7. THEOLOGIANS. John H. Newman, D. D. (1801—————————).—An eminent theological writer. Educated at Trinity College, Oxford. Some of his most important works are Parochial and Plain Sermons, History of the Arians, Historical Sketches, etc. Richard Whately, D. D. (1787-1863).—A theologian and political economist. Archbishop of Dublin. Educated at Oriel College, Oxford. Author of Elements of Logic, Lectures on Political Economy, Elements of Rhetoric, and many essays on theological subjects. R. C. Trench, D. D. (1807- -).—Archbishop of Dublin. An eminent theologian and scholar. Graduated at Cambridge. Became dean of Westminster. Author of Notes on the Parables, Synonyms of the New Testament, Lessons on the Proverbs, Lectures on the Study of Words; English, Past and Present; also a number of poems and other works. Rev. Arthur Penrhyn Stanley (1815-1881).—Dean of Westminster. Educated at Rugby and Oxford. His principal works are Life of Dr. Arnold, Commentary on the Epistles to the Corinthians, Sinai and Palestine, Lectures on the Jewish Church, Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey, etc. Henry Alford, D. D. (1810-1871).-Dean of Canterbury. Poet and critic. Author of Poems and Poetical Fragments, A Plea for the Queen's English, How to Study the New Testament, etc. Rev. F. W. Robertson (1816–1853).—A popular and eloquent clergyman. Educated at Edinburgh and Oxford. His chief work is four volumes of Sermons. Isaac Taylor (1787-1865).—Called "the greatest of English lay theologians since Coleridge." Author of Elements of Thought, The Natural History of Enthusiasm, History of Fanaticism, etc. Rev. C. H. Spurgeon (1834-1892).—An eloquent and popular English preacher. Author of a number of volumes of sermous, Morning by Morning, Evening by Evening, John Ploughman's Talks, etc. Nicholas Wiseman (1802-1865).-Born of Irish parents at Seville, in Spain. Educated in the English College at Rome A man who possessed talents of a very high order. Was made a cardinal in 1850. His chief work is Twelve Lectures on the Connection between Science and Revealed Religion. 8. TRAVELERS. A. H. Layard (1817- -).—A famous traveler. Discovered a large number of specimens of Assyrian art at Nineveh. Published the results of his discoveries in Nineveh and its Remains. Richard Francis Burton (1820— -).-Another traveler and explorer. Born in Ireland. Author of Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to El Medinah and Meccah, The Lake-Regions of Central Africa, Ultima Thule; or, A Summer in Iceland, and many other works. Sir Samuel White Baker (1821-1893).-A traveler in Africa, Ceylon, etc. Known as "the elephant-hunter." Author of The Rifle and the Hound in Ceylon, Eight Years' Wanderings in Ceylon; The Albert Nyanza, Great Basin of the Nile; The Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia. Dr. David Livingstone (1817-1873).—An African missionary and traveler who made many important discoveries in Africa. Author of Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa, Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi and its Tributaries, etc. Dr. John Brown (1810-1882).—A charming essayist. Graduated at the University of Edinburgh. Wrote Hora Subsecive, an exquisite chapter of which is known as "Rab and his Friends." Wrote also some delightful chapters on "Dogs." He was also a prolific writer for medical journals. AMERICAN LITERATURE. THE first book printed in America, the Bay PsalmBook, was published in 1640; and this may be said to have been the beginning of American literature, though George Sandys, a resident of Virginia, is said to have translated Ovid's Metamorphoses some years earlier. Efforts were made in both New England and Virginia, soon after the settlement of each, to establish schools and colleges, but literature was at first neglected, because the energies of the people were necessarily directed to the settlement and development of the country. In the earliest period of our national history, not only our schools, but also our thought and writings, were in a measure fashioned after English models. The literature therefore was largely imitative, and it continued so for the first two hundred years of our country's exist ence. No nation, however, has witnessed a more rapid and at the same time more healthy literary growth than has America since the beginning of the present century. American Literature may be divided into three periods, as follows: From 1640 to 1760. 1. The Colonial Period. I. THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 1640-1760. THE Colonial Age was mainly one of fighting and manual industry. The warfare with the Indians and the struggle for existence on the part of our early settlers left but little time or opportunity for literary culture. The drama, then the most popular form of literature in England, was not tolerated by the Puritans, and it did not flourish, therefore, in America. Libraries were few, and the means of communicating ideas but scant; hence the age was not favorable to literary development, and the growth of American literature was slow indeed. Owing to these causes also, learning was confined mainly to the clergy, and we find as a consequence that the literature of this period is almost wholly of a theological character. 1. JONATHAN EDWARDS, 1703-1758. THE greatest writer of the Colonial Period of American literature was JONATHAN EDWARDS, a distinguished divine and metaphysician, who was born in Windsor, Connecticut, in the year 1703. At the age of thirteen he entered Yale College, and at nineteen he became a preacher in New York. A year later he was elected |