to the furnaces, which are abfurdly deep, and by a fierce fire is evaporated fufficiently for the falt to cryftallize. The falt thus obtained is a mixture of nitre and fea falt. To feparate thefe, they use the common procefs. It is well known that muria, or fea falt, is foluble in three times its weight of water, either hot or cold; but nitre requires only onefixth of its weight, whereas if it is cold, the water mutt be fix times the weight of nitre, to diffolve it perfectly. Hence it is evident, that on cooling, the nitre will be the firft to cryftallize; this however requires repeated operations before the nitre is thoroughly refined, and fit for market. The director and comptroller both affured me, that the faltpetre did not ftand the king in more than two hundred reals a quintal, and that he fold it for five hundred, getting a clear profit of three hundred reals by every quintal which he made. They ought to know; but I fufpect that in their cal culation there is fome miftake. Not fatisfied with this account of gains by a royal manufacture, and in fuch a fituation, I went once more to examine fome inferior officers, both in the upper and the lower works, at the two gates, S. Barbara and Atocha. I found fome in each, who were fufficiently communicative; and this was the refult of my enquiries: at the upper works, fince the war, they have employed one hundred men in winter, and more than three hundred in the fummer; they have four furnaces, and have made, upon the average, about four thousand arrobas of refined faltpetre in the feafon. At the lower works, they employ commonly in the winter three hundred men, and in the fummer about one thoufand, but occafionally they have had twice thefe numbers. With this ftrength, and with twenty-five furnaces commonly at work, they have refined thirty thoufand arrobas of faltpetre; and they guefs the fea falt at ten thoufand arrobas. To heat their furnaces they ufe vine branches, for which they give one real per arroba, or two pence halfpenny for twenty three pounds and one quarter. Thefe are the facts: let us ftop one moment to examine them; at prefent, not as philofophers and chemifts, but as merchants and politicians. If we allow the quintal of four arrobas to be equal to ninety-three pounds English, which is what the merchants reckon it, and the real to be worth two pence halfpenny, we muft conclude that the king of Spain makes his faltpetre for five pence farthing; and it is clear that he fells it for thirteen pence farthing per pound: but if, at the upper works, we allow one hundred men in winter, and three hundred in the fummer, or two hundred on the average, at fifteen pounds per annum each, and fay that they refine one thoufand quintals of falt-petre, we shall find that the labour alone comes to sevenpence three farthings a pound, without allowing any thing for wear and tear of utenfils, for falaries, and above all for fuel. When a man confiders, that not only in the firft, but in every fubfequent operation for refining the nitre, fix pounds of water must be evaporated for one pound of the falt produced, and that twenty-three pounds and one quarter of fuch weak fuel as vine branches ftands in two pence halfpenny, although without the affiftance of Mr. Watt he may not be able by calculation precisely to point out the quantity of fuel, fuppofing the evaporation to be conducted upon the most approved principles, yet every man may fee that the expence muft be enormous. Taking all these things into confideration, I am inclined to think, that the king of Spain does not make his nitre for twenty pence per pound. As for the fea falt, I have not taken that into the account, because in Spain it has little value, except that which it has acquired by carriage; and indeed with us in England, as in France, the principal part of its price arifes from the duty which is impofed upon it. The king of Spain fells his nitre at thirteen pence halfpenny per pound; and if it cofts him twenty pence, he gets nothing by the bargain. But fuppofing he might make a profit by the fale; yet, if he fells it to himself, I know not where he is to look for gain; and if he compels his fubjects to be the purchafers, he is guilty of oppreflion; he lays fnares to catch the merchants, and he gives encouragement to fmugglers. The - The Eaft India Company, when it is refined, fell falt-petre in the English market for £.2. 4s. 6d. the cwt. which, deducting feven fhillings and three pence, the draw-back on exportation, is a fmall fraction under four pence a pound, and the company would no doubt be happy to contract with Spain for lefs. In Bengal, as I am informed by one who was thirty years in the trade between China and that country, faltpetre, before the Eaft India Company undertook to make it on their own account, fold for four rupees the bag of 160 pounds, which, at 2s. 6d. the rupee, would be exactly three farthings a pound; but in fact the rupee is intrinfically worth only one fhilling and ten pence, and by the company is reckoned two fhillings and three pence.. The foundation of this difference in the price of the production between Bengal and Madrid must be obvious to every one who confiders that the evaporation, which is effected in the latter by the force of fire, may be carried on in the former without expence, by the fun and by the air. Of all places, Madrid is the moft improper for fuch an extenfive manufacture; where they have long winters; where provifions, labour, fuel, are all at a high price; where the court refides; and where they have no navigation. If this manufacture were established in the fouth of Spain, near to a navigable river, none of these objections would have place; the fun and air would affift the evaporation, or completely finith it, as we fee daily in their falt works on the borders of the Mediterranean; the little fuel which might be needful would find its way to them; and the nitre would be eafily transported for the fupply of diftant markets: but even there it thould not be administered on the fovereign's account; becaufe, with every the monarch. advantage of nation, the private ad must be a loser, where the venturer would contrive to gain. narrow black ribbon, or held by a rollet, whifkers grown almoft to meet under the chin; neckcloth wrapped round a cushion exactly fix inches wide, (laft correct meafurement) and fpread in its front tye under the chin from ear to ear; waificoat collar fticking up on either fide fo high as to defend the ears from the wind; waiftcoat buttoned at the bottom upon each hip; breeches knees tied directly in front, or buckled behind about the calf of the leg; mem. knee-ftrings not made all faft, but partly hanging down to the fhoes; fhoes of the right fore-cafile cut, all quarter and fhort toes, drawn together like a woman's with a narrow ftring, faftened by a small buckle with fharp corners, fometimes clafped, or with no faftening at all; the hat, whether-cocked or round, broad brimmed, the crown of the latter like that of a beef-eater's cap; the frock, long waist, not at all tapering, and fhort fkirts, the buttons behind twelve inches diftant, in front four only on each fide; large triangular lappels, which obfcure the fhoulders as they turn back; collar flat; face long and vacant, body like a lath, and knees in contact. The original to be feen any day at one o'clock walking down Dame-ftreet, or at half past eight in the evening in the Box-room of the theatre, or any of the Coffee-houses, Daly's &c. The Epifle from the Yearly Meeting of the People called Quakers, held in Londen, by Adjournments, from the 21st to the 29th of the fifth Month, 1792, inclufive. which aldegee of that influence qualifies the mind for being engaged in the caufe of Chrift, we affectionately falute you; defiring that A Fashionable Figure, Sketched from you, and all men, may be faved, and C the Life. ROPT locks long enough to collect in a button behind, tied with a piece of come unto the knowledge of the truth.' Through the continued mercy and favour of our Great Preferver, we are again met in our annual affenbly, to en quire into the religious ftate of our fociety, to impart fuch counfel as may appear neceffary, and thereby endeavour to promote the good and glorious work of peace and righteoufnels: and in attending to the fubjects which have come before us, we have been favoured to experience the prevalence of brotherly love. The accounts of fufferings received this year, chiefly for tithes, and other demands of a like nature, amount to five thousand two hundred and twentythree pounds in Great Britain; and to one thoufand five hundred and forty-four pounds in Ireland. By accounts from our quarterly and other meetings in thefe nations, and epiftles from New England, New York, Pennsylvania, and the Jerfeys, Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas and Georgia, we find that a number is preferved who are concerned for the profperity of truth, and that our falutary difcipline is in a good degree maintained. We have alfo accounts of feveral that have joined us fince laft year by con vincement. - purified from every mixture of the creature, fitted for the work whereunto you are called, and enabled to perform his heavenly commands in holy quietude. Brethren of every rank, be perfuaded that our happiness, in time and in eternity, depends on pleafing God; and the apoftle declares, They that are in the flesh cannot please God. For to be carrally-minded is death, but to be spiritually-minded is life and peace.' Come, therefore, beloved friends, out of all thofe things which dim the profpect of the beauty and excellency which are in the truth; feek a poffeffion in it above all vifible enjoyments; flatter not yourfelves with the fallacious expectation of being heirs of two kingdoms; but fubmit your hearts, with total furrender, to the government of him who declared, 'My kingdom is not of this world.' The national evil, the flave trade, ftili excites our forrow, and calls for our unremitted attention; but, although we have not yet feen the accomplishment of our ardent defire for its unconditional abolition, let us cherith a difpofition to be thankful to the Father of all mankind, that the profpect opens of a termination to the wrongs of Africa. Friends, let us bear in mind that 'God hath called us to peace.'. It is a leading principle of our holy profeffion. Let us, therefore, on all occafions, evince. that we are what we profefs to be. Let us not suffer our minds to be drawn after that in which it is not our duty to be engaged; much lefs let us attach ourselves to any party; but let us truit to that arm of divine power which hath been our only refuge, and without which there is no fafety. Repeated have been the calls of the church to the rifing generation, and frequent her exhortations and admonitions, the elders having no greater joy, next to the fenfe of heavenly communication to their own fpirits, than to hear that their children walk in truth.' Let us now, dear youth, with renewed folicitude, again expoftulate with you, and entreat you to ponder thofe things which belong to your eternal welfare. Why fhould the tranfitory gratifications of this life why fhould the fading fplendour, or falfe friendship, of the world-prevail to draw any of you away from the fim- Although we are well aware, that plicity that is in Chrift; leading you Except the Lord build the house, they into ' many foolish and hurtful luits,' labour in vain that build it: except the. and unfitting your minds, for the recep- Lord keep the city, the watchman waketh tion of thofe divine vifitations, and thote but in vain :' and though we have repeatfpiritual refreshments which alone are edly and recently, recommended a diliworthy of the afpirations of an immor- gent attendance of meetings for worship tal foul? And you, beloved young on other days, as well as on the first day. friends, who have fit your hands to the of the week; yet as fpiritual welfare plough, look not back. Though the depends on an experience of the saving Lord, in unerring wifdom, may yet al- virtue of truth, which alone makes lot you deeper baptifms, and more hu-Alive unto God,' we renew our earnest miliating conflicts, flinch not under the exhortation that ye forfake not the afoperations of his love. So may ye be fen.bling of yourfelves together. O that the the weightiness of our fpirits, and the gravity of our deportment, in religious meetings, might be fuch as to excite an awful fenfation in obfervers, and that, at their conclufion, we might avoid trivial or unneceflary converfation, our conduct, as well as countenances, befpeaking that we had been with Jefus! We conclude with recommending you individually to the grace and good fpirit of your own hearts (the fure guide to falvation) and to the diligent perufal of the holy fcriptures, particularly of thofe in which is recorded an account of the life, doctrine, and fufferings of our bleffed Saviour; befeeching you reverently and humbly to walk according to that holy pattern, and deeply to bear in remembrance, that The difciple is not above his mafter, nor the fervant above his Lord.' Signed, in and on behalf of the THOMAS HUNTLEY, PRUDE RUDENT is he who early turns his eyes to heaven, and furveys the tranfitory enjoyments of this world with philofophic unconcern. The mind of that man is equal to adverfity; he ftands upon a rock: the tempeft beats on it in vain, for it is immoveable. Far otherwife is he, who, poffeffing bis foul's defire, glories in his joys and thinks not of a reverfe. Our moft folid fatisfactions are like the fular rays, obfoured by every cloud: as characters in the fand, which the fucceeding flood obliterates. Our faireft profpects are as the fhining Iris whofe tinges vanifh with the diffipation of a vapour. Life is frequently the bittereft of weeds: it is, at beft, a flower whofe fragrant beauties excite our admiration for a feafon, fade, and are caft away. I addreffed in the bloom of life, and became hufband to Lavinia: her age was fifteen, her perfon graceful: her foul fpotlefs the new fallen fnow. A na tive cam r and amiable fimplicity dignified her action: her black eyes full of complacency, and benevolent countenance refembled thofe of the immortal Hib. Mag. July, 1792. gods, contemplating the fons of virtue: her innocent heart was mine; and the amiable fair one efteemed even my love a compenfation. Her excellent qualities rivetted her to my foul, and we were happy. The rifing fun, whofe rays of gold and vermilion, decorate the morning, beheld our happiness: its meridian beams beheld us happy: and when the ftarrymantled night overfpread her fable canopy, the day was indeed obfcured; but our felicity loft not of its brightnefs. Could my crimes, ye celeftial powers, deferve fo cruel a revolution?-The annual circle was yet unfinished (my bleeding heart couldft thou fee it and furvive) when my Lavinia was no more! O, my beloved angel, the breath of thy life is flown: thou art gone from me .I have nothing! Wherever I look, thou art pictured: thou feemeft every where, my Lavinia, and I find thee not. table, thou art wanting: our evening walk is difcontinued: our chamber (once my paradife) forlorn: and morning folitary beyond human fortitude. The meridian fucceeds again, and the evening fucceeds-dull! vacant, defolate! At How oft, with united hands, and hearts glowing with mutual fondness, did the clofing day invite us to yonder rivulet? The gentle ripple of the current; the little filhes gliding to the fetting fun, like animated diamonds in liquid cryftal, its verdant borders enamelled with fi›wers, and the plaintive murmur of the adjoining wood, enlivened by the melody of innumerable winged muficians, uniting a moft entertaining variety. My lovely girl was pleated, and her pleature was doubly mine. But, alas lofty groves, feathered warblers, limpid rivulets, their fcaly inhabitants, and painted margins, delight not me! With my beloved, departed are their charms: her finger fheweth not their beauties, her lips of rofes move not in their praife! Thou art departed, my beloved-departed to blifs eternal: the world was unworthy of thine excellence: myfelf unworthy fo facred a depofit. The victim of thy felicity receives the divine difpenfations with fubmiflion: he receives the rod, applauding the inflice of the hand which corrects him, an G rewa rewards thee. He applauds-but feels it nevertheless: his foul is but one torture. The object of his love, the cause and partner of his erft unequalled happiness is torn from him, as a whirlwind teareth the boughs of a knotty oak on the rugged Apalachian: behold the trunk remaineth defpoiled of his honour, disfigured, unadorned. : Thus fpoiled, O Lavinia, is thine hufband of his joys: thus fpoiled thine haplefs father. His aged heart faw itfelf revive in thee the tender recommendation of a much-loved, a dying fpoufe; but, above all, the fweetnefs and innocence of thine own mind, wrapped thee up in his bofom; and but by thy breath he lived. His baleful deftiny referved him the fpectacle of thy difeafe: and who can exprefs his affliction? His weeping eyes are as the dropping clouds, his fwelling breaft as the thunder-ftorm. Clouds which break not away-a tempeft without knowledge of a calm. What is left him of life, is not life; but a living death-cruel lingering, infupportable. O with what looks thall I behold thee, my father? Glowing with health and beauty gaveft thou me thy Lavinia. When I approach thee, and thine eyes demand -Where is my daughter? (O moft fuperlative mifery) what can I fhew thee; but forrow greater than thy forrows. A heart rent by that lofs which oppreffeth thine own; and a feeble infant, which promifeth fpeedily to rejoin its mother? Poor retaliation!-yet 'tis all I can give thee; God grant thee the comfort I cannot yield. His mercy authorifes us to prefume, that as a terreftrial part returneth to its firft elements, her ethereal returns alfo to that heaven, whence alone it could derive. For her (who hath no grief but for our afflictions) we cannot grieve. Our grief is for ourfelves; fure never grief was better founded. O my father, my friend, my benefactor, may the Almighty foften the rigour of thy deftiny! As for me, wretchednefs is my portion, defpair my comfort. The ruler of all things hath ordained it, and it is well. I implere his compaffion, from the depth to which I am fallen; and when it pleateth him, I fall be for ever reunited to my Lavinia. The Natural History of the Cow, fo far as it relates to its giving Milk, particularly for the Ufe of Man. By C. White, Efq. F. R. S. From the memoirs of the literary and philofophical fociety at Manchester. ATURALISTS feem to lay it down as a general principle, that neither animals, nor parts of animals, are primarily intended for the use of man, but are only capable of a fecondary application to his purpofes. It must however, be allowed that, in many inftances, the fecondary ufe is fo manifeft and important, that it cannot, with propriety, be excluded from the original defigns of the all wife Creator. And it appears to me, that the cow in its faculty, of giving in fuch abundance, and with fo much eafe, its milk which forms fo excellent an article of aliment for the human fpecies, is a ftriking example of this fubordination to the interefts of mankind. For this animal differs in fome parts of its organization from most others, having a larger and more capacious udder, and longer and thicker teats, than the largeft animal we know; and fhe has four teats, whilft all other animals of the fame nature, have but two. She alfo yields the milk freely to the hand, whilft moft animals, at least those that do not ruminate in the fame manner, refufe it, except their own young, or fome adopted animal be allowed to partake. This is a fubject which, one would have thought, had long fince been exhaufted; but I have not been able to find any thing fatisfactory in the few authors I have read. I must confefs, indeed, that my knowledge in natural hiftory is very confined, and fhould therefore with to hear the fentiments of thofe learned members of this Society, - who have made the hiftory of nature their more particular study. In the firft place, the cow is of that clafs of horned ruminating animals, which have cloven hoofs, four ftomachs, a confiderable length of inteftines, are furnished with fuet, and have no dentes inciforts in the upper jaw. From the dif ferent ftructure of the ftomach in thefe creatures,a ruminant animal will be served |