not apply; and thirdly, with respect to the operation of tests, I meant to say that they do not at present act in preventing a destruction of belief, but they intervene at the most inopportune moment in preventing its natural re-construction.

These statements involved a criticism on the system of education for the final classical school at Oxford, which awakened considerable discussion, and to which I shall have occasion to refer again as we proceed.1 Dr. Appleton then went on to speak of safeguards :

I mentioned three, which I thought existed at the present time in Oxford quite independently of the tests, and which would continue to exist if tests were abolished. The first and most important of these, in my opinion, is the common feeling of honour existing among tutors of colleges, which would prevent a man, who was slightly older than his pupil, or even a great deal older than his pupil, from abusing his power over that pupil's mind. I think, so long as the tutors and fellows of colleges are gentlemen, we may rest assured that that restraint will operate. The second safeguard, which I conceived to exist already, was the increasing practice of dividing the branches of knowledge; so that a philosophical question, such as a question in moral philosophy, may be decided, and men are educated to decide it, without bringing in any religious considerations. The third safeguard was that there already existed in Oxford a number of religious influences quite independent of the university organization.2

He now desired to mention a fourth and new safeguard, which would be introduced by the very fact of the abolition of tests, in addition to the three which exist already this would consist "in a large infusion, in the course of time, of Roman Catholics and Protestant Dissenters into the universities." His experience had led him to the conclusion that Nonconformists, as a rule, were more carefully trained, both religiously and theologically, than members of the Church of England of the same age,

1 See pp. 93-5.

2 He explains that he is alluding to the "immense influence exercised by Dr. Liddon," and, to a less extent, by some of the parochial clergy.

and he consequently argued that their presence at Oxford, their interest in theology, and their religious influence socially, would have the desirable effect of keeping undogmatic Christianity" at bay, and preserving the definite outlines of the faith.

Another incident of 1871, connected with the siege and capitulation of Paris, shall be recorded in the words of an accomplished writer in the Revue critique, M. Paul Meyer:

Si Appleton n'avait été qu'un littérateur de talent, nous bornerions à enregistrer sa mort dans notre chronique, les notices nécrologiques ne pouvant être dans la Revue qu'une exception toujours motivée par des circonstances particulières.

Mais la Revue critique a contracté envers Appleton une dette de reconnaissance. Au commencement de février 1871, alors que les portes de Paris venaient d'être ouvertes par la capitulation, celui qui écrit ces lignes reçut la visite d'une personne arrivant de Londres-c'était le P. Hyacinthe-qui lui remit, au nom d'Appleton et de l'Academy, une somme de 10,000 fr., pour être distribuée entre les érudits et littérateurs que nos malheurs auraient mis dans une situation embarrassée.1 Cette somme était le produit d'une souscription faite entre les collaborateurs de l'Academy. Elle fut, selon les intentions du donateur, employée partie en dons, partie en prêts. Ce fut un acte de bienfaisance accompli avec discrétion. Ceux-là seuls le connurent qui y contribuèrent ou qui en bénéficièrent. La direction de la Revue critique, choisie comme intermédiaire, fut profondément touchée de l'honneur qui lui était fait, et si ces lignes tombent sous les yeux de ceux qui, en de douloureuses circonstances, à l'initiative d'Appleton, ont accordé aux savants français un témoignage de sympathie, elles leur porte

1 Extrait d'une lettre d'Appleton, 19 février 1871 :—“The object of sending it (the sum) was to help in the first place the collaborators of the Revue critique, especially those who collaborate for the Academy. After them for the collaborators of the Revue archéologique, &c. It appears to me that in these categories would be found many men who held several offices, and had lost by the war all or most of these; and that, by placing the sum at the disposal of yourself, or one of your colleagues in the redaction of the Revue critique, it could be used here and there with discretion, lent or given as seemed most acceptable, in all ways tendered in such a way that a gentleman could accept it."

ront l'expression de notre vive reconnaissance. Et quant à ceux de nos compatriotes qui furent relevés d'une gêne momentanée grâce à l'Academy, ils n'apprendront pas sans regret la fin prématurée d'un homme qui, dans ses actes comme dans ses écrits, fut toujours conduit par la passion du bien. (15 mars 1879.)

I am glad to be able to carry on the narrative of this important part of my brother's life by means of a contribution from Mr. James S. Cotton, late Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford, one of the essayists in the volume on "The Endowment of Research," who also has ample knowledge of the circumstances connected with the history of the Academy:

Those who knew Dr. Appleton best would be disposed to dwell most upon the theoretical bent of his mind, as its dominant characteristic. He himself always regretted that his other duties never allowed him leisure to formulate in detail those metaphysical speculations of which he has left us but a single incomplete specimen. What he might have accomplished in this direction is now unknown. The world judges, and necessarily must judge, by work done, and not by hopes held out. The work to which Dr. Appleton gave his life was practical. To philosophy, his first love, he was never inconstant; but the call of duty compelled him to postpone his courtship to another day, which he was never destined to In default of others, he voluntarily undertook the obligation of leading a public life, and immersing himself in the details of business. While his friends stayed at Oxford, he went forth into the world, willing to spend and be spent for the sake of the common object they all alike had in view -the promotion of learning.

see.

Dr. Appleton's practical talents were chiefly manifested in two arduous enterprises, by both of which his name will long be remembered. He founded the Academy, and he organized the movement in favour of the endowment of research. Concerning both of these it is necessary that something should be said in this place, but matters so recent and so intimately connected with the names of persons still alive can only be treated with a considerable measure of reticence.

For some time before the foundation of the Academy

At

Dr. Appleton had been considering how best he might devote himself to the cause of learning. His residence in Germany, and his experience of German universities, had deeply impressed him with the dignity of the life of the savant, and with the importance of diffusing the results of scientific study more widely among the cultivated classes of this country. It was at about this period that he eagerly took up a scheme for the publication in English of the master-works of the political thinkers of all ages and of all countries.1 This scheme failed of accomplishment; but meanwhile the idea of the Academy was gradually gathering shape in his mind. In concert with a band of Oxford friends, almost every one of whom survived him, he planned and laboured and agitated, with all the enthusiasm of youth and of disinterested purpose, until at last the Academy was brought into existence. first it was proposed that the journal should consist largely of original communications, with résumés of recent publications by competent hands rather than what is generally understood in England by "reviews." In short, the well-known Literarisches Centralblatt was to be taken as a model. At. this stage, also, it was suggested that the journal (still without a name) should be divided into six departments, each under the direction of a separate editor skilled in his own branch of learning. At a somewhat later date, when the number of departments was to be reduced to three, Dr. Appleton modestly described his own position as being concerned with only "the mechanical part of the labour of editing." The first draft prospectus of the proposed new Monthly Journal of Science was privately circulated in April, 1869. The favour with which this prospectus was received at once forced attention to some details of business which had hitherto been lightly regarded. It was felt that the undertaking, from its growing magnitude, demanded that one man must stand forth as responsible editor, and also that the editor must take up his home in London. The universal consensus of his fellow-projectors pointed to Dr. Appleton as the person who could best satisfy the requisite conditions. He had not yet settled down as an Oxford teacher, nor in truth was he particularly anxious to do so. His Fellowship supplied him with that hold upon the university which was essential from the point of view of the original scheme. His exu

1 See pp. 84-5.

berant energy, his keen knowledge of men, his practical grasp of details, his devotion to an idea once firmly conceived, the wideness of his intellectual sympathies and the charm of his social manners—all these were qualifications for the editorship, each of them strong, but in their combination unequalled. It thus happened, as it were by natural selection, that Dr. Appleton, who had founded the Academy, became also its first editor. Shortly afterwards, he removed his permanent residence from Oxford to London; and the projected journal was launched, not in the quiet of a university town, but amid the busy stir of the metropolis.

Oct. 9, 1869, was the date of the first appearance of the Academy, "A Monthly Record of Literature, Learning, Science and Art," with the motto “Inter silvas academi quaerere verum." The number consisted of 30 quarto pages of text, with 20 additional for advertisements. The following is a list of the contributors, according to the order in which their names occur:-Matthew Arnold, H. de B. Hollings, G. A. Simcox, Gustave Masson, H. Lawrenny (Edith Simcox), Sidney Colvin, J. B. Lightfoot, T. K. Cheyne, T. H. Huxley, Sir J. Lubbock, A. Neubauer, H. N. Oxenham, C. W. Boase, G. Waring, H. F. Tozer, Th. Nöldeke, Mark Pattison, D. B. Monro, J. Conington, R. Ellis.

It was scarcely to be expected that the Academy would maintain the high-water mark of distinction implied by such a collection of names as this. But, despite all the vicissitudes to which it has been subject, it has always attempted to hold fast the principles upon which it was founded, and at least it has never abandoned the rule of admitting none but signed reviews.

From February, 1871, the Academy appeared fortnightly instead of monthly. Three years later, in January, 1874, it gained a publisher of its own, and began to appear every week. It has survived the crisis in its existence caused by the death of its founder and editor, and it still continues under the management of one who worked in

After living for a short time in London, Dr. Appleton took up his quarters at Netley Cottage, Hampstead, the pretty artistic home where it was his pride and pleasure to bring together gradually the goodly collection of books, engravings, china, old furniture, &c., which formed, as it were, the setting of his busy life. Many of those who read these pages will, I am sure, have very pleasant memories of this hospitable retreat.-J. H. A.