8. The means to be used, thus to make | to describe them to others with as muen ao known my feelings and thoughts, are tones, words, looks, actions, expression, and silence: whence it appears, that the body is the grand medium of communication between myself and others; for by and through the body, are tones, words, looks, and gestures produced. Thus I perceive, that the mind, is the active agent, and the body, the passive agent; that this is the instrument, and that the performer: here I see the elements of mental and vocal philosophy. 9. The third sound of A is broad: ALL, wall, auc-tion, aus-pice; his vaul-ting daugh-ter haul'd the dau-phin in the sauce-pan; the pal-try sauce-box waltz'd in the tea-sau-cer; al-be-it, the mawk-ish au-thor, dined on nau-se-ous sau-sa-ges; the au- [A in ALL] burn pal-frey draws lau-rel plau-dits; his naugh-ty dwart got the groat through the fau-cit; he thwarted the fal-chion and salted the shawl in false wa-ter; the law-less gaw-ky got in-stall'd in the au-tumn, and de-frau-ded the green sward of its bal-dric awn-ing. 10. CURRAN, a celebrated Irish orator, presents us with a signal instance, of what can be accomplished by assiduity and perseverance: his enunciation was so precipitate and confused, that he was called "stuttering Jack Curran." To overcome his numerous defects, he devoted a portion of every day to reading and reciting aloud, slowly, and distinctly, some of the most eloquent extracts in our language: and his success was so comolete, that among his excellencies as a speaker, was the clearness of his articulation, and an appropriate intonation, that melodized every sentence. Notes. 1. To make this sound, drop and project the jaw, and shape the mouth as in the engraving: and when you wish to produce a very grave sound, in speech or song, in addition to the above, swell the windpipe, (which will elongate and enlarge the vocal chords,) and form the voice as love as possible in the larynx; for the longer and larger these chords are, the graver will be the vnice: also, practice making sounds, while exhaling aud inhaling, in deepen the tones. This sound is broader than the German a. 2.0 sometines has this sound: I thought he caught the cough, when he bought the cloth; he wrought, fought, and sought, but talked naught. 3. Beware of adding any after to, as lawr, jawr, ap-palled at the thral-dom of Wal-ter Ra-leigh, who was al-most swald-ed in the cal-dron of boiling wa-ter. fawr, &c. 4. The italic a in the following, is broad. All were Habits of thought. Thinking is to the mind what digestion is to the body. We may heur, read, and talk, till we are gray; but if we do not think, and analyze our subjects, and look at them in every aspect, and see the ends, causes, and effects, they will be of little use to us. In thinking, however, we must think clearly and without confusion, as we would examine objects of sight, in order to get a perfect idea of them. Thinking is spiritually seeing; and we should always think of things so particularly, as to be able curacy as we do any external objects, which we have seen with our material eyes. Anecdote. Wild Oats. After the first speech, made by the younger Pitt, in the House of Commons, an old member sarcastically remarked, "I apprehend that the young gentleman has not yet sown all his wild oats." To which Mr. Pitt politely replied, in the course of an elaborate and eloquent rejoinder, "Age has its privilege, and the gentleman himself-affords an ample illustration, that I retain food enough for GEESE to pick." Proverbs. 1. A calumny, tho' known to be such, generally leaves a stain on the reputation. 2. A blow from a frying pan, tho' it does not hurt, sullies. 3. Fair and softly, go sure and far. 4. Keep your business and conscience well, and they will be sure to keep you well. 5. A man knows no more, to any purpose, than he practices. 6. Bells call others to church, but enter not themselves. 7. Revenge a wrong by forgiving it. 8. Venture not all you have at once. 9. Examine your accounts and your conduct every night. 10. Call me cousin, but don't cozen me. 11. Eaglesfly alone, but sheep flock together. 12. It is good to begin well, but better to ond well. Theology-includes all religions, both heathen and christian; and comprehends the study of the Divine Being, his laws and revelations, and our duty towards Him and our neighbor. It may be divided into four grand divisions; viz. Paganism, Mahomedanism, Judaism, and Christianity. The study of Theology is the highest and noblest in which we can be engaged: but a mere theoretical knowledge, like the sunbeam on the mountain glacier, may only dazzle-to blind; for, unless the heart is warmed with love to God, and love to man, the coldness and barrenness of eternal death will reign in the soul: hence, the all of Religion relates to life; and the life of Religion is to do good -for the sake of good. Varieties. He, who studies books alone, will know how things ought to be; and he who studies men, will know how things are. 2. If you would relish your food, labor for it; if you would enjoy your raiment, pay for it before you wear it; if you wonld sleep soundly, take a clear conscience to bed with you. 3. The more we follow nature, and obey her laws, the longer shall we live; and the farther we deviate from them, the sooner we shall die. 4. Always carry a few proverbs with you for constant use. 5. Let compul sion be used when necessary; but deception never. 6. In China, physicians are always under pay, except when their patrons are sick; then, their salaries are stopped till health is restored. 7. All things speak; note well language, and gather wisdom from it. Nature-is but a name for an effect, : Whose cause-is God. the 11. Words, I see, are among the principal | that one stove would save half the fuel. means used for these important purposes; and they are formed by the organs of voice: these two things, then, demand my first and particular attention, words and voice; words are composed of letters; and the voice, is the effect of the proper actions of certain parts of the body, called vocal organs, converting air into sound; which two mighty instruments, words and voice, must be examined analyti Mr. Y- being present, replied, "Sir, I wil buy two of them, if you please, and then I shall save the whole." Proverbs. 1. All truths must not be told at all times. 2. A good servant makes a good master. 3. A man in distress, or despair, does as much as ten. 4. Before you make a friend, eat a peck of salt with him. 5. Passion-will master you, if you do not master your passion. 6. Form sally, and synthetically; without which pro- -is good, but not formality. 7. Every tub must cess I cannot understand any thing. [A in AT.] 12. The fourth sound of A is short: AT, aft, add; I had rath-er have a bar-rel of as-par-a-gus, than the en-am-el and ag-ate; the ca-bal for-bade the mal-efac-tor his ap-par-el-and javelin; Char-i-ty danc'd in the gran-a-ry with Cap-ri-corn; the mal-con-tents pass'd thro' Ath-ens in Feb-ru-ar-y; his cam-els quaff'd the Asphal-tic can-al with fa-cil-i-ty; plas-ter the fal-low-ground af-ter Jan-u-ar-y; the adage an-swers on the com-rade's staff; the plaid tas-sel is man-u-fac-tur'd in France; he at-tack'd the tar-iff with rail-le-ry, after he had scath'd the block and tack-le with his ac-id pag-en-try. 13. The more perfect the medium, the better will it subserve the uses of communication. Now, by analyzing the constituents of words and voice, I can ascertain whether they are in a condition, to answer the varied purposes for which they were given; and fortunately for me, while I am thus analyzing the sounds, of which words are composed, I shall, at the same time, become acquainted with the organs of voice and hearing, and gradually accustom them to the performance of their appropriate duties. Notes. 1. To give the exact sounds of any of the vowels, take words, in which they are found at the beginning, and proceed as if you were going to pronounce the whole word, but stop the instant you have produced the vowel sound; and that is the true one. 2. Beware of clipping this, or any other sound, or changing it: not, I'kn go, you'kn see, they'kn come; but, I can go; you can see; they can come. 3. A, in ate, in verbs, is generally long; but in other parts of speech of more than one syllable, it is usually short; unless under some accent: as-intimate that to my intimate friend; educate that delicate and obstinate child; he calculates to aggravate the case of his affectionate and unfortunate wife; *he compassionate son meditates how he may alleviate the condition of his disconsolate mother; vindicate your consulate's honor; deprecate an unregenerate heart, by importunate prayer; the prelate and primate calculate to regulate the ultimates immediately. 4. Observe-that often the sounds of vowels are sometimes modified, changed, by letters immediately preceding or succeeding; which may be seen, as it respects a, for instance, in ren-e-gade, mem-brane, rep-ro-bate, can-did-ate, po-ten-tate, night-in-gale, &c.: some having a slight accent on the last syllable; and others having the a preceded, or followed by a vocal consonant: see previous Note 3. 5. A letter is called short, when it cannot be prolonged in Speech, (though it can in Song,) without altering its form; and long, when k can be prolonged without such change: therefore, we call a sound long, or short, because it is seen and felt to be so: as, cold, hot; pale, mat: in making a long sound the glottis is kept open indefinitely; and in making a short one, it is closed suddenly, producing an abrupt sound, like some of the consonants, Anecdote. Saving Fuel. Some time ago, when modern stoves were first introduced, and offered for sale in a certain city, the vender remarked, by way of recommending them, stand on its own bottom. 8. First come, first serv'd Friendship-cannot stand all on one side. 10. Idleness-is the hot-bed of vice and ignorance 11. He that will steal a pin, will steal a better thing. 12. If you lie upon roses when young, you will lie upon thorns when old. Qualifications of Teachers. Inas much as the nature of no one thing can be understood, without a knowledge of its origin, and the history of its formation, the qualifications of teachers are seen and felt to be so great, as to induce the truly conscientious to exclaim, in view of his duties, "Who is sufficient for these things?" How can we educate the child in a way appropriate to his state and relations, without a knowledge of his mental and physical structure? Is not a knowledge of psychology and physiology as necessary to the educator, as the knowledge of mechanics is to the maker or repairer of a watch? Who would permit a man even to repair a watch, (much less hire a man to make one,) who had only seen its externals? Alas! how poorly qualified are nine-tenths of our teachers for the stations they occupy! almost totally ignorant of the nature and origin of the human mind, and the science of physiology, which teaches us the structure and uses of the body. But how little they understand their calling, when they suppose it to be merely a teaching of book-knowledge; without any regard to the development of mind and body. A teacher should possess a good moral character, and entire self-control; a fund of knowledge, and ability to communicate it; a uniform temper, united with decision and firmness; a mind to discriminate character, and tact to illustrate simply the studies of his pupils; he should be patient and forbearing; pleasant and affectionate, and be capable of overcoming all difficulties, and showing the uses of knowledge. Varieties. 1. If one were as eloquent as an angel, he would please some folks, much more by listening, than by speaking. 2. An upright politician asks what recommends a man; a corrupt one-who recommends him. 3. Is any law independent of its maker? 4. Kind words-cost no more than unkind ones 5. Is it not better to be wise than rich? 6 The power of emphasis depends on concen tration. 7. Manifested wisdom-infers de sign. 11. There are then, it appears, two kinds language; an artificial, or conventional anguage, consisting of words; and a natural language, consisting of tones, looks, actions, expression, and silence; the former is addressed to the eye, by the book, and to the ear, by speech, and must thus be learned; the latter-addresses itself to both eye and ear, at the same moment, and must be thus acquired, so far as they can be acquired. To become an Elocutionist, I must learn both these languages; that of art and science, and that of the passions, to be used according to my subject and object. [E in EEL.] 15. E has two regular sounds; first, its name sound, or long: EEL; e-ra, e-vil; nei-ther de-ceive nor in-vei-gle the seam-stress; the sleek ne-gro bleats like a sheep; Ca-sar's e-dict pre-cedes the e-poch of tre-mors; the sheik's beard stream'd like a me-te-or; the ea-gle shriek'd his pe-an on the lea; the e-go-tist seemed pleas'd with his ple-na-ry leis-ure to see the co-te-rie; E-ne-as Leigh reads Mo-sheim on the e-dile's heath; the peo-ple tre-pann'd the fiend for jeer-ing his prem-ier; his liege, at the or-gies, gave ce-il-iads at my niece, who beat him with her be-som, like a cava-lier in Greece. 16. Since the body is the grand medium, for communicating feelings and thoughts, (as above mentioned,) I must see to it, that each part performs its proper office, without infringement, or encroachment. By observation and experience, I perceive that the mind uses certain parts for specific purposes; that the larynx is the place where vocal sounds are made, and that the power to produce them, is derived from the combined action of the abdominal and dorsal muscles. Both body and mind are rendered healthy and strong, by a proper use of all their organs and faculties. 17. Irregular Sounds. I and Y often have this sound; as-an-tique, ton-tine; the po-lice of the bas-tile seized the man-da-rin for his ca-price at the mag-a-zine; the unique fi-nan-cier, fa-tigued with his bom-bazine va-lise, in his re-treat from Mo-bile, lay by the ma-rines in the ra-vine, and ate verdi-gris to re-lieve him of the cri-tique. Sheridan, Walker and Perry say, yea yea, and nay nay, making the e long; but Johnson, Entick, Jamieson and Webster, and the author, pronounce yea as if spelled yay. Words derived immediately from the French, according to the genius of that language, are accented on the last syllables; -ca-price, fa-tigue, police, &c. Sorrow-treads heavily, and leaves behind 18. That the body may be free, to act in accordance with the dictates of the mind, all unnatural compressions and contractions must be avoided; particularly, cravats and stocks so tight around the neck, as to interfere with the proper action of the vocal organs, and the free circulation of the blood; also, tight waistcoats; double suspenders, made tighter with straps; elevating the feet to a point horizontal with, or above, the seat; and lacing, of any description, around the waist, impeding the freedom of breathing naturally and healthfully. Anecdote. True Modesty. When Wash ington had closed his career, in the French and English war, and become a member of the House of Burgesses, in Virginia, the Speaker was directed, by a vote of the house, to return thanks to him, for the distinguished services he had rendered the country. As soon as Washington took his seat, as a meтber, Speaker Robinson proceeded to discharge the duty assigned him; which he did in such a manner as to confound the young hero; who rose to express his acknowledgments; but such was his confusion, that he was speechless; he blushed, stammered, and trembled for a short time; when the Speaker re lieved him by saying--" Sit down, Mr. Washington; your modesty is equal to your valor; and that-surpasses the power of any language that I possess." Proverbs. 1. A blythe heart makes a blooming visage. 2. A deed done has an end. 3. A great city, a great solitude 4. Desperate cutsmust have desperate cures. 5. All men are not men. 6. A stumble-may prevent a fall. 7. A fool always comes short of his reckoning. 8. Beggars must not be choosers. 9. Better late, than never. 10. Birds of a feather flock together. 11. Nothing is lost in a good market. 12. All is well, that ends well. 13. Like priest, like people. Varieties. 1. The triumphs of truth-are the most glorious, because they are bloodless; deriving their highest lustre from the number of the saved, instead of the slain. 2. Wisdom-consists in employing the best means, to accomplish the most important ends. 3. He, who would take you to a place of vice, or immorality, is not your real friend. 4. If gratitude-is due from man to man, how much more, from man to his Maker! 5. Arbitrary power-no man can either give, or hold; even conquest cannot confer it: hence, law, and arbitrary power-are at eternal enmity. 6. They who take no delight in virtue, cannot take any either in the employments, or the inhabitants of heaven. 7. Beware of violating the laws of Life, and you will always be met in mercy, and not in judgment. The calm of that old reverend brow, the glow 19. Having examined the structure of the body, I see the necessity of standing, at first, on the left foot, and the right foot a few inches from it, (where it will naturally fall, when raised up,) and pointing its heel toward the hollow of the left foot; of throw ing the shoulders back, so as to protrude the Chest, that the air may have free ac-cess to the air cells of the lungs; of having the upper part of the body quiescent, and the mind concentrated on the lower muscles, until they act voluntarily. 20. The second sound of E is short: ELL; edge, en; the dem-ocrat's eq-ui-page was a leather eph-od; the es-quire leap'd from a ped-es-tal into a kettle of eggs; a lep-er clench'd the eph-a, zeal-ous of the eb-on feath-er, and held it stead-y; get the non-pa-reil weap-ons for the recon-dite her-o-ine; the ap-pren-tice for-gets the shek-els lent the deaf prel-ate for his her-o-ine; the clean-ly leg-ate held the tepid mead-ow for a spe-cial home-stead; ster [E in ELL.] Notes. 1. To make this sound of &, arop the under jaw open the mouth wide, as indicated by the engraving, so as to pre vent it from becoming in the least nasal. 2. E, in ent, ence, and est, generally has this sound; tho' sometimes it slides into short u. 3. When e precedes two r's (rr,) it should always have this sound: as err, er-ror, mer-it, cher-ry, wher-ry: but when followed by only one r, it glides into short u, tho' the under jaw should be much depressed: as the mer-chaut heard the clerk calling on the ser-geant for mer-cy; let the ter-ma-gant learn that the pearls were jerked from the rob-ber in the tavern. I is similarly situated in certain words: the girls and birds in a mirth-ful cir-cle, sang dir ges to the virgin: see short u. 4. E is silent in the last syllable ofe-ven the shov-els are broken in the oven; a weasel opens the nowel, with a sick-cning sniv-el; driv-en by a deaf-ening ti-tle fro heav-cn, he was of-ten taken and shaken till he was softened and ri-penod seven, e-leven or a doz-en times. 5. The long vowels are open and continurus; the short ones are shut, abrupt, or discrete, and end as soon as made. Anecdote. A lawyer, to avenge himself on an opponent, wrote "Rascal" in his hat. The owner of the hat took it up, looked ruefully into it, and turning to the judge, exclaimed, "I claim the protection of this honorable court; -for the opposing counsel has written his name in my hat, and I have strong suspicion that he intends to make off with it." Proverbs. 1. Make both ends meet. 2. Fair e-o-type the pref-ace to the ten-ets as a prel-play-is a jewel. 3. Proverbs existed before books. ude to our ed-i-ble re-tro-spec-tions; yester-day I guess'd the fet-id yeast es-caped with an ep-i-sode from the ep-ic into the pet-als of the sen-na; the pres-age is impress'd on his ret-i-na in-stead of the keg of phlegm. 21. In these peculiar exercises of voiceare contained all the elements, or principles of articulation, accent, emphasis and expres sion; and, by their aid, with but little exertion, I shall be enabled to economize my breath, for protracted vocal efforts, and impart all that animation, brilliancy and force, that reading, speaking and singing ever require. 22. Irregulars. A, I, U, and Y, sometimes have this sound: as-an-y, or man-y pan-e-gyr-ists of Mar-y-land said, the bury-ing ground a-gainst the world; says the lan-cet to the trum-pet-get out of my way a-gain, else the bur-i-al ser-vice will be said over you in the black-ness of dark-ness; there is sick-ness in the base-ment of our plan-et, from the use of as-sa-fæt-i-da, in-stead of herrings: never say sus-pect for ex-pect, businiss for busi-ness, pay-munt for pay-ment, nor gar-munts for gar-ments. 23. As much depends on the quality of which any thing is made, I must attend to the manner, in which these sounds are produced, and see that they are made just right; each having its appropriate weight, form, and quantity. Taking the above position, and opening the mouth wide, turning my lips a little out all round, trumpet fashion, and keeping my eyes on a horizontal level, and inhaling full breaths, I will expel these sixteen vowel sounds into the roof of my mouth, with a suddenness and force similar to the crack of a thong, or the sound of a gun. An ape is an ape, a varlet-is a varlet, Let them be clothed in silk, or scarlet. Au blood is alike ancient. 5. Beauty-is only skin deep. 6. Handsome is, that handsome does. 7. One fool makes many. 8. Give every one his due. 9. Ne rose without a thorn. 10. Always have a few marims on hand for change. Sublimity and Pathos. As weak lights -are obscured, when surrounded by the daz zling rays of the sun, so, sublimity, poured around on every side, overshadows the arti fices of rhetoric: the like of which occurs in painting; for, tho' the light and shade, lie near each other, on the same ground, yet, the light first strikes the eye, and not only appears projecting, but much nearer. Thus, too, in composition, the sublime and pathetic -being nearer our souls, on account of some natural connection and superior splendor, are always more conspicuous than figures; they conceal their art, and keep themselves veiled from our view. Sounds. 1. The whole sound made is not in the whole air only; but the whole sound is in every particle of air: hence, all sound will enter a small cranny unconfused. 2. At too great a distance, one may hear sounds of the voice, but not the words. 3. One articulate sound confounde another; as when many speak at once. 4. Articulation requires a mediocrity of loudness. Varieties. 1. See how we apples swim 2. He carries two faces. 3. Strain at a gate and swallow a saw-mill. 4. Who is the true gentleman? He whose actions make him such. 5. A sour countenance is a manifest sign of a froward disposition. 6. Speak-as Whatever way you wend, , 24. I observe that there are three distinct Proverbs. 1. A crowd, is not company. 2. principles involved in oral words, which are their essences, or vowel sounds; their forms, or the consonants attached to them, and their meaning, or uses. By a quick, combined action of the lower muscles upon their contents, the diaphragm is elevated so as to force the air, or breath, from the lungs into the windpipe, and through the larynx, where it is converted into vowel sounds; which, as they pass out through the mouth, the glottis, epiglottis, palate, tongue, teeth, lips, and nose, make into words. 25. I has two regular sounds: First, its NAME sound.or long: ISLE; ire, 1-o-dine: Gen-tiles o-blige their wines to lie for sac-charine li-lacs to ex-pe-dite their feline gibes; the ob-lique grindstone lies length-wise on the hori-zon; a ti-ny le-vi-a-than, on [I in ISLE.] the heights of the en-vi-rons of Ar-gives, as-pires to sigh through the mi-cro-scope; the e-dile likes spike-nard for his he-li-acal ti-a-ra; the mice, in tri-ads, hie from the aisle, si-ne di-e, by a vi-va vo-ce vote; the bi-na-ry di-gest of the chrys-ta-line ma-gi, was hir'd by the choir, as a si-ne-cure, for a li-vre. 26. These vocal gymnastics produce astonishing power and flexibility of voice, making it strong, clear, liquid, musical and governable; and they are as healthful as they are useful and amusing. As there is only one straight course to any point, so, there is but one right way of doing any thing, and every thing. If I wish to do any thing well, I must first learn how; and if I begin right, and keep so, every step will carry me forward in accomplishing my objects. Notes. .P, in some worda, has this sound; particularly, when accented, and at the end of certain nouns and veris: the lyce-um's al-ly proph-e-cy to the dy-nas-ty to mag-ni-fy other's faults, A drowning man will catch at a straw. 3. Half a loaf is better than no bread. 4. An ill workman quarrels with his tools. 5. Better be alone than in bad company. 6. Count not your chickens before they are hatched. 7. Every body's business, is nobody's business. 8. Fools-make feasts, and wise men cat them. 9. He that will not be counselled, cannot be helped. 10. If it were not for hope, the heart would break. 11. Kindness will creep, when it cannot walk. 12. Oil and truth will get uppermost at last. General Intelligence. It is a signal improvement of the present day, that the actions and reactions of book-learning, and of general intelligence are so prompt, so intense, and so pervading all ranks of society. The moment a discovery is made, a principle demonstrated, or a proposition advanced, through the medium of the press, in every part of the world; it finds, immediately, a host, numberless as the sands of the sea, prepared to take it up, to canvass, confirm, refute, or pursue it. At every water-fall, on the line of every canal and rail-road, in the counting-room of every factory and mercan tile establishment; on the quarter-deck of every ship that navigates the high seas; on the farm of every intelligent husbandman; in the workshop of every skillful mechanic; at the desk of every school-master; in the office of the lawyer; in the study of the physician and clergyman; at the fireside of every man who has the elements ci a good educa tion, not less than in the professed retreats of learning, there is an intellect to seize, to weigh, and to appropriate the suggestions, whether they belong to the world of science, of tenets, or of morals. Varieties. 1. Ought women be allowed to vote? 2. Nothing is troublesome, that we but min-i-fy its own. 2. This first dip-thongal sound begins do willingly. 3. There is a certain kind of nearly like 21 A, as the engraving indicates, and ends with the name sound of e (a-e.) 3. I is not used in any purely English word sa a final letter; y being its representative in such a position. 4. When I commences a word, and is in a syilable by itself, if the accent be on the succeeding syllable, it is generally long: as, i-de-a, i-den-ti-fy, i-dol-a-try, i-ras-ci-ble, i-ron-i-cal, i-tat-ie, i-tin-e-rant, &c. It is long in the first syllables of vi-tal-i-ty, di-am-e-ter, di-er bal, di-tem-ma, bi-en-ni-al, eri-te-ri-on, chi-me-ra, bi-og-ra-phy, licm-tious, gi-gan-tic, pri-me-val, vi-bra-tion, &c. 5. In words derived from the Greek and Latin, the prefixes bi, (twice,) and tri, (Chrice,) the I is generally long. Anecdote. Secing a Wind. "I never saw such a wind in all my life;" said a man, during a severe storm, as he entered a temperance hotel. "Saw a wind!" observed another," What did it look like?" "Like!" said the traveller, "why, like to have blown my hat off." ON A MUMMY. Why should this worthless tegument-endure, If its undying guest-be lost forever ? In living virtue; that when both must sever, Th' immortal spirit-in the skies may bloom. pleasure in weeping; grief-is soothed and To me, tho' bath'd in sorrow's dew, I lov'd thee, when thy woes were few That face, in joy's bright hour, was fair, Tho' somewhat pale thy brow; And be it mine, to soothe the pain, |