitants, mostly free negroes, are engaged in the cultivation of the sugar cane, exporting annually from 12 to 16 million pounds of raw sugar, besides 1 million gallons of rum. The value of the total exports from St. Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John to Denmark was 1,584,832 kroner in 1883 and 346,081 kroner in 1888; imports from Denmark 365,557 kroner in 1883, 157,552 in 1888. Exports from the Danish West Indies to the United Kingdom amounted to 38,3997. in 1884, 16,8787. in 1885, 14,0517. in 1886, 24,6607. in 1887, 5,0297. in 1889; and that of the imports of British produce into these islands to 156,1237. in 1884, 110,9807. in 1885, 95,0247. in 1886, 98,9967. in 1887, 80,9267. in 1889. The chief article of export is unrefined sugar, valued at 98,7557. in 1882, 4,8027. in 1886, 13,5702. in 1888, 3,4007. in 1889; while the British imports are mainly cotton goods, of the value of 29,475., and coals, 10,1177. in 1889. The imports from Greenland to Denmark amounted to 453,425 kroner in 1888, and exports to Denmark to 558,445 kroner.

Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning Denmark. 1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Aperçu préliminaire des principaux résultats de recensement du 1er février 1890 en Danemark. Copenhague, 1890.

Kongelig Dansk Hof og Statscalender. Kjöbenhavn, 1890.

Sammendrag af statistiske Oplysninger. No. 10. 8. Kjöbenhavn, 1889.

Statistisk Tabelvaerk. Fjerde Raekke. Litra D. Nr. 14. Kongerigets Vare-Indförsel og Udförsel samt den indenlandske Frembringelse af Braendeviin og Roesakker i Aaret 1888. Udgivet af det Statistiske Bureau.-Litra D. Nr. 8, a. Kongerigets Handels-Flaade og Skibsfart i Aaret 1888. 4. Kjöbenhavn, 1889.

Folkemængden i Kongeriget Danmark den 1ste Februar, 1880. Kjöbenhavn, 1883.

Report on the Trade of Denmark, in No. 471; on the Agriculture of Denmark, in No. 597, of 'Diplomatic and Consular Reports.' London, 1889.

Report on the Trade of Denmark in No. 639, and on Agriculture in No. 774 of Diplomatic and Consular Reports. London, 1890.

Trade of Denmark with the United Kingdom, in 'Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions in the year 1889.' Imp. 4. London, 1890.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Baggesen (A.), Den Danske Stat i Aaret 1860. Fremstillet geographisk og statistisk, tillige fra et militairt Standpunkt. 2 vols. 8. Kjobenhavn, 1860-63.

Both, Kongeriget Danmark, en historisk-topografisk Beskrivelse. 2 vols. Copenhagen, 1882-85. Falbe-Hansen (V.), and Scharling (Wm.), Danmark's Statistik. 8. Kjöbenhavn, 1878-79. National ökönomisk Tidsskrift, 1889. Kjöbenhavn, 1889.

Otté (E. C.), Denmark and Iceland. 8vo. London, 1881.

Petersen (C. P. N.), Love og andre offentlige Kundgjorelser, &c., vedkommende Landvaesenet i Kongeriget Danmark. 8. Kjöbenhavn, 1865.

Trap (J. P.), Statistisk-topographisk Beskrivelse af Kongeriget Danmark. 2nd ed. 4 vols. 8. Kjobenhavn, 1872-78.