178. Orthography or Right Spelling. As Proverbs. 1. As we act towards others, we we have two kinds of language, written and may expect others to act towards us. 2. A good spoken, so, there are two modes of spelling; orator is pointed, and vehement. 3. Idleness-is one addressed to the eye, and exhibited by the rust of the mind, and the blight of genius. 4. naming the letters; the other addressed to Assist yourself, and heaven will assist you. 5. the ear, and spelled by giving the sounds, We should estimate man's character, by his goodwhich the letters represent: the former meth-ness; not by his wealth. 6. Knowledge—is as esod, which is the common one, tends to the presential to the mind, as food is to the body. 7. A dominant use of the throat, and lungs, and is good word is as soon said, as an ill one. 8. No one of the fruitful sources of consumption; the latter, which is the new one, serves to keep up the natural use of the appropriate muscles, and tends to prevent, as well as cure, dyspepsia, liver and lung complaints, and diseases of the throat.

temptation of emolument, can induce an honest man to do wrong. 9. Virtue-is the best, and safest helmet we can wear. 10. Against the fickleness of fortune, oppose a bold heart. 11. Never profess-what you do not practice. 12. Treat every one with kindness.

that has kept time-from eternity.

Anecdote. Keeping Time-from Eter. 179. Classification of the Consonants. nity. Chief Justice Parsons, of Massachu The first natural division of the consonants setts, having been shown a watch, that was is into Vocal and Aspirate. Of the Vocal looked on as wellworthy of notice, as it had there are, as they stand in the alphabet, and saved a man's life, in a duel, remarked,their combinations, twenty-six; but deduct-It is, indeed, a very astonishing watch, ing the duplicates, there are but seventeen; viz: b, as in bib; c, as in suffice; d, as in lead; f, as in of; g, as in gem, go, rouge; 7, as in ill; m, as in me; n, as in none, bank; r, as in err, pride; w, as in wo; x, as in erist; y, as in yet; and th as in this; all of which should be given separately, as well as combined, and their differences observed.

The Difference. Why is it, that many have the reading of the Bible, as well as professors of religion are so reluctant, to speaking and singing, conducted in a cor rect and proper manner? Should not the greatest and most glorious truths-be delivered in an appropriate style? Do they think to exalt religious truth, in the eyes of 180. After the pupil has become familiar the well-informed, by communicating it ir with reading by vowel sounds and spelling, a way that is not only repulsive to correo as above recommended, let him be exercised taste, but slovenly, and absolutely wrongt in reading by the vowel and consonant Is it calculated to recommend devotional ex Bounds: i. e. by giving a perfect analysis ercises to their consideration, by offering up of all the sounds, found in any of the words prayer in a language and manner, unbecom ing man when addressing man; and per of the sentence before him; which involves forming the singing, regardless of propel every thing relating to sounds, whether sin-time and tune? Will they present their of gle, double, or triple; and to articulation, ferings in a maimed, halt and blind manner accent, pronunciation, and emphasis. No upon the altar of religion; while they have one should wish to be excused from these it in their power, to provide a way in ac very useful and important exercises; for they cordance with the subject and object of their are direrctly calculated to improve the voice, devotion? Is it well-to despise a good the ear, and the manner, while they impart style and manner of elocution and music, that kind of knowledge of this subject, which because we have not the ability, and are too will be felt to be power, and give one confi-indolent to labor for it. to do justice to our

dence in his own abilities.

Notes. 1. It is not a little amusing and instructive too, to examine the great variety of names, used by different authors, to

designate the sounds of our letters, their classifications, &c. against which the charge of simplicity cannot be brought: in every thing, let us guard against learned and unlearned ignorance. 2. There are those, who ought, from their position before the world, to be standard authorities in the pronunciation of letters and words, and in general delivery; but, unfortunately, on account of their sad de

fects and inaccuracies, in all those particulars, they constitute a court of Errors, instead of Appeal: consequently, we must throw our

selves upon the first principles and our own resources; using, how. ever, such true lights as a kind Providence has vouchsafed us for

our gurlance.

To him, who, in the love of nature, holds
Communion with her visible forms, she speaks
A various language; for his gayer hours,
She has a voice of gladness, and a smile,
And eloquence of beauty; and she glides
Into his darker musings-with a mild
And gentle sympathy, that steals away
Their sharpness-ere he is aware.

selves and others? What course does true wisdom dictate?

2.

Varieties. 1. Men-will never feel like
women, nor women-think, like men.
In too eager disputation, the truth is often
lost sight of. 3. Woman-is not degraded,
but elevated, by an earnest, daily applica
tion-to her domestic concerns. 4. How
wretched is his condition, who depends for
his daily support, on the hospitality of others.
5. An evil-speaker-differs from an evil-
doer, only in opportunity. 6. The use of
hnowledge is to communicate to others, that
they may be the better for it. 7. They who
deny a God, either in theory, or practice, de
stroy man's nobility.

Till youth's delirious dream is o'er,
Sanguine with hope, we look before,
The future good to find;

In age, when error charms no more,
For bliss-we look behind.

Proverbs. 1. Estimate persons more by their hearts, than by their heads. 2. A people who have no amusements, have no manners. 3. All are not saints, who go to church; all is not gold that glitters. 4. Advice-is soldom welcome; those who need it most, generally like it least.

181. Orthography, being to the Elocutionist, especially, a subject of incalcuable importance, it is presumed a few observations, illustrated by examples, will not be out of place. The author introduces an entirely new mode of learning the letters, by the use of sounds, before the characters are exhib-5. Do not spend your words to no purpose; but ited; also, a new way of spelling, in which the words are spelt by giving the different sounds of the letters, instead of their names: and finally, a new method of teaching children to read, by dictation; instead of by the book: i. e. to read without a book, the same as we all learn to speak our mother tongue; and afterwards, with a book: thus making the book talk just as we should, when speaking on the same subject.

come to the facts. 6. Great things-cannot be the consequences of our actions—both here, and accomplished without proper means. 7. We reap hereafter. 8. God gives to all, the power of becoming what they ought to be. 9. Infringe on no one's rights. 10. If we are determined to succeed, we shall succeed. 11. Better do well, than say well. 12. Better be happy than rich.

Anecdote. If men would confine their conversation to such subjects as they understand, how much better it would be for both 182. Aspirates. There are, according to speaker and hearer. Hally, the great matheir representatives, 21 aspirate, or breath thematician, dabbled not a little in infidelity; sounds: ornitting the duplicates, (or letters he was rather too fond of introducing this having the same sound,) there are only elev-subject in his social intercourse; and once, en; viz: c, as in cent, clock, ocean; d, as in fac'd; f, as in fife; h, as in hoe; p, as in pipe; x, as in mix, ch, as in church; th, as in thin; and wh, as in where whence it appears, by actual analysis, that we have sixteen vowel sounds, and twenty-eight consonant sounds; making in all FORTY-FOUR; Some authors, however, give only thirty-eight.

when he had descanted somewhat freely on it, in the presence of his friend, Sir Isaac Newton, the latter cut him short with this Hally, with the greatest deference, when observation. "I always attend to you, Dr. you do us the honor to converse on astronomy, or the mathematics; because. these are subjects that you have industriously investigated, and which you well understand: but religion-is a subject on which I hear you with great pain; for this is a subject which you have not seriously examined, and do not understand; you despise it, because you have not studied it; and you will not study it, because you despise it.

183. The common mode of teaching all three, is no better policy, (setting every thing else aside,) than to go from America to China to get to England: in other words, perfectly ridiculous: and were we not so much accustomed to this unnatural and dementing process, we should consider it one of the most self-evident humbugs, not of the age only, but of the world. Examples of the old mode: p, (pe,) h, (aytch,) i, (eye,) s, (ess,) TIS, i, (eye,) c, (see,) k, (kay,) ICK, TISICK; fifteen sounds: of the new; t, i, z, tis, i, k, ik, tis-ik; giving nothing but the five sounds: the old g, (je,) e, (e,) w, (doubleyou,) GU, g, (je,) a, (a,) w, (doubleyou,) GAW, GEW-truth. GAW; eighteen sounds, and not one sound in spelling is found in the word after it is spelt: the new mode; g, u,g, aw, Gew-CAW, giving only the four sounds of the letters, in

stead of their names.

Notes. 1. We never can succeed in accomplishing one half of the glorious purposes of language, so long as we apply ourselves to what is written, and neglect what is spoken. 2. A new field presents itself; and when we shall have entered it, in the nght place and manner, a new era will dawn upon us, leading us more to the cultivation of the living language and the living voice: the compass and harmony of the best instrument can never be perseivel, by touching the keys at random, or playing a few simple

Junes upon it, learned by the ear.

When sailing-on this troubled sea
Of pain, and tears, and agony;
Though wildly roar the waves around,
With restless and repeated sound,
'Tis sweet-to think, that on our eyes,
A lovelier clime-shall yet arise;
That we shall wake-from sorrow's dream,
Beside a pure-and living stream.
BRONSON.

lowest are sensual delights, which are sucLaconics. In the scale of pleasure, the ceeded by the more enlarged views and gav these give way to the sublimer pleasures of portraitures of a lively imagination; and reason, which discover the causes and designs, the form, connection, and symmetry of things, and fill the mind with the contemplation of intellectual beauty, order, and

Varieties. 1. The greatest learning-is to be seen in the greatest simplicity. 2 Prefer the happiness and independence of a private station, to the trouble and vexation

of

a public one. 3. It is very foolish-for any one, to suppose, that he excels all others -in understanding. 4. Never take the humble, nor the proud, at their own valuation; the estimate of the former-is too little, and that of the latter-too much. 5. Every order of good-is found by an order of truth, agreeing with it. 6. As there is much to enjoy in the world, so is there much to endure; and wise are they, who enjoy gratefully, and endure patiently. 7. What is the meaning of the expression, in the first chapter of Genesis, Let us make mun, in our image, and after our likeness ?" All farewells-should be sudden, when forever. Else, they make an eternity-of moments,-And clog the last-sad sands of life-with tears

184. In teaching spelling to children, exercise them on the forty-four sounds of the letters; then in speaking in concert, after the preceptor, and also individually, interspersing the exercises with analyzing words, by giving the various sounds of which they are composed. At first, let them give each sound in a syllable by itself, (after you ;) then let them give all the sounds in a syllable before pronouncing it; and finally, let them give all the sounds in a word, and then pronounce it: thus, there are three modes of spelling by ear; easy, difficult, and more difcult. Those, however, taught in the old way, must expect that their younger pupils, especially, will soon get ahead of them; unless they apply themselves very closely to their

work.

then their shapes, and names, together with their uses; the man course should be pursued in teaching music, the ear, always predominating; and then there will be case, grace, and power combined.

Proverbs. 1. Virtue-grows under every weight imposed on it. 2. He, who envies the lot of another, must be discontented with his own. 3. When fortune fails us, the supposed friends of our prosperous days-vanish. 4. The love of ruling-is the most powerful affection of the human mind. 5. A quarrelsome man-must expect many wounds. 6. Many condemn, whai they do not understand. 7. Property, dishonestly acquired, seldom descends to the third genera tion. 3. He, who has well begun, has half dona his task. 9. The difference between hypocrisy and sincerity is infinite. 10. When our attention is directed to two objects, we rarely succeed in either. 11. Recompence every one for his labor. 12. Zealously pursue the right path.

Anecdote. Patience. The priest of a certain village, observing a man, (who had just lost his wife,) very much oppressed with grief, told him, he must have Pa tience;" whereupon, the mourner replied, "I have been trying her sir, but she will not consent to have me."

185. The second division of the Consonants is into SIMPLE, and COMPOUND; or single and double: of the former, there are twenty, including the duplicates: viz: c, in city; c, cab; d, do; d, pip'd; f, fifty; g, gull; h, hope; k, make; l, bill; m, mile; n, no; p, pop; q, quote; r, corn; s, see; t, tune; ch, chyle; gh, tough; gh, ghastly; into three classes, corresponding to the scienThe range of knowledge-is divided and ph, epha: omitting the duplicate repre- tific, rational and affectuous faculties of man. sentatives, there are but eleven; viz: c, (cy- The first, is knowledge of the outward press;) c, (ac-me;) d, (day ;) d, (tripp'd;) creation,-involving every thing material, f, (foe;) g, (give;), (lay;) m, (mote;)-all that is addressed to our five senses; n, (nine;) p, (passed;) r, (more :) compare, and see.

the second, is knowledge of human existences, as it respects man's spiritual, or immortal nature: and the third, knowledge of 186. Origin of Language. Plato says, the Divine Being, including his nature, and that language-is of Divine institution; that laws, and their modes of operation. There human reason, from a defect in the knowl- is a certain point where matter-ends, and edge of natures and qualities, which are in-spirit-begins: i. e. a boundary, where they dicated by names, could not determine the come in contact, where spirit-operates on cog-nom-i-na of things. He also maintains, matter: there is a state, where finite spirit: that names are the vehicles of substances:ual existences-receive life and light-from that a fixed analogy, or correspondence, ex- the Infinite, who is the Lord of all; that ists between the name and thing; that lan- Spirit, guage, therefore, is not arbitrary in its origin, but fixed by the laws of analogy; and that God alone, who knows the nature of things, originally imposed names, strictly expressive of their qualities. Zeno, Cle-anthes, Chry-sip-pus, and others, were of the same opinion.

Notes. 1. This work is not designed to exnibit the whole subject of Oratory; which is as boundless and profound as are the thoughts and feelings of the human mind; but to present in a plain

"That warms-in the sun; refreshes--in the breeze;
Gloros-in the stars; and blossoms-in the trees."

The omniscient, omnipotent and omnipresent
Being, that

"Lives-through all life, extends thro' all extent,
Spreads-undivided-operates-unspent:

Whose body nature is,-and God-the soul."

Varieties. 1. Are monopolies-consistent with republican institutions? 2. Love often makes the most clever persons act like fools, and the most foolish, act like wise

3. Patience is the surest remedy and familiar form, the essentials of this God-like art; in the hopes ones. of being useful in this day and generation. In the course of anoth- against calumny: time, sooner or later, wil er twelve years, there may be a nearer approach to truth and na-disclose the truth. 4. The fickleness of ture. 2. Observe the difference between the sounds, heard in spelHing the following words, by the names of the letters, and those sounds, beard in the words after being spelt: age; if the sounds heard in calling the letters by name, are pronounced, the word in ay-je-ce; 1,-9, in like manner, spell eye-ess; c,-or-n, spell, see o-ar-en; 00,-2,-e, spell doub-le-c-ze-ee; a,-1,-m-,-, spell, a-el-em-ess; o,-n, spell-ow-en; &c. 3. The common arrange ment of words in columns, without meaning, seems at variance with common sense; but this mode is perfectly mathematical, as well as philosophical; and of course, in accordance with nature, science, and the structure of mind. 4. The proper formation of words, out of letters, or sounds, is word-making. 5. Abcdari-ans should first be taught the sounds of letters, and then their uses, and

fortune--is felt all over the world. 5. It is easy to criticise the productions of art, tho it is difficult to make them. 6. Do not defer till to-morrow, what ought to be done to-day. 7. The precepts and truths of the Word of God.-are the very laws of divine order; and so far as our minds are receptive of them, we are so far in the divine order, and the divine order in us, if in a life agreeing with them.

Guard well thy thoughts;-our thoughts are bear' in heaven.

187. The method, here recommended, of that a, in far, is the original element of all giving the sounds, of spelling, and of teach- the vowel and vocal consonant sounds, and ing children to read uithout a book, and then the aspirate h, is the original element, out with a book, will save three-fourths of the la- which all the aspirate consonant sounds are bor of both teacher and pupil; and, in addi- made, as well as the vocal sounds; thus, that tion to these important considerations, there which the letter h represents, seems to inwill be an immense amount of time and ex-volve something of infinity in variety, so pense saved, and the young prevented from far as sounds, and their corresponding affeccontracting the common bad habits of read-tions are concerned; for breath-is air: and ing unnaturally; which not only obstructs without air, there can be no sound. Why the proper development of body and mind, was the letter h, added to the names of Abram but sows the seeds of sickness and premature and Sarai? death. Our motto should be, "cease to do evil, and learn to do well."

3.

Proverbs. 1. He, who reckons without his host, must reckon again. 2. When we despise danger, it often overtakes us the sooner. but their minds are still the same. 4. The corThey, who cross the ocean, may change climate, ruption, or perversion of the best things — produces the worst. 5. We must not judge of persons

by their clothing, or by the sanctity of their appearance. 6. If we indulge our passions, they will daily become more violent. 7. Light griefmay find utterance; but deeper sorrow can find none. 8. The difference is great-between words and deeds. 9. Poverty wants many things; avarice-every thing. 10. Let us avoid having too many irons in the fire. 11. Faithfully perform every duty, small and great. 12. Govern your thoughts, when alone, and your tongue, when in company. 13. Ill got,-ill spent.

--

188. Modes of Spelling. In the old, or common mode of spelling, there are many more sounds introduced, than the words contain: this always perplexes new beginners, whose ear has had much more practice, in reference to language, than their eye. The great difficulty seems to be-to dispose of the parts, which amount to more than the whole for, in philosophy, it is an acknowledged principle, that the parts-are only equal to the whole. Hence, spelling by sounds of letters, instead of by names is vastly preferable: the former being perfectly philosophical, involving orderly, analysis and synthesis, and it is also mathematical, because the parts are just equal to the whole while the latter mode is the very reverse of all this; and in-eral young physicians were conversing, in stead of aiding, essentially, in the development of body and mind, tends directly to prevent both.

189. Of the compound, or diphthongal and triphthongal consonants, we have twentythree; viz: c, (z,) discern; c, (sh,) social; f, (v,) thereof; g, (dg,) gibe; g, (zh,) badinage; j, (dg,) judge; n, (ng,) bank; r, (burr'd,) trill; s, (2) was: 8, (sh,) sure; s, (zh,) leisure; t, (sh,) rațional; v, vivacity; w, wist; x, (ks,) ox; x, (z,) Xenia; y, youth; z, zigzag; ch, (tch,) such; ch, (sh,) chagrin; ph, (v,) nephew; th, thick; th, tho'; wh, why: deducting the duplicates, we have but twelve; c, (z,) c, (sh,) ƒ, (v,) 8, (zh,) n, (ng,) r, (trill'd,) x, (ks,) x, (gz,) ch, (tch,) th, (think,) th, (that,) and wh, (when:) let them be exemplified.

190. It has previously been remarked, that, strictly speaking, a, in far, is the only natural vowel sound in our language; and that the other fifteen are modifications of it; also, that on the same principle, the aspirate, or breath sound, heard in pronouncing the sound of h, (huh, in a whisper,) is the material, out of which all sounds are made; for it is by condensing the breath, in the larynx, through the agency of the vocal chords, that the voice sound, of grave a is made; and, by the peculiar modification, at certain points of interception, that any aspirate consonant sound is produced; hence, it may be said,

Anecdote. Finishing our Studies. Sev

the hearing of Dr. Rush, and one of them observed, "When I have finished my studies," "When you have finished your studies!" said the doctor, abruptly; why, you must be a happy man, to have finished them so young: I do not expect to finish mine while I live."

Laconics. The kindnesses, which most men receive from others, are like traces drawn in the sand. The breath of every passion sweeps them away, and they are reinscriptions on monuments of brass, or pilmembered no more. But injuries are like lars of marble, which endure, unimpaired, the revolutions of time.

spoken too little; but often-of saying too
Varieties. 1. We rarely regret-having
much. 2. Which is the more extensively
useful,-fire, or water? 3. A speaker, who
expresses himself with fluency and discre
tion, will always have attentive lieners.
4. The spirit of party, sometimes leads even
the greatest men-to descend to the mean-
ness of the vulgar. 5. Without virtue, hap
piness-can never be real, or permanent.
6. When we are convinced that our opinions
ledge it, and exchange them for truths. 7.
are erroneous, it is always right to acknow
Every love-contains its own truth.
Serve God before the world / let him not go,
Until thou hast a blessing; then, resign
The whole unto him, and remember who
Prevailed by wrestling-ere the sun did shine
Pour oil upon the stones, weep for thy six,
Then journey on, and have an eye to heaven.

Proverbs. 1. Do as much good us you can and make but little noise about it. 2. The Bible, is a book of laws, to show us what is right, and what is wrong. 3. What maintains one vice, would bring up two children. 4. A little wrong

191. Here a new field is open for the classification of our letters, involving the structure of all languages, and presenting us with an infinite variety, terminating in unity, all languages being merely dialects of the original one; but in this work, nothing done to another, is a great wrong done to our selves. 5. Sermons-should be steeped in the more is attempted, than an abridgment of heart-before they are delivered. 6. A life of the subject. As every effect must have an attractive industry is always a happy one. 7. adequate cause, and as in material things, Drive your business before you, and it will ge such as we see, hear, taste, smell, and feel, easily. 8. Good fences. -make good neighbors, there can be no primary, but only secondary 9. Pride wishes not to owe; self-love—wishes not causes, we must look to the mind for the to pay. 10. The rotten apple injures its compan. feelings and thoughts, that have given rise to ion. 11. Make a virtue of necessity. 12. You all the peculiarities and modifications of lan- can't make an auger hole with a gimblet. guage; being assured, that in the original Anecdote Mathematical Honor. A stulanguage, each state of the will and the un-dent-of a certain college, gave his fellow derstanding, had its external sign, as a medi- student the lie; and a challenge followed. um of manifestation. The mathematical tutor-heard of the diffi

192. Uses of Spelling. The object of spel-culty, and sent for the young man that gave ling, in the manner here recommended, is the challenge, who insisted, that he must Why," said two-fold; to spell by sound, in order to be fight-to shield his honor. the tutor? Pecause he gave me the lie.' able to distinguish the sounds, of which Very well; let nim prove it: if he prove words are composed, and to pronounce it,-you did he but if he does not prove it, them correctly: thus developing and train-then he ties. Why should you shoot one ing the voice and ear to the highest pitch another? Will that make a lie-any more of perfection. The use of spelling by the honorable?" names of letters is, to make us acquainted with them, and the order in which they are placed in the words, so as to be able, not only to read, but to write the language: hence, we must become acquainted with both our spoken and written language, if we would avail ourselves of their wonderful capabilities, and the treasures of which they are possessed.

CICERO savs, the poet-is born such; the orator is made such. But reading books of rhetoric, and eloquent extracts-choice morsels of poetry and eloquence - will never make one an orator: these are only the effects of oratory. The cause of eloquence human mind-the true philosophy of man, and is to be sought for, only in the depths of the the practice of unadulterated goodness and truth. You must feel rightly, think wisely, and act accordingly: then gracefulness of style and eloquence will fit you; otherwise, you will be like the ass, clothed with the lion's skin. Accomplishment should not be Seek, then, for the an end, but a means.

193. In partially applying this doctrine, we may say, B, (bib,) represents a gutteral labial sound; 1st. c, (cent,) a dental aspirate: 24. c, (clock,) a gulteral aspirate: 3d. c, (sacrifice,) a dental vocal consonant: 4th. c, (ocean,) a dental aspirate : 1st f, (if,) a sub-philosophy of oratory, where it is to be found, in the study of geometry, language, physics, labial and super-dental aspirate: 2d ƒ, (of) a theology, and the human mind profound, if sub-labial super-dental, vocal: 1st g, (gem,) you would attain that suavity of graceful a posterior lingual dental vocal, terminating periods, engaging looks and gestures, which in an aspirate; 24 g, (go,) a glottal vocal steal from men their hearts, and reason, and consonant: 3d g, (rouge,) a vocal dental as- make them, for the time being, your willing pirate: h, a pure aspirate, with open mouth captives. and throat; 7, a lingual dental; and so on to Varieties. 1. Is there any line of dethe end of our sounds, of analysis and syn-marcation between temperance and intemthesis, of which a volume might be written; perance? 2. We rarely repent-of eating and although the writer has practiced on too little; but often-of eating too much. them many thousands of times, he never has 3. Truth-is clothed in white; but a liecomes forth in all the colors of a rainbow. done it once, without learning something

new.

Notes. 1. Don't forget to understand and master every thing that relates to the subject of study and practice: the only royal highway to truth is the straight way. 2. Become as familiar

with the sounds of our language as you are with the alphabet. 3. As you proceed, acquire more ease and grace in reading and

speaking.

An honest man-is still an unmoved rock,
Wash'd whiter, but not shaken—with the shock;
Whose heart-conceives no sinister device;
Fearless--he plays with flames, and treads on ice.

4. St. Augustin says, "Love God; and then do what you wish." 5. We must not do evil, that good may come of it; the means— must answer, and correspond to the end. 6. Assumed qualities-may catch the fancy of some, but we must possess those that are good, to fix the heart. 7. When a thing is doubtful, refer it to the Word in sincerity; it it is not clear to you, let it alone, for the pre sent, at least, till it is made so.

Mind, not money-makes the man