Dun Diver.

Dun Diver, Red-breasted Merganser, Smew, Red-headed Smew, Loughdiver. Of the Anas, thirty species, viz. Wild Swan (Cygnus), Tame Swan, Swan Goose (Anser), Canada Goose, Egyptian Goose, Red-breasted Goose, Gray Lag, Tame Goose, White-fronted Wild Goose, Bear Goose, Bernacle, Brent Goose, Eider Duck (Anas), Musk, Velvet, Tame, Hookbilled, Scaup, Bimaculated, Ferruginous, Pintail, Long-tailed, and Tufted Ducks, Teal, Garganey, Morillon, Golden Eye, Pochard, Widgeon, Gadwall, Red-breasted ShovelSer, Shoveler, Shieldrake, Mallard, and Scoter. Of the Pelican (Pelecanus), four species, viz. Corvorant or Cormorant, Crested Corvorant, Shag and Gannet.

Widgeon.

Of Reptiles, there are very few species in Europe. Venomous Serpents are rare. Fish of various kinds abound upon the coast, and in the rivers. There are several, as the Sole, Turbot, and others, particularly valued for the table, which are not found in America, or very rarely.

14. Population. It is difficult to estimate the precise amount of the population of Europe, notwithstanding the accuracy with which the census of some countries has been taken: for we

do not possess a census of contemporary surveys, and in Turkey the population can only be loosely estimated from the number of hearths paying tax to the Porte. The population-returns of Hungary, Spain, and Transylvania, are very old. In 1787, Zimmerman estimated the population of Europe at 144,000,000; Malte Brun, at 205,000,000; Balbi, in 1826, stated it at 227,000,000, and the best recent estimates make it, at present, about 233,000,000 This population is not equally concentrated throughout Europe. Thus, in the Duchy of Lucca, it is in the ratio of 288 to a square mile; while in Iceland and Färoe it is only 1; in the Netherlands it is as 212, in Great Britain as 178, and in Sweden and Norway as 10 to the square mile. Upon the whole, the south of Europe is more populous than the north, in proportion to its extent and must continue so, as the means of subsistence are procured with so much greater facility in the countries of the former, than in those of the latter. The climate of Norway is quite as favorable to longevity as that of Lucca; but the one comprehends a vast tract of rugged, untillable surface; the other is a garden throughout.

15. Inhabitants. The inhabitants of Europe belong to 20 different races, but 5 of these comprise the great bulk of the population. 1. The German or Teutonic race comprises the Germans, Dutch, Danes, Swedes, Norwegians, English, and a part of the Swiss; these people speak Teutonic dialects. 2. The Greco-Latin race comprises the Greeks, Albanians, Walachians, Italians, French, Spaniards, and Portuguese, with a part of the Swiss. 3. The Sclavonic race embraces the Russians, Poles, Lithuanians, Bohemians, Servians, Bosnians, Dalmatians, Bulgarians, with the Wends of Prussia, the Sorbians of Prussia and Saxony, the Lettes of Russia, &c. These three races are the most numerous. 4. To the Uralian or Finnic race belong the Finns, Laplanders, Esthonians, Magyars or Hungarians, and some smaller tribes in Russia. 5. The Turkish race comprises the Ottoman Turks or ruling people of Turkey, the Turcomans of the same empire, and several tribes often called Tartars, in Russia.

Beside these principal races, are the Biscayans of Spain; the Celts, comprising the Highlanders of Scotland, the native Irish, the Welsh, and the Bretons of western France; the Samoiedes; the Monguls, of whom the only tribe are the Calmucks of Russia; Jews; Armenians; Gypsies, &c. The Gypsies, called Bohemians in France, Gitanos in Spain, and Zigeuner in Germany, are a roving tribe, supposed to be originally from Hindostan; they are scattered all over Europe, and their number is estimated at 600,000 or 800,000. They live sometimes in tents, often in caves, or in huts half under ground, and covered with sods. They rarely pursue any regular trade, but are often jugglers, fortune-tellers, &c. They have a peculiar language, but no religion.

16. Religion. There are three great monotheistical systems of religious belief predominant in Europe, viz:

(1.) Christianity, of which the principal seat and centre, though not the birth-place, is Europe. The Christian nations in Europe, are divided into three leading sects, viz. 1st. The Greek Catholic, or Eastern Church, which prevails in Greece, part of Albania and Bulgaria, in Servia, Sclavonia, Croatia, Walachia, Moldavia, Russia, &c. 2d. The Latin or Roman Catholic Church, of which the Pope, one of the sovereign powers of Europe, is the head. This creed is predominant in Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, Austria, the half of Germany and of Switzerland, Belgium, Poland, and Ireland, and numbers some adherents in Great Britain, Holland, and Turkey. 3d. The Protestant Church, which predominates, under different creeds, in Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Great Britain, Prussia, a part of Germany and of Switzerland. This faith has also numerous professors in Hungary, Transylvania, and France. Its principal branches are the Lutheran, the Presbyterian or Reformed, and the Episcopalian Churches. (2.) Mahometanism, or Islamism, is professed by the Turks. (3.) The Mosaic or Jewish religion. There are about 2,500,000 Jews scattered throughout Europe. They are not tolerated in Spain, Portugal, and Norway. In the Austrian States they have few privileges. Great Britain their situation is not quite satisfactory. In Russia the laws relating to them have recently become very intolerant. In the States of the German confederation, in France, Prussia, and the Low Countries, they enjoy the rights of citizens, and, in Poland, they are eligible to public employments. The Calmucks, and many of the Samoiedes, are Pagans.

In

17. Classes of Society. In almost every European state, we find the citizens divided into four distinct classes. The first is that of the nobility, which exists in every state, with the exception of Norway and the Turkish empire. Nobility is, in most cases, viewed in Europe as an hereditary rank; but it can be acquired by the will of the sovereign, and even, in some instances, purchased by money. The clergy form the second class of the community. The third is that of the citizens, or inhabitants of towns, which, in most countries, enjoys peculiar rights and privileges. The fourth and lowest class includes the peasants, and forms the mass of the population in every country.

18. Industry and Commerce. With the exception of the Nogaiens, Lapponians, and Samoiedes, in Russia, who yet lead the life of herdsmen or hunters, all the nations of Europe have been permanently located for many centuries. The cultivation of the soil has, therefore, been carried to great perfection in this part of the earth. Husbandry is pursued with the greatest industry, in the British empire, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Germany, some parts of Italy, Denmark, and Sweden. The agriculture of the east of England, and Scotland, the Netherlands, Germany, and the northern parts of France and Italy, is most distinguished; although Russia, Hungary, and Poland, whose agriculture is not nearly so advanced, are the granaries of Europe. The rearing of cattle is, in some countries, pursued only in connexion with agriculture; in the mountainous districts alone, it forms the principal branch of rural industry. The cultivation of fruits belongs to the temperate districts, particularly France and Germany; but the finer fruits can only be extensively reared in the southern parts of Europe. The manufacture of wine is most considerable in France, the south of Germany, Hungary, Spain, Portuga!, Italy, and the Turkish empire. The finest kinds are produced in Tokay, upon the Chalk Hills of Champagne, the Gold Hills of Burgundy, the banks of the Rhine and Garonne, in Spain, the two Sicilies, the banks of the Upper Douro, and some islands of the Egean Sea. The olive belongs to the warmer regions, particularly Apulia, Atino, in the Neapolitan territory of Terra di Lavoro, and Spain; the other vegetable oils are produced in the temperate parts of Europe. The rearing of silk-worms is also peculiar to warmer climates, and is chiefly carried on in Lombardy. The cultivation of forests has been greatly neglected in most countries, and in many, a very sensible want of wood begins to be felt, although Europe is, on the whole, well-stocked with wood. Fishing is peculiarly important to the coast-nations of Europe, who take herrings, tunnies, anchovies, mackerels, and various other species of fish, from the surrounding

Hunting forms a principal occupation only to a few small tribes in Russia. Mining is conducted with great skill in England, Germany, Hungary, and Sweden.

European industry is rivalled by no other part of the world, either in the diversity or the extent of its productions, although the Japanese and Chinese have cultivated some branches of art for many thousand years. Europe not only manufactures its own raw produce, but also that of almost every other region of the earth. The principal seats of European industry are Great Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Germany, and Switzerland. The best woolen fabrics are made in England and France; cotton, in England, Saxony, and France; linen, in Germany; lace, in Brabant; silks, in France; paper, in Holland and Switzerland; leather, in Turkey and Russia; china, in Germany; earthen-ware, in England and France; glass, in Bohemia and England; hardwares, in England; bijouteries, in France and England; millineries, in France; straw-hats, in Italy; and jewelry-work, in France, Germany, and England. The internal commerce of Europe is carried on in all countries with considerable animation, and is facilitated by well-constructed highroads and canals, which are particularly good in the British empire, the Netherlands, France, Lombardy, Prussia, and Russia. The British, French, Danes, Netherlanders, Swedes, Hanseates, Ragusans, and Hydriots, are most distinguished in maritime commerce. But no nation can in this respect be compared with Great Britain, whose fleets are in every sea, and colonies in almost every region of the earth. As a medium of exchange, all European states coin money. Many states likewise support a paper

Europe was doubtless covered with primitive forests, previous to its being populated from Asia. These forests disappeared before the gradual advance of the original Nomade tribes, from northeast to southwest. France was pretty well cleared of forests in A. D. 950, though they existed a much longer time in Germany. Mountainous districts preserve their forests longest, on account of the difficulty of transportation. The mildness of the climate in Spain and Turkey, renders the destruction of the for

ests, for fuel, less necessary. Greater attention is paid to the growth of wood in Germany and Switzerland, than in Italy and France. Austria is covered with forests. Moravia is well-wooded; Bohemia less so. Hungary has much wood; and Transylvania possesses it in abundance. But the best wood for ship-building is furnished by Russia, Norway and Sweden. Britain affords some noble timber, but in small quantity.

currency, the imaginary value of which is maintained upon public credit. A prodigious quantity of money has been coined in Europe; but the ready money in circulation can scarcely exceed 2,000 millions of florins, of which the greater part is in circulation in Germany and France.

19. Political Divisions.* Europe comprises 3 empires: Austria, Russia, and the Ottoman

15,300

45,500

The Continental part, 21,472 sq. miles, 2,040,000 inhabitants; the Islands, 38,290 sq. miles, 57,400 inhabitants. Including the kingdom of Poland, with 47,670 square miles, and 4,100,000 inhabitants.

§ Including Wallachia, Moldavia, and Servia.