of patriotism in America, many men who, were people who involve in themselves so many of the she enfeebled, despised, and trampled, would fore-elements which go to make up our confidence in go self, and suffer as long, as patiently for her? It human nature generally, that to lose confidence is even easier to die for a good cause, in some hour in them seems to undermine our faith in human of high enthusiasm, when all that is noblest in us virtuc. As Shakspeare says, their defection can be roused to one great venture, than to live would be like "another fall of man.-Ib. pp. 51, for it amid wearing years of discouragement and hope delayed.

There are those even here in England who delight to get up slanders against Kossuth; and not long ago some most unfounded charges were thrown out against him in some public prints. By way of counterpoise, an enthusiastic public meeting was held, in which he was presented with a splendid set of Shakspeare's Works.

He entered into conversation with us with cheerfulness, speaking English well, though with the idioms of foreign languages. He seemed quite amused at the sensation which had been excited by Mr. S.'s cotton specch in Exeter Hall. C. asked him if he had still hopes for his cause? He answered: "I hope still because I work still; my hope is in God, not in man."

52.

We purposely omit reference to Mrs. Stowe's continental excursion, as our space is preoccupied with matters more interesting to the English reader. Her volumes are enriched with numerous illustrations, and will be perused with intense delight by large numbers of our countrymen. We part from them with regret. Unlike our ordinary experience, we were sorry to arrive at their close. We wished that she had gone on writing, and shall be glad to renew our acquaintance with her at the earliest possible moment.

The recent decision of the House of Lords, in the case of Jeffereys v. Boosey, having anI inquired for Madame Kossuth, and he an- nulled the copyright of Messrs. Low, they swered: "I have not yet seen her to-day;" add-have issued an edition in foolscap 8vo, at the ing, "she has her family affairs, you know, madam; low price of 2s., in order to meet the competiwe are poor exiles here;" and fearing to cause tion which is threatened. As Mrs. Stowe has embarrassment, I did not press an interview. When we parted, he took my hand kindly, and an interest in their editions, we strongly resaid: "God bless you, my child." commend them to the preference of our read

I would not lose my faith in such men, for anything the world could give me. There are some

ers.

From the Examiner, 26 Aug.
GRANITE BATTERIES.

Ar the moment when some of our contemporaries were reprobating, in language most severe and unmeasured, the indiscretion of those who advocated, in Parliament or the press, a rather more vigorous action on the part of our fleets in the Black Sea and the Baltic, and at the time we were told, on the authority of an admiral who had seen Cronstadt from the top of a lighthouse, that "the batteries were of solid granite, to attack which would be certain destruction, on the authority of Sir Charles Napier," we ventured to

"Cronstadt is, no doubt, as strong as it can be made; but if it has any extraordinary look of solidity, such as to strike an observer out of cannon-shot range at the top of a tower, it is to be suspected that such a show is false, that it is postiche, that the place is padded out, that it is an impostor of a fortress, or in one word, Russian, which expresses every mystification."

1

commenced by land, and in duc form. But how unlike is the attack to that upon Silistria! The form is very soon neglected- the French speedily grow tired of being methodical, and do the work allotted them by assault-the English, meanwhile, have dragged six 32-pounders, by main force, over rocks and ploughed fields, without making a single zig-zag, to a point whence the guns can be directed, at pleasure, against the towers or the principal fortification. Capt. Pelham takes a line of his own, and places a ten-inch gun in a wholly irregular but very annoying position. There is a moment when Sir Charles Napier has made up his mind to rush to certain destruction, but he is restrained, and the fleet merely throw a shot and shell every five minutes by way of diversion for the Russians.

Now mark the consequences, as related in a private letter, published by the Standard. It is Capt. Pelham's fire:

Three or four shots set the great stones visibly chattering, as I could mark by a pocket telescope; one block then fell out, then another, then a third, lanche of loose rubbish, just as you see macadafourth, etc., and these were followed by an avamizing stones pour out from the end of a cart when the back-board is removed.

Well, as far as Cronstandt is concerned, the accuracy of our guess remains to be verified; but we have had a specimen of Russian fortification at Bomarsund. The batteries there, also, were pronounced to be granite; and we were told to prepare for a siege of some duration, because the ground is extremely unfavorable for digging trenches and approaches; and of course the lineof-battle ships, though carrying guns of larger range than the fortress, were not to be risked The large blocks of granite that formed the face against the granite batteries. Se the siege is of the fort, and which in appearance offered an

Next as to the face of the fort, exposed to the distant fire of the ships, not one of which appears to have been damaged.

immense resistance, fell out in masses, and the rub-about six fathoms, which is little more than ble with which the wall was filled in, tumbled out sufficient for a man-of-war. By sinking stonein heaps. The Edinburgh, the Ajax, and the laden hulks in this narrow channel, one month steamers fired at long range on the Bomarsund would suffice to imprison the Russian fleet infortress while at the same time the Leopard at- side; and this itself would be of the highest imtacked the fort of Presto, on the other side the narrow channel. At half past twelve a flag of truce was held out at an embrasure of Bomarsund, towards the fleet; a boat, with an officer was sent on shore, and at about half past twelve the governor

surrendered.

portance, for if the allied fleets, either by storms, battles, or otherwise, were withdrawn, the Russians would immediately come out and sweep the Baltic, to the terror not only of this country, but also of Sweden and Denmark, who, for that reason alone, dare not sympathize with us. More Now, supposing that Fort Menschikoff had been than this, however, might be accomplished. If exposed for a forenoon, not to a shot and shell Britain were to make a permanent barrier, the every five minutes, but to the sustained fire from effect would be so destructive to the power of the broadsides of five or six line-of-battle ships, Russia, that, very possibly, the mere threat might is there not a strong probability that the solid induce Nicholas to make peace on any terms. granite would have been "macadamized" into Two or three thousand hulks laid down in the the loose blocks of rubble to which the Bomar-channel I have referred to, would produce an imsund forts were reduced by the employment of a portant geographical change. The impeding of twentieth part of the means supposed? Possibly the current would, of course, raise the level of Fort Menschikoff might have surrendered as the water considerably, and form extensive lakes nimbly as Fort Presto himself. and marshes where there are at present roads The construction of granite towers is, in fact, and houses. The silt, instead of being swept a return to a wholly obsolete method of fortifica- through the narrow channel, would settle down tion. When arbalests were superseded by artil-in the hollow, and in a few years fill it up. lery, it was speedily perceived that stone walls Petersburg, which lies so low that it is in danger, could no longer be relied upon. The "gins and every year, of being flooded, would feel the effect cracks of war," imperfect as they were in their of the change almost immediately; but the cominfancy, produced a speedy revolution in the con- plete catastrophe would not take place till struction of fortified places. The lofty towers spring, and then the destruction of both St. and high walls of the castle disappeared, to be re- Petersburg and Cronstadt would be inevitable. placed by earth-works of enormous thickness, At the breaking up of the ice, the present chanand of the smallest elevation that would afford a nel is scarcely sufficient to allow the deluge of range to the guns. The solid mound of the Ro- water, ice, and mud, which sweeps downwards man reappeared (faced sometimes with masonry, into the Gulf of Finland, to pass; but when that to prevent an escalade), because it alone possessed channel is choked up, St. Petersburg and Cronpower of resisting, for any length of time, the stadt would be entirely submerged, and the terrible energy of the new invention. However, whole lower basin of the Neva covered with the Russians, having built towers of granite or débris, increasing in quantity each successive some scagliola substitute, the word went forth, spring. Were the operation fairly begun, Nichand granite towers were pronounced impregnable. olas would have sufficient work on his hands To doubt their strength, exposed you to ridicule; without a war. He would require to remove the to deny it, to anathema. They were religiously entire population, with the archives and most believed in; and if the Czar had mounted them with catapults, it would have been pronounced "certain destruction "" to approach, armed only with Paixhans. However, the granite-battery pretext for inaction will avail no longer.

the

Not the least gratifying part of the gallant and important achievement at Bomarsund is, that it has been accomplished with a small loss of life. Had the short and decisive course which was there employed been adopted sooner, how many might have been saved out of the thousands of the Allied, the Turkish, and the Russian soldiers, who have perished by the sword, or still more miserably by disease, at Gallipoli, Varna, Silistria, and in the fatal marshes of the Dobrudscha ?

valuable property, to some other locality, before. spring; and where would he go? The government would be removed to Moscow, commerce to Riga; the lakes and marshes of the Neva would become the frontier of Sweden, and the pressure at present exercised upon Sweden and Denmark would be transferred to Prussia and Austria, who would then feel the necessity of looking very sharply to the freedom of the Dan ube and the independence of Turkey."

Among recent inventions, Dr. Marcet's apparatus for Artificial Respiration promises to be useful, as it has the advantage over other contrivances of the same kind of being self-acting. It has a double cylinder, into which air is compressed; and each, by the alternate filling and discharge, with the end of a slender tube inserted into one of the nostrils, causes the lungs to go through the process of expiration and inspiration. It has been tried on asphyxiated dogs with perfect success; and there remains now to test its capabilities on human beings.—Chambers's Jour

Beyond the reach of the batteries at Cronstadt the channel of the Neva is only six miles broad, with an average depth of about four fathoms. In the centre of the stream it deepens tonal.