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tinued intercourse between Scotland and the Continent, the contrary usage that was observed in the performance of the church services, and the study of the civil law abroad by Scotchmen, with its practical application at home, involving the daily oral use of the language in which its institutes are written. Dunbar was an alumnus of St. Andrew's University, spent part of his early life on the Continent, and was in priest's orders. Walter Kennedy was educated at Glasgow. Their admiration of the works of Chaucer-" of Makers the Flower," as Dunbar styles him-will not explain the matter. His poems show that he sometimes gave the broad sound to the Latin vowels, and at other times followed the opposite mode. In "The Prioresse's Tale," for instance, where she tells of the cruel murder by the Jews of the Christian child who had filled them with wrath by his habit of singing a hymn to "Christ's dear Mother," and the power of vocal utterance miraculously retained by the little martyr after his death, while the priests sprinkled "holy water" on his body-these lines are found:

"Yet spake the child, whan spreynde was the water, And sung 'O Alma Redemptoris Mater!''

Here the broad pronunciation is clearly indicated. To this use, indeed, Chaucer seems to lean-so far as can be gathered from his undoubted poems. "The Lamentation of Mary Magdaline," attributed to him, but as to the authorship of which his editors are not agreed, although it certainly belongs to his period, furnishes several instances of an English pronunciation: a difference of use which may possibly favour the opinion that the "Lamentation" is not his composition. Perhaps there contemporaneously existed in England the two modes of speaking Latin: the ecclesiastical use maintaining its ground with increasing difficulty against the secular or more scholastic fashion followed by native Englishmen. Coming down two centuries or thereby, to John Skelton, the clerical satirist and rhyming buffoon (yet highly praised by Erasmus for his learning), I cannot suppose that any fondness for his verses, where the Latin vowels invariably receive the English sound, led Dunbar and the other Scottish poets to imitate in this respect the practice of an author whose delight was to abuse and calumniate in the most offensive way their native country, their king James IV., and all Scotchmen.

The passages cited in the present note, from the Scottish poetical literature of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, are by themselves too scanty as materials of evidence to warrant me in doing more than concluding with a query or two which they, however, suggest, viz.: Did the pronunciation of Latin followed by Dunbar and other Scottish poets, before the Reformation in North

Britain (1560), represent the scholastic use there during their time? If not, why did they, in writing for their own countrymen, deliberately throw aside the ordinary and familiar pronunciation, and prefer the mode used only by their "auld enemies of England"? NORVAL CLYNE. Aberdeen.

"THE BRIDGE OF SIGHS."

The bridge to which this sparkling jeu d'esprit referred was an unsightly wooden structure, near the Midland Railway Station at Nottingham, and leading across the line from Station Street to the meadows.

"One more erection,

Worthy of note,

In the direction

Of Wilford boat,*
Where the line Lincolnwards
Quitteth the Station.
Gaze and admire at its
Proud elevation!
"Winterly, summerly,

Months, it hath stood;
Fashioned so monstrously,
Iron and wood.
"Look at its soaring, so
High in the air-
While humanity ponders-
Astonished, and wonders

How it came there!
"Who was the builder ?
Who the designer?
Was it A. Pugin?

Or Patt'son and Hine,† or,
Who did the ironwork?
Who was the j'iner?
"What was it built for?
What's the excuse
Of its skilful projectors,
The Railway Directors?
Is it for ornament?
Is it for use?
"Is it a shorter cut

Into the town?
Forty steps to the top,
Forty steps down!"

"Alas! for the taste display'd
In this one bridge they've made;
Surely but one!
Oh! it is sorrowful,
Near a whole borough-ful-
Friend it hath none.
"Make no deep scruti-
Ny into its beauty,

Lightness and grace;
For it hath none of them,
Not even one of them-
Summit nor base.
"Take it down instantly,
Clear it away;
Useless and lumbering,
The ground only cumbering,
Don't let it stay!"

A ferry-boat across the Trent.

+ Names of a local builder and architect.

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Every one who has had to do with historical literature must have reaped benefit from the labours of the Society of Antiquaries, the Numismatic Society, and those others which are devoted to the promotion of historical knowledge; and every man of science must owe similar obligations to the Royal Society, the Chemical Society, &c. &c. The number of learned societies is now somewhat large, and each of them, in its own peculiar field of usefulness, has been of much service; and, with their example shining so clearly, it has often excited my surprise that there is not among them a Society of Bibliographers.

Some knowledge of bibliography is necessary to every man who is engaged in any literary or scientific pursuit: an acquaintance with it may save him years of useless toil. The bibliographer aids the student in every department of human thought and observation: the theologian, the antiquary, the savant, all need his aid. He records their labours, and is constantly noting the new discoveries in the map of human learning. There is no occasion here to insist upon the importance of bibliography. Why, then, is there no society for its advancement? Let bibliographers consider this question. Lowndes, we are told by Mr. Bohn, complained that the bibliographer had no standing in England. A somewhat higher value is put upon these studies now, but the establishment of such a society as is here suggested would undoubtedly aid in giving the bibliographers still more of that position to which they are entitled in the republic of letters. When such an association is organised, there is plenty of work which it might usefully do. A General Literary Index would then be something of a possibility, the vexed question of cataloguing would probably find a solution, much light would be thrown upon literary history, special bibliographies of particular subjects might be brought out under its protection, and it would be able to accomplish for Europe that which the Smithsonian Institution does for America in the way of promoting friendly

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WHITNEY FAMILY.-I believe it is still an unsettled point whether Whitney, the author, belonged to Cheshire or Herefordshire. In the latter county is situated the little village of Witney, but no trace now remains of the castle which for many generations was occupied by a knightly family of the name. Sir Robert Whitney was a devoted Royalist, and sacrificed his fortune in the cause of the Stuarts. Some fragments of a tower were still standing when Blount wrote his Collections for Herefordshire, but he makes no allusion to the family which once tenanted it. As might be expected, branches from the main stem were planted in various parts of the county, and of these the earliest and perhaps the strongest offshoot took root at Norton Canon, near Weobley.

The first member of this branch of whom I have any account describes herself in her will (dated Oct. 20, 1568,) as "Margaret Whytneye, late wife of James Whytneye, Esquire, deceased.' She desires to be buried in her parish church of Norton, and mentions her son Thomas and other relatives. She adds:

"I will that John Gibbons, my cosen, shall have the coffer wherein my evidences wh I have in my custodye concerning my former husband's landes to be sorted out, and that he, with one of my executors, shall keep the same evidences after my decease."

The registers of the parish commence at too late a date to admit of the construction of a regular pedigree from that source; but some of your readers may be interested in learning that the family continued to reside in Norton Canon until very recently, and that in any search for the parentage of the author this quarter should not be neglected. C. J. R.

SIR R. TRESILIAN.-Lord Campbell, in his account of this judge, who was executed in 1388, says that he left one only child, a daughter, who married into the respectable family of Howley, from which was descended the late Archbishop of Canterbury of that name. But according to Foss he left also a son, John, who afterwards prosecuted his brother-in-law, being supported by his mother and her second husband Sir John Coleshull. The descent of Archbishop Howley is a pure fiction. Sir R. Tresilian's daughter married John Hawley of Dartmouth, an account of whom is given in

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hundred persons with the needle. If it is used to any
extent, it will more properly deserve the name of the
Devil among the Taylors, than the game that is at present
so called."
Johnstone.
D. MACPHAIL.

MAJOR SALWEY.-Among some papers brought
under my notice relating to the Salwey family,
I find a summons issued by the justices of the
county of Hereford against Major Salwey, who
served in Cromwell's army, in these terms:
the Peace for this County, thinking it requisite for his
"We whose names are hereunto appended, Justices of
Majsty service, and the preservation of the peace of this
kingdom, to have you appear before us, do hereby desire
and require you to be in person with us at the Swan and
Falcon, in Hereford, upon Thursday, the 18th Inst. by
ten of the clock in the forenoon, wherein not doubting
your performance,

"We remain,
"John Nourse,
C. W. Lambeth,
Marshall Brydges,
Tho' Delahaye,
Herbert Croft,

"Hereford, 15 June, 1685."

Sir, your servants,
John Barneby,
Herbert Westfalling,
H. Masters,

T. Booth.

Major Salwey was detained in custody until

The editor is of opinion the following stanzas July 14 in that year, and dismissed on promise to contain political allusions:—

"H. Si Ego et Angus holde ws togidder

Na man will wrang ws, si ego et Angus

It were almous to hang us and we dissewer
Si Ego et Angus holde ws togidder.

"B. Domi manemus duplici cum pilio,
A curia canemus domi manemus

Id quod habemus manebit cum filio
Domi manemus duplici cum pilio.
"S. Fugiens pestem, the blok and maide
Respiciens restem, fugiens pestem
I twik ane testem, de Stirling Raid
Fugiens pestem, the blok and maide."

return on summons.

This Richard Salwey was a major in Cromwell's army. He represented Worcestershire in 1653, Westmoreland 1659, and went ambassador from Cromwell to Constantinople; was a Commissioner for Ireland, and Ranger of Wychwood Forest. He died soon after this transaction in the same year.

Is there a record of any other noted members of Cromwell's party who had survived until that date, and who were detained or placed under surveillance at the commencement of James II.'s

If deemed worthy of notice in "N. & Q.," per- reign at the time of the Monmouth rebellion? haps space may be found for them.

SETH WAIT.

THE NILE.-Mercator's curious map of Africa, published about 1593, makes the Nile spring from two large lakes (the Victoria and Albert Nyanza?), which, as well as the Abyssinian affluents, fill very nearly their true relative position on his map. The lakes, however, as well as the districts on the eastern coast which are in the same parallel, are placed by Mercator too far to the south.

S. P. V. SEWING MACHINES SIXTY YEARS AGO.-I quote the following from the Athenæum, February, 1807:

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THOMAS E. WINNINGTON.

DERIVATION OF ENGLAND. -While travelling in Denmark I met with a word which seems to me to afford a derivation for our name of England, as probable at least as the ordinary one of Angleland. The word I mean is Eng, an old Danish name applied even yet to the level, marshy pasture-lands adjoining the rivers.

I believe the Saxons and Angles, from the time of whose invasion the name is supposed to date, first landed at and owned the Isle of Thanet, which in parts, especially those about Minster and the River Stour, would answer very well to the abovegiven description of the Danish eng-lands. It is from this word I think the name may have sprung, instead of from the Angles, whom we have no reason for supposing to have been so superior to the Saxons as to leave the remembrance of their name to the entire exclusion of that of the latter. HENRY ROWAN.

ATHERTON: ARCHDEACONRY OF TOTNES. — I find the following on the opening page of the first

volume of Calendars for the Archdeaconry of Totnes, deposited in the District Registry of the Court of Probate at Exeter:

was

[Copied in the exact lines of the original.]

"Tabula continen

Nomina testatorů defunct. infra archuat.

Totton

fact. 4 marcij 1582

From 1513 to 1580, or 1582, you will
fynd Register'd in the old ancient Booke
of this office Totton :

The rest I found Rotten and confused
for want of good keeping before my tyme.
Phi: Atherton Regr."

"This book goes home to 1647, being in
the tyme of the greate Rebellion agt
King Charles the first; wch R: began
in 1642.

In wch Warre I was a Captain of foote
for the King, my Eldest bro: Edw: Atherton
Captain of horse, slaine at Maston moore fight
and my youngest brother Ensigne, who came
with the Duke of Alby Munke from Scotland
to London."

JOHN A. C. VINCENT.

gives-"Jonnick, liberal, kind, hospitable: 'I
went to see him and he was quite jonnick.' The
circulation of this word is very limited." Even
supposing that these forms are of common origin
with jannock, the latter is not used in any of these
senses in Lancashire, nor is the circulation of the
word by any means limited throughout the north
of England.
E. F. M. M.
Birmingham.

Queries.

VANDYKE'S PORTRAIT OF SIR R. AYTON.-In reply to a query about a portrait of the poet Sir Robert Ayton (ob. Feb. 21, 1638) MR. ROGERS replied in your columns that, while preparing his work, The unpublished Poems of Sir R. Aytoun, he had made inquiry as to the existence of a portrait, but could not ascertain if there was one, I observe in the Historical Memoirs of Westminster Abbey, by Dean Stanley, that Sir R. Ayton's bust in the Abbey is from a portrait by Vandyck. Can any of your readers say what has become of that portrait? Is it not in any of the royal collections ?

SCOTUS.

DICE. I have been assured that the Romans

played with dice, whereon, in lieu of the ordinary circles to distinguish the numbers, the six parts were marked with letters from one to six. I shall

be obliged if any of your correspondents will state whether such a custom existed, and refer me to any authority on the subject, or inform me where a die so lettered may be found.

Windsor Villas, Enfield.

WALTER RAYTON.

FESTUS. In the History of the Vallais by the late learned and respected Canon Boccard, Curate of St. Maurice (Geneva, 1844), the author quotes Festus as an authority. His words are―

JANNOCK.-After Mr. Gladstone's speech at the opening of the Mechanics' Institute at Oldham the other day, the motion for a vote of thanks was seconded by a Mr. Scholes, who observed that Mr. Gladstone was a gentleman of whom they were all proud, and that as a Lancashire man he "jannock" to the backbone. This word would be unintelligible to thousands of readers of the newspaper report, but was, without doubt, well understood by all assembled on the occasion. It is in quite common use in Lancashire and the North, (1) as a substantive, meaning oaten bread, oat-cake. (Cf. Skinner, Etym. Ling. Angl. fol. 1671, Bailey 1720, Johnson 1755, Halliwell, &c.) (2.) As an adjective, with the sense of fit, proper, good, fair and honourable, thorough-going. (Cf. Halliwell, Dict. of Arch. and Prov. Words, where the word is, however, inaccurately spelt jannak). These words, I presume, have one and the same etymology, but what is it? Johnson says of jannock, substantive, probably a corruption of bannock, but does not assist us further. Skinner Who was Festus? I have made a search in suggests: 'nescio an à Belg. Ghe-nood pro nood the public libraries at Florence, in which I was necessitas, q. d. Brood van ghe-nood Panis neces- aided by the learned Monsignor Liverani. I can sitatis quo præ inopia meliorum granorum vulgus find only one Festus, who in the first century vescitur." Mr. Scholes, at all events, and others wrote a small treatise on grammar, and of which too, on other grounds, will object to this solution. there is an Elzevir edition. I cannot discover If it is a Teutonic word at all, the German genug, that his work has anything to do with Helvetic enough, would be nearer the mark. Oat-cake is archæology; he is evidently not the authority most undeniably "filling at the price," ""satis-quoted by Boccard. Did any learned ecclesiastical fying"; and from "satisfying" it is a short step to " satisfactory,' good all round," which is the sense of the adjective. A correspondent of the Pall Mall Gazette connects it with the Northamptonshire "jonnock," or "jonnick," quoting Miss Baker's Northamptonshire Words and Phrases, who

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"Festus ne nous donne que les noms de quatre autres peuplades, des Tylangiens, des Chabilcons, des Daliterniens, et des Téméniens; on ne saurait designer les localités qu'ils habitèrent."- Histoire du Vallais, pp. 8, 9.

historian or chronicler bear the name? Perhaps F. C. H. can clear up the mystery, and "if found" give the Latin of the quotation in Boccard. I was intimately acquainted with Boccard, but I always abstained from asking about Festus. I was afraid that he might suppose I questioned

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In the older Oriental tongues with which Greek is cognate there is a twofold g-ga, gha; and I fancy, from the German derivative of yw, that there may be a kindred double y in Greek.

Is it so? The mere mooting of the question might throw unexpected light on the subjects of prosody and etymology.

ALPHA.

IMPERATOR.-Among the manuscripts ascribed to Dr. Dee in Athenæ Cantabrigienses is, "De imperatoris nomine, authoritate et potentia, 1579." MS. dedicated to Queen Elizabeth.

"SIR FON."-In the interesting work of Lady Llanover, The Life and Correspondence of Mrs. Delany, reference is made to "Sir Fon as a genealogical authority in respect to a family from North Wales. I am unable to discover the work so referred to. Can any of your readers inform me what is its full title, or the name under which it may be found? G. H. "In that Colledge (Trinity, Cambridge) by my advice FOTHERINGAY CASTLE.-Can any one inform and by my endeavors, divers waies used with all the other me if there are in existence any views, etchings, Colledges, was their Christmas Magistrate first named and confirmed an Emperor.". The Compendious Reengravings, woodcuts, &c. of Fotheringay Castlehearsal, by Dr. Dee. as it stood before James VI. caused it to be demolished in consequence of Queen Mary, his mother, being beheaded there? W. G. P.

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"It would seem that William Earl of Bedford was remarkable for a good appetite. Ruvigny (Lord Galway), in a letter to Lady Russell, says, complaining of his health in Spain, J'ai perdu entièrement l'appétit que Lord Bedford appeloit son meilleur ami."

Where is Lord Galway's letter to be found? and is it one of a set? DAVID C. A. AGNEW. Wigtown, N.B.

GED'S STEREOTYPES. When was stereotype printing invented, and under what direction? I ask this question because the late Dr. Adam Clarke, as long ago as 1808, showed me the following title of a Sallust, which led me to think that it was no recent invention:

"C. Crispi Sallustii Belli Catilinarii et Jugurthini Historiæ. Edinburgi Gulielmus Ged aurifaber Edinensis non Typis mobilibus, ut vulgo fieri solet, sed tabellis seu laminis fusis excudebat, MDCCXXXIX." H. E. GERMAN ARCHITECTURE. - Can any of your correspondents inform me whether any good account of the architecture of the German towns and churches has been published in England? J. G. T.

Nuremberg.

I, EGO.-If I come from ich, and ich remotely from yw, it occurs to me to ask if the gamma in the Greek word ever had a guttural sound. It is generally pronounced in a sharp concise way : but was it ever eyh-w? I am obliged to insert a Roman h to convey the sound I mean.

How long did this imperial authority last?
What was it?
A. B. C.
lars as to a medieval writer of the name of
JEREMY.-I am anxious to learn some particu-
Jeremy, the author of a Latin treatise on the
Mass, which was done into English rhime. He
is thus spoken of by his translator

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"Dan Jeremy was his name,

A devoute mon & a religyus." (Lines 18-19 of a MS. which is about to be printed by the Early English Text Society.) When did said Jeremy live? to what order did he belong? and where can I meet with his work? T. F. S.

ABRAHAM KICK.-Who was "the eminent Mr. Kick" who, in Feb. 1689, wrote from the Hague a letter to Queen Mary in behalf of the colonists of New England, then seeking a renewal of their charter? The letter is published in A Brief Relation of the State of New England, printed for Richard Baldwine of London, 1689, pp. 18. W. H. WHITMORE.

Boston, U. S. A.

No LOVE LOST.-By the words "No love was lost between these two," I think that most persons would be led to suppose that the two were not on friendly terms. But in the ballad of "The Babes in the Wood," given in Percy's Reliques, the following lines appear, which convey the contrary idea:

"No love between these two was lost,
Each was to other kind:

In love they lived, in love they dyed,
And left two babes behind."

Can any explanation of this anomaly be given?
H. A. L.
Oxford.

PANIOT. What is a paniot? The following
passage occurs in the "Household Expences of
Bishop Swinfield" (Camd. Soc.), vol. i. p. 182:-
In j pani t' de duab3 pec' [empt' Lond'] viji ja."
K. P. D. E.

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