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238. Pronunciation, as has been observed, Proverbs. 1. Endeavor to improve in conhad a very comprehensive meaning among versation. 2. He who is wise in small matters, the ancients, taking in the whole compass of will be wise in large ones. 3. Never say a fooldelivery, and involving every thing we see ish thing. 4. None can speak so feelingly of an and hear in modern elocution: it is now con-advantage, as he who has suffered by neglecting fined within narrower limits, and has refer-it. 5. Let not the sun go down on your wrath. ence only to the manner of sounding words. 6. Our minds are moulded and fashioned by the It is much to be regretted, that there is not books we read. 7. Better be good, and not seem more agreement, even among literary and so, than scem good, and not be so. 8. A pleasant scientific men, with regard to this important 9. He, only, is a man, who governs himself. 10. journey is dearly bought, with the loss of home. branch of our subject: but when we reflect, All have power to distinguish between right, that not one in a hundred, takes it up syste- and wrong. 11. Turn a deaf ear to obscens matically, and masters its principles, it is not words 12. All things are proven by contrast. surprising that there is so much discrepancy. Good Sense. It will preserve us from cenThis consideration of inattention to the sub-soriousness; will lead us to distinguish cir ject should put us on our guard against fol- cumstances; keep us from looking after vislowing their examples in every respect, and ionary perfection, and make us see things in of yielding implicit obedience to their whims their proper light. It will lead us to study and oddities. There is so much self-love and dispositions, peculiarities, accommodations; pride of intelligence, as well as passion for to weigh consequences; to determine what novelty, prevalent in the world, that the stu- to observe and what to pass by; when to be dent in elocution, as well as in every thing immoveable, and when to yield. It will proelse, should cleave to acknowledged and well duce good manners, keep us from taking established principles; and regard what is freedoms, and handling things roughly; will most useful instead of what is new. never agitate claims of superiority, but teach us to submit ourselves one to another. Good sense-will lead persons to regard their own duties, rather than to recommend those of others.

239. There are general as well as specific rules, for pronunciation: a partial idea of which, may be obtained from this manual of Elocution. The author has been engaged, for many years, in compiling a Dictionary, on an entirely new plan, so arranged, that when one has learned the definitions of a few hundred words, he can accurately define as many thousands; and with the use of his perfect alphabet, he will know the sound of every letter, the instant he sees it, and how to pronounce each word, without re-spelling, with the same facility. All things are governed by fixed principles, when they are in true order; and when the principles of Pronunciation are properly developed, and applied, they will be found as simple and effec-mind, are far superior to the coarse gratificative, as those of Elocution and Music.

Notes. 1. As the voice is often affected, by a derangement of the respiratory and articulating organs: a few observations are made on some of their causes and remedies. 2. Colds and Coughs -are the effects of sudden exposure to a cold atmosphere, by

which the pores of the skin, (which is an exhalent surface,) be

comes constringed and obstructed; which obstructions may be removed, by restoring to the skin, (which is the safety-valve of the Bystera,) its usual offices. When one has taken cold, the mucus membrane of the lungs, and air passages, (which are also exha lents) emit a new fluid-to compensate for the interruption in the office of the surface of the body; and, as this new secretion consists of humors, which can be of no further use to the system, it excit a muscular effort, called a Cough; by which it is detached from the surface of this inner skin, and expectorated. One of the best remedies is a Vapor Bath, with an application of cold water, and fiction immediately after.

Anecdote. A parish clerk, having, according to custom, published the banns of matrimony, between a loving couple, was followed by the minister, who gave out the hymn, commencing with these words-" Mistaken souls! that dream of Heaven."

Reason gains all men -by compelling-none.

Varieties. 1. Is not a true knowledge of the Divine Being, the foundation of religion, and the corner-stone of the church? 2. Every improper indulgence of the passions, increases their strength for evil. 3 Few seem to be aware, how much depends on the culture of our social nature. 4. It is a great happiness-to be free from suspicion; but a greater, to be free from offence. 5. To be without passion, is worse than a beast; and to be without reason, is worse than a man. 6. The refined pleasures of a truly pious

tions of sense. 7. God gave no faculty of
mind, or body, to men, but those which he
meant should be exerted, and honor him in
his design; the perversion of those faculties,
and acting from, in, and by them, contrary
to God's design, makes the evil, disease, and
death.

THE DAY OF LIFE.
The morning hours-of cheerful light,
Of all the day-are best;
But, as they speed their hasty flight,
If every hour-be spent aright,
We sweetly sink-to sleep-at night,
And pleasant-is our rest.
And life is like a summer's day,
It seems so quickly past:
Youth-is the morning, bright, and gay,
And, if 'tis spent in wisdom's way,
We meet old age-without dismay,

And death-is sweet-at last.
Oft, the cloud, that wraps the present hour,
Lives-but to brighten—all our future dayo.

Proverbs.. 1. A bird is known by hie nate and a man by his talk. 2. There are many. who glory in their shame. 3. A good character is a badge of excellence, that cannot long be concealed. 4. Never more, or less, than enough. 5. Some rather imitate greatness, than goodness. 6. There is misery in want, and danger in excess. 7. Good sayings, belong to all; evil actions only to their authors. 8. A knowledge of the way, is a good part of the journey. 9. If we go wrong, the further we go, the farther we are from home. 10 Reform yourself first, and then, others. 11. The fool-wanders; the wise-travel. wind; seeing is believing.

840. PAUSES, are indications of silence; hey were introduced with the art of printing; and it is questionable, whether they have aid ed us much in learning to read or speak: for if there were no pauses, we should be compelled to exercise the mind, so far as necessary to understand the author. Pauses in speech, are analagous to rests in music; and there are seven different kinds in each art; all of which must be thoroughly understood, in their essence, to read, write, or sing correctly. The true principles of notation, or pauses, are found only in the measure of speech, which is based on the philosophy of mind, Inadequacy of Language. Wordsinvolving the exercise of thinking and feel- are poor weapons. The most beautiful verses ing. The use of pauses is to aid in making-are those which we cannot express. The the sense clearer, and should be only just long enough to answer their end.

12 Words are

diction of every language is insufficient; and every day, the heart of man finds, in the delicacy of his sentiments, and the imagination discovers-in the impressions of visible nature, things, which the mouth cannot embody for want of words. The heart, and the thought of man--are like a musician-driven to play infinitely varied music-on an organ, which has but few notes. It is sometimes more advisable to be silent than to speak. Silence-is felt by the soul, and appreciated by God; and that is enough.

241. There are TWO KINDS of pauses, Grammatical and Rhetorical. Grammatical pauses are distinguished by characters, and are addressed to the eye, as well as to the ear. The shortest pause is called a comma, () which indicates a silence of one second. The teacher is recommended to count, at every pause, while the pupil reads; the same as is done at the rests in music; this exercise, is the surest to accomplish the object. Ex. 1. Do to others, as you would they should do to Varieties. 1. Is not the doctrine of the you. 2. None can be a disciple of the graces, divinity, and humanity-of the Lord Jesus but in the school of virtue. 3. Be armed Christ, the touch-stone, by which the chriswith courage, against thyself, against thy tian church is to be tried? 2. The life of a passions, and against thy flatterers. 4. Every christian-is his walk; Christ is his way, leaf, every twig, and every drop of water, and heaven-his home. 3. A coward in the teems with life. 5. The colors of the rain-field, is like a wise man's fool; he does not bow are- -violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red.

know what he professes; but a coward in the faith, is like a fool, in his wisdom, he does not 242. Examples to Illustrate the Pauses. profess what he knows. 4. Virtue-consists The three grand degrees of all existences are in the faithful performance of our duty, from -what is natural, HUMAN and DIVINE. love to God, and love to man; and vice-ir The three grand divisions of all natural the neglect of our duty from a love of self things are-earths, waters and atmospheres. and a love of the world. 5. The heart of a The three kingdoms of nature are-the min-worthless man-is as unfixed, and change eral, the vegetable, and the animal. The able, as the fitful wind. 6. The tongue may three divisions of the mineral kingdom are speak the loudest; but the heart-the truest. the soils, the rocks, and the precious stones. The three divisions of the vegetable kingdom are— grasses, plants and shrubs, and trees. The three divisions of the animal kingdom are-into those that creep and walk on the earth, those that swim, and those that fly. Each of these divisions is divided in trines; according to which, all things exist, and subsist.

Anecdote. An agent, soliciting subscribers for a book, showed the prospectus to a man, who, after reading-"one dollar in boards, and one dollar and twenty-five cents in sheep,"-declined subscribing, as he might not have boards or sheep on hand, when called upon for payment.

The humble man, when he receives a wrong,
Refers revenge-to whom it doth belong.

7. Look at the form, consider the desire, and
act, and mark the end; for thereby you may
know the nature of all created beings.

This world's not "all a fleeting show,
For man's illusion given;”—
He that hath sooth'd a widow's wo,
Or wip'd an orphan's tear, doth know
There's something here of Heaven.
And he, that walks life's thorny way,
With feelings calm and even,
Whose path is lit, from day to day,
By virtue's bright and steady ray,

Hath something felt of Heaven.
He, that the christian's course hath ram,
And all his foes forgiven,
Who measures out life's little span
In love to God-and love to man,
On earth, hath tasted Heaven.

H

243. The Semicolon-is an indication that we should pause long enough to count two, deliberately; and while we are thus resting, from physical effort, we can carry on our mental effort, for the purpose of producing the desired effect: for it is of the first importance, in reading and speaking, to keep the mind employed with the thoughts and feelings; even when there is no external act; except it may be the play of the facial muscles. 1. Envy not the appearance of happiness in any one; for you know not his secret grief. 2. The sign without the substance, is nothing; the substance without the sign, is all things. 3. None are so innocent, as not to be evil spoken of; none so wicked, as to want all commendation. 4. We may know what we will not utter; but we should never utter, what we do not know.

844. The following lines afford a good exercise, in the placing and use of the grammatical pause.

I saw a peacock with a fiery tail

I saw a blazing star that dropt down hail I saw a cloud begirt with ivy round I saw a sturdy oak creep on the ground I saw a pismire swallow up a whale I saw the brackish sea brim full of ale I saw a phial glass sixteen yards deep I saw a well full of men's tears to weep I saw man's eyes all on a flame of fire I saw a house high as the moon or higher I saw the radiant sun at deep midnight I saw the man who saw this dreadful sight. 945. Natural History-involves the study of all the productions of nature, animal, vegetable and mineral; their qualities, relations and origin. It is divided into three kingdoms, giving rise to the corresponding sciences of Zoology, Botany and Mineralogy; which are divided into classes, orders, genera, and species, founded on prominent distinctions; in which, what most resembles the earth, are placed nearest in relation to it.

Anecdote. "How do you know," (said a traveler to a poor wandering Arab of the desert,) “That there is a God?" "In the same manner,” (he replied,) "that I trace the footsteps of an animal,—by the prints it leaves upon the sand."

Nor let soft slumber-close your eyes,
Before you've recollected thrice
The train of actions—through the day;
Where have my feet-chose out the way?
What have I learn'd, where'er I've been,
From all I've heard, from all I've seen?
What know I more, that's worth the knowing?
What have I done, that's worth the doing?
What have I sought, that I should shun?
What duty-have I left undone?
Or into what new follies run?

These self-inquiries-are the road,

That leads to virtue-and to God

Proverbs. 1. Prosperity-engenders sh 2. Laziness-grows on people; it begins in cob webs, and ends in chains. 3. Many have done a wise thing; more a cunning thing; but very fea a generous thing. 4. What cannot be told, had better not be done. 5. No patience, no true wisdom. 6. Those that are careless of themselves, can hardly be mindful of others. 7. Contentment give a crown, where fortune hath denied it. 8. He, who lives disorderly one year, does not enjoy him. self for five. 9. Public men, should have pubis lic cost. 10. Mildness-governs better than ange. minds: or private ends will be served, at the pub 11. While there is life, there is hope. 12. Good men-are a public good.

Importance of Observation. The ex

ternal world is designed, by its Creator, to mind. Ten thousand objects appeal to our aid essentially in developing the human observation; and each one is a book-of the most interesting character, which can be had without money, and without price. But we must attend to the animate, as well as to the in-animate world,-to men, as well as to things. We should not be ashamed to ask for information, when we do not understand the whys and wherefores; nor fail of conversing with every one, who can impart to us useful knowledge.

Varieties. 1. Are christians prohibited the proper use of any natural good? 2. When the honor and interest of TRUTH are concerned, it is our duty to use all lawful means-for its support and defence. 3. Toleration-is odious to the intolerant; freedom-to oppressors; property to robbers; and all kinds of prosperity to the envious. 4. General Washington was born, Feb. 22nd, (O. S.) 1732; and died, Dec. 14th, 1797, aged 67; 21 years after the Declaration of Independence. 5. What is the most perfect Government? that, where an injury done the meanest citizen, is considered an insult upon the constitution. 6. Grammar-speaks; Dialectics teach truth; Rhetoric-gives coloring to our speech; Music-sings; Arithmetic-numbers: Geometry-weighs; and Astronomy-teaches us to know the stars. 7. As the Apostle saith, so it is, viz: The invisible things of God, and Divine Order, may be seen, and understood by those things which are made, in outward creation; even his eternal power and God-head.

Words are like leaves; and where they most abound,
Much fruit of sense beneath-is rarely found.
False eloquence, like the prismatic glass,
Its gaudy colors spreads-on ev'ry place;
The face of Nature-we no more survey;
All glares alike, without distinction-gay:
But true expression, like th' unchanging sun,
Clears, and improves, whate'er it shines upon :
It gilds-all objects, but it alters-none.
Expression-is the dress of thought, and still
Appears more decent-as more suitable

at home, that you would among strangers. 3. At the close of each day, carefully review your conduct. 4. Avoid unpleasant looks. 5. Be not over anxious for money. 6. Acquire the useful—first; the brilliant-afterwards. 7. A virtuous youth, spoils many good precepts. 9. It costs more to rewill make a happy old age. 8 One ill examplevenge injuries, than to bear them. 10. For the evidence of truth, look at the truth itself. 11. A friend is known, when needed. 12. Who robs a scholar, robs the public.

246. A Colon, (:) marks a pause of three Proverbs. 1. Religion says - love all; and seconds; or while one can count three, delib-hate none. 2. Observe all those rules of politeness erately. Principles-are tested by their application; but even then, we must think, as well as feel, and ascertain the whys and wherefores. 1. Read the sacred Scriptures: they are the dictates of divine wisdom. 2. Harbor no malice in thy heart: it will be a viper in thy bosom. 3. Do not insult a poor man: his situation entitles him to our pity. ▲ He, that studies only man, will get the body without the soul: he that studies only books, will get the soul, without the body: wisdom says, study both. 5. Partially deaf persons, more easily hear a moderately loud voice with a clear articulation, than a very loud one, that is rapid and indistinct: so it Is with a weak voice, in addressing a large assembly.

Experience. In early youth, while yet we live among those we love, we love without restraint, and our hearts overflow in every look, word and action. But when we enter the world, and are repulsed by strangers, and forgotten by friends, we grow more and more timid in our approaches, even to those we love best. How delightful to us, then, are the caresses of children! All sincerity, all affection, they fly into our arms; and then only, we feel the renewal of our first confidence, and first pleasure.

247. COINCIDENCE. Washington-was born, Feb. 22d, 1732, was inaugurated, 1789; and his term of service expired in the 66th year of his age: John Adams was born, Oct. 19, 1735; inaugurated, 1797; term expired in the 66th year of his age: Thomas Jefferson was born, April 2d, 1743; inaugurated, 1801; term expired in the 66th year of hs age: Madison was born, March 5th, 1751; inaugurated, 1809; term expired in the 66th year of his age: Monroe was born, April 2d, 1759; inaugurated, 1817; term expired in the 66th year of his age: all these five presi-juices; but, by the serpent, they are conver. dents were men of the Revolution, and ended their term of service in the 66th year of their age.

Varieties. 1. What is more revoltingthan the idea of a plurality of Gods? 2. An evil habit, in the beginning, is easily subdued; but being often repeated, it acquires strength, and becomes inveterate. 3. The bee and the serpent-often extract the same

ted into poison; while by the bee, they are converted into honey. 4. He, that aims at the sun, will not hit it, but his arrow will fly higher, than if he aimed at an object on a level with himself. 5. Is there not a place and state, for every one, and should not every one be in his proper state and place? 6. Those little words, "try," and "begin," have been great in their results: “I can't”—never did anything, and never will: "Ill try” — has done wonders. 7. The ministry of angels— is that of supplying us with spiritual reasons, truths, and love-principles, whensoever wo stand in need of them.

248. BREATHING. When we sit at our ease, and are not exercising the voice, our breathing is slow and regular; and the more we speak, work, or sing, the more frequently must we inhale fresh air; because the expenditure is greater at such times: many persons fall victims to this neglect; and little is our primary instruction in reading calculated to aid us in appropriate breathing; the results of which are, exceedingly bad habits, inducing impediments in vocal efforts, disease and death. Oh, when shall we be wise, and un-Gold-many hunted, sweat-and bled for gold; derstand these things? How hard to learn, even by experience!

Anecdote. A Mutual Mistake. Two gentlemen were riding in a stage-coach; when one of them, missing his handkerchief, rashly accused the other of having stolen it; but roon fin ling it, had the good manners to beg pardon for the affront; saying it was a mistake to which the other replied, with great readiness, and kind feeling, “Don't be uneasy; it was a mutual mistake: you took me for a thief; and I took you, for a gentleman."

It is a vain attempt
To bind the ambitious and unjust, by treaties;
Thres-they du le-a thousand specious ways.

Waked all the night, and labored all the day:
And what was this allurement, dost thou ask?
A dust, dug from the bowels of the earth,
Which, being cast into the fire, came out
A shining thing, that fools admired, and called
A god; and, in devout and humble plight,
Before it kneeled, the greater—to the less.
And on its altar-sacrificed ease, peace,
Love, charity, benevolence, and all
Truth, faith, integrity; good conscience, friends,
The sweet and tender sympathies of life ;
And to complete the horrid-murderous rite,
And signalize their folly, offered up
Their souls, and an eternity of bliss,
To gain them-what? an hour of dreaming jog
A feverish hour-that hasted to be done
And ended-in the bitterness of wo.

210. A Period, (•) shows that we should Proverbs. 1. Put not off repentance-till an

pause four seconds; or while we can count four, deliberately. 1. Envy no man. 2. Know thyself. 3. Guard against idleness. 4. Vilify no person's reputation. 5. Abhor a falsehood. 6. Blessed are the poor in spirit. 7. Jesus wept. 8. Hurt not thyself. 9. Cherish the spirit of benevolence. 10. Perform your duty faithfully. 11. Make a proper use of time. 12. Cultivate the affections. 13. Do good to all. 14. Be punctual in your engagements. 15. Love humanity. 6. Obey the commandments. 17. Live the Lord's Prayer. 18. Be holy and just. 19. Be perfect. 20. Live for immortality.

250. Pythagorus, about five hundred years before the Christian era, called the visible universe-by the very expressive Greek name, ho kosmos-THE ORDER, which we translate the world. The Platonic school, afterwards, withdrawing attention from genral nature, and fixing it on the epitomeMAN-began to call him-ho mikros kosmos, the miniature world; or, order in miniature. How much useful and instructive history there is in the origin of words! and it is gratifying to know, that these same subjects employed such minds as Plato's, more than two thousand years ago.

251. The intellectual physiognomy of Chatham-was of a severe, and commanding order; his genius-was eminently practical: and while no person-ever surpassed him, in the lofty aspiration and generous enthusiasm of patriotism, few have equalled him, in their calm and christian application. His private character,-shone with a lustre, very different from the unhealthy glare of political fame. His correspondence-presents him under an engaging aspect, and enables the reader to admire the husband and father, not less than the statesman and the orator.

Anecdote. The Far West. "Pray sir, said one gentleman to another, "Is not Indiana-the Far West ?" "Oh no sir," was the reply. "Well, is not Illinois 2" "Very fur from it." "Surely then, when we cross the Mississippi, you are in the Far West!" "No, not exactly." "Where, then, is the Far West!" "Why sir, it is about a hulf a mile this side of sunset."

Beware, proud man, the first approach to crime.
Indulgence is most dangerous-nay, fatal,-
Resist, or soon resistance is in vain.

The first-leads to the second, then to the third
The fourth succeeds, until, familiar grown
With vice, we start not-at our own misdeeds.
Temptation comes, so clothed in speciousness,
So full of seeming, we behold her not
With apprehension, till her baneful pow'r
Has wrestled with our virtue: dreadful state!
When rice steals in, and, like a lurking thief,
Saps--the foundation of integrity.

other day. 2. Rashness-is the fruitful parent of misfortune. 3. Self-exaltation-is the fool's para dise. 4. Sweet is the memory-of departed worth. 5. The covetous man-is his own tormentor. 6 Avail yourself of the wisdom and experience of others. 7. Be ambitious of excelling, that you may do and get the greater good. 8. The first step to greatness is-to be honest. 9. Truth--is the basis of all excellence. 10. Unlawful love-generally ends in bitterness. 11. They that hide, can find. 10. A penny spared, is twice got.

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The Gentleman and his Tenant. A COUNTRY gentleman-had an estate of two hundred pounds a year, which he kept in his own hands, till he found himself so much in debt, that he was obliged to sell one half to satisfy his creditors, and let the remainder to a farmer for one and twenty years. Before the expiration of his lease, the farmer asked the gentleman, when he came one day to pay his rent, whether he would sell the land he occupied. Why, will you purchase it?" said the gentleman. “If you wili part with it, and we can agree,” replied the farmer. "That is exceeding strange," said the gentleman. "Pray, tell me how it happens, that I could not live upon twice as much land, for which I paid no rent, and that you, after regularly paying me a hundred a year for the half, are able, so soon, to pur chase it." "The reason is plain," answered the farmer. "You sat still, and said, Go. 1 stood up, and said, Come. You lay in bod and enjoyed your ease. I rose in the morn ing, and minded my business."

Varieties. 1. Who should be more vir
tuous and intelligent, than the Teacher, who
is to educate, and form characters-for time
and eternity? 2. The happiness of every
one-depends more on the state of his own
mind, than any external circumstance: nay
more than all external things put together.
3. Borrowed money-makes time short. 4.
The lowest condition of life, with prudence,
is better than the most exalted station, with-
out it. 5. How absurd, to be complaining,
and tormenting ourselves, for what it is im-
possible to avoid, or attain. 6. Pause, awhile,
ye travelers on earth, and candidates for eter
nity, and contemplate the universe, and the
Wisdom and Love of Him who made it. 7.
Where there is no unison with God, the only
source of order, love and light, there is nei
ther order, or love, or light, but their oppo
sites. 8. Art-is long, life-is short.
How terrible-is passion! how our reason
Falls down before it; while the tortured frame,
Like a shop-dashed by fierce encountering tides,
And of her pix spoil'd, drives round and round,
The sport of wind-and wave.

Our passions-always fatal counsel give;
Through a fallacious glass-our wrongs-appear
Still greater-than they are

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