CONTENTS. PART I. GENERAL INFORMATION ON SUBJECTS OF MATHEMATICS, NATURAL PHILOSOPHY, NATURAL HISTORY, CHRONOLOGY, GEOGRAPHY, FINE Page I. Occupations of the People, as exhibited in Population Tables, 1861. By Charles Knight II. Recent Observations and Researches on the Physical Con- stitution of the Sun. By E. W. Brayley, F.R.S. III. Employment of Children in Trades and Manufactures not already Regulated by Law. By John Plummer. IV. The Royal Academy Commission. By James Thorne . 66 V. On Fire Insurance, and its Taxation. By George Dodd 88 ARCHITECTURE AND PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS, LEGISLATION, STATISTICS, AND CHRONICLE OF 1862–63. VII. Architecture and Public Improvements :: 1. General Progress :- Art and Public Monuments 122 4. Buildings for Public Purposes 5. Buildings connected with Education, Art, and Science 165 VIII. Abstracts of Important Public Acts passed in the Fifth Session of the Eighteenth Parliament of Great Britain and Ireland :- Prince and Princess of Wales' Office of Secretary at War Union Relief Aid Aci (1862) Gardens in Towns Protec- 174 Post Office Savings Banks 177 176 Local Government Act(1858) tion, Ireland 179 . . Elections during the Recess 180 Side. Customs and Inland Revenue 180 Metropolis Roads Act, 1863. 194 Savings Banks Moneys 181 Prison Ministers . 181 Marriages Registration, Ire- Stock Certificates to Bearer 182 land. 183 Stipendiary Magistrates . 197 Employment of Women and Injuries to Sheep and Cattle, 185 Misappropriation by Servants 199 Bakehouses Regulation 185 Promissory Notes and Bills Security from Violence 186 Vaccination, Scotland Passengers' Act Amendment 186 Removal of Prisoners, Scot- Waywardens' Contracts 188 Telegraphs Growing Crops, Ireland . 188 Poisoned Grain Metropolitan Main Drainage 191 Exhibition Medals Public Works in Manufac- Augmentation of Benefices 191 Alkali Works Regulation 205 Titles of Acts not abstracted 206 IX. Abstracts of Parliamentary Documents :- . . XI. Chronicle of the Session of Parliament, 1863 XII. Private Bills of the Session of Parliament, 1863 XV. Fluctuations of the Funds, and Rate of Interest at the Bank *** The article on the Mortality of the Indian Army, which was advertised for the present Companion to the Almanac,' is postponed ; as some new regulations bearing upon this subject, such as the Industrial employment of Troops, have recently been made in India, and more reforms COMPANION TO THE ALMANAC FOR 1864. PA RT 1. GENERAL INFORMATION ON SUBJECTS OF MATHEMATICS, NATURAL PHILOSOPHY, NATURAL HISTORY, CHRONOLOGY, GEOGRAPHY, FINE ARTS, PUBLIC ECONOMY, &c. I.-OCCUPATIONS OF THE PEOPLE. In the Companion' for 1862 a very full account of the results of the Census was given from the official Preliminary Abstracts. Since that time, a Volume relating to England and Wales, in which the numbers of the People and of the Houses, with their local distribution, has been published, with the final revision of the central authorities. The differences between the first Abstracts and the corrected Returns are very trifling, so that our Paper may be sufficiently relied upon as forming the materials for general deductions. The Second Volume of the Census of England and Wales taken in 1861, bears date July 1, 1863. It contains the Ages, Civil Condition, Occupations, and Birthplaces of the People. The information on the subject of Occupations is so valuable, especially at a period when a large portion of the manufacturing population is deprived of its wonted employment, that we must reserve for a future paper the Occupations of the Scottish and Irish People. In an Introductory Note to this Volume of Tables relating to England and Wales, the Registrar-General says, " The nomenclature of many occupations is in an unsettled state. But in 1851 an attempt was made to frame a classification under which all the varieties of occupation could be placed; and that classification was to a certain extent successful. After further experience, its groups have been simplified and its ramifications extended, so as to exhibit in one view the whole population of England and Wales marshalled in six groups, according to their various occupations." The Summary Tables of Occupations exhibit the whole community inhabiting our industrial hive, and working "in divers functions, under Classes, Orders, and Sub-Orders. We propose, instead of giving all the Tables in one view, to separate the Classes, showing the Orders and Sub-Orders of each, and adding in each division such observations as appear to us essential, or at least interesting. 79, 7401 33, 7541 339, 2071 9,326| 323,524 148,794 16,872 46,138 62,450 96,612 385,974 158,120 385,345 The first striking fact which appears on the face of this Table is, that out of 20 millions of people, only 150 thousand do not appear in the enumeration of those of specified occupations and conditions. The Census is founded upon the returns made by each family or individual as to their status. The vague“Rentier” of the old French passport has no place here. Men and women for the most part shrunk not: from naming their employments; and though there may be a little of that colour which pretences to gentility occasionally put on, we may conclude that the record, upon the whole, is honest and true. The Domestic Class, II. as we shall see when we come to the Orders and SubOrders which it comprises --represents those engaged in Domestic Offices the Wives, Mothers, Children, Relatives, and Servants of a Household. The Classes I., III., V., VI., form an aggregate of 6,478,160. The Agricultural Class, IV., comprises 2,010,454 persons. Thus we see that the possessors or workers of the land form only about one-fourth of the whole working community. If we compare the males enumerated under various Occupations, we shall find that those belonging to the four non-agricultural Classes amount to 4,619,249, whilst those comprised in the Agricultural Class amount to *1,631,652. This computation gives the same result as to the proportions of Agriculturists to other workers, I. PROFESSIONAL CLASS.—This is divided into three Orders. The first, comprising persons engaged in the General or Local Government of the Country, amounts to 87,350 persons. The second, persons engaged in the defence of the country, reckons 131,944. The third, persons engaged in the Learned Professions, or engaged in Literature, Art, and Science (with their immediate subordinates), is stated at 262,663. The total of the Professional Class is 481,957. We proceed to the Sub-Orders of Class I. Class is |
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