previous to that date were couched in language of cheerful anticipation of success, while those received from his officers expressed their glowing hope, their admiration of the seaman-like qualities of their commander, and the happiness they had in serving under him. formation obtained by Dr Rae, a party in two canoes under Messrs Anderson and Stewart was in 1855 sent by Government down the Great Fish River, and they succeeded in obtaining from the Eskimo at the mouth of the river a considerable number of articles which had evidently Franklin's instructions were framed (in conjunction with belonged to the Franklin expedition; and many others Sir John Barrow and upon his own suggestions) by the were picked up on Montreal Island, articles evidently eminent explorers with whom his former work had closely belonging to a boat which, it was reported, had been cut up connected him. The experience of Parry made it evident by the Eskimo. This expedition was unable to make su that a fresh attempt to force ships through the heavy ice thorough a search as was desirable, but it was clear from seen by him to the south-west of Melville Island would be the results obtained by it, and from the examinations futile, as has since been fully proved. On the other hand, which had been made by the many other expeditions of Franklin's surveys of the north coast of America had long all straits and inlets and coasts except the region to the before satisfied him that a navigable passage existed along north of Great Fish River, that King William's Island, the it, from the Fish River to Behring's Strait. He was there- west coast of Boothia, and the neighbouring sea were the fore directed to pursue a course towards the coast after he fields likely to yield the most satisfactory results. It was had approached the longitude of about 98° W., and was clear that a party from the "Erebus" and "Terror" allowed the single alternative of previously examining had endeavoured to reach by the Fish River route the Wellington Channel if the navigation were open. An settlements of the Hudson Bay Company, and equally explicit prohibition was given against a westerly course evident that the expedition in making a southerly course beyond the longitude of 98° W. had been arrested within the channel into which the Great Fish River empties itself. At this time Government was wholly taken up with the events in the East, and when the war was over, it was deemed useless to spend any more money and risk any more lives in what was regarded as a hopeless quest. But Lady Franklin's pious devotion to the memory of her noble husband prompted her to make one last effort to ascertain his fate; to this object she dedicated all her available means, aided, as she had been before, by the subscriptions of sympathizing friends, her judgment being confirmed by the opinion of all those best able to form one as to the hopefulness as well as the feasiBility of such an attempt. Accordingly she purchased and fitted out the little yacht "Fox," which sailed from Aberdeen in July 1857; the command was accepted by Captain (afterwards Sir) Leopold M'Clintock, whose high reputation had been won in three of the Government expeditions sent out in search of Franklin. Having been compelled to pass the first winter in Baffin's Bay, it was not till the autumn of 1858 that the expedition passed down Prince Regent's Inlet, and the "Fox" put into winter quarters at Port Kennedy at the eastern end of Bellot Strait, between North Somerset and Boothia Felix. In the spring of 1859 three sledging parties went out, Captain (now Sir) Allen Young to examine Prince of Wales Island, Lieutenant (now Captain) Hobson the north and west coasts of King William's Island, and M'Clintock the east and south coasts of the latter, the west coast of Boothia, and the region about the mouth of Great Fish River. The search was successful so far as ascertaining the course and fate of the expedition is concerned. From the Eskimo in Boothia many relics were obtained, and reports as to the fate of the ships and men; all along the west and south coast of King William's Island remains of articles belonging to the ships were discovered, and skeletons that told a terrible tale of disaster. Above all, in a cairn at Point Victory a precious record was dis covered by Lieut. Hobson that briefly told the history of the expedition up to April 25, 1848, three years after it set out full of hope. In 1845-6 the "Erebus", and "Terror" wintered at Beechey Island on the S. W. coast of North Devon, in lat. 74° 43′ 28′′ N., long. 91° 39′ 15′′ W., after having ascended Wellington Channel to lat. 77° and returned by the west side of Cornwallis Island. This statement was signed by Graham Gore, lieutenant, and Charles F. Des Voeux, mate, and bore date May 28, 1847. These two officers and six men, it was further told, left the ships on May 24, 1847, no doubt for an exploring journey, at which time all was well. In 1847, though there was no real public anxiety as to the fate of the expedition, preparations began to be made for the possible necessity of succouring the explorers. As time passed, however, and no tidings of the expedition reached England, the search began in earnest; expedition after expedition was despatched in quest of them in 1848 and succeeding years, regardless of cost or hazard. In this great national undertaking Sir John's heroic wife took a pirt which will ennoblo her name for all time Between 1848 and 1854 about fifteen expeditions were sent out by England and America in the hope of rescuing, or at least finding traces of, the missing explorers. The details of the work done by those expeditions will be given in the article on POLAR REGIONS; here we shall confine ourselves to the results, so far as the search for Franklin was concerned. Lady Franklin's exertions were unwearied; she exhausted her private funds in sending out auxiliary vessels to quarters not comprised in the public search, and by her pathetic appeals she roused the sympathy of the whole civilized world. Traces of the missing ships were discovered by Ommanney and Penny in August 1850, and were brought home by the "Prince Albert," fitted out by Lady Franklin with the especial object of following to the southward the route which would be almost certainly taken by Franklin in carrying out his instruc tions. It was thus ascertained that the first winter had been spent behind Beechey Island, where they had remained at least as late as April 1846. No further tidings were obtained until the spring of 1854, when Dr Rae, then conducting an exploring party of the Hudson's Bay Company from Repulse Bay, was told by the Eskimo that (as was inferred) in 1850 white men, to the number of about forty, had been seen dragging a boat over the ice near the north shore of King William's Island, and that later in the sime season, but before the breaking up of the ice, the bodies of the whole party were found by the natives at a point a short distance to the north-west of Back's Great Fish River, where they had perished from the united effects of cold and famine. The latter statement was afterwards disproved by the discovery of skeletons upon the presumed le of route; but indisputable proof was given that the Eskimo had communicated with members of the missing expedition, by the various articles obtained from them and brought home by Dr Rae, who, on his return to England, claimed, and succeeded in obtaining, the reward of £10,000 offered by the Admiralty in 1849, "to any party or parties who, in the judgment of the Board of Admiralty, shall, by virtue of his or her efforts, first succeed in ascertaining" the fate of the missing expedition. On account of the in The success of the first year's work, thus briefly stated, was greater than has been since attained within any one IX. 91 presenting to Lady Franklin in 1860 their gold medal. season in arctic service. The alternative course permitted | the president of the Royal Geographical Society, when by Franklin's instructions had been attempted but was not pursued, and in the autumn of 1846 he followed that which was especially commended to him. But on his attempting to reach the coast of America, the obstruction of heavy ice, which presses down from Melville Island through M'Clintock Channel (not then known to exist) upon King William's Island had finally arrested his progress. It must be remembered that in the chart carried out by Franklin this island was laid down as a part of the mainland of Bootbia, and he therefore could pursue his way only down its western coast. The record that revealed all which has been briefly stated was written upon one of the forms sup. plied by the Admiralty to surveying vessels, to be thrown overboard after the required data had been filled in. But upon the margin around the printed form was an addendum dated the 25th April 1848, which extinguished all hopes of a successful termination of their grand enterprise. The facts are best conveyed by the terse and expressive words of the record, which is therefore given verbatim :-" April 25th 1848. H. M. Ships Terror' and 'Erebus' were deserted on 22d April, five leagues N.N.W. of this, having been beset since 12th September 1846. The officers and crews, consisting of 105 souls under the command of Captain F. R. M. Crozier, landed here in lat. 69° 37′ 42′′ N., long. 98° 41′ W. Sir John Franklin died on the 11th June 1847; and the total loss by deaths in the expedition has been to this date 9 officers and 15 men." The handwriting is that of Captain Fitzjames, to whose signature is appended that of Captain Crozier, who also adds the words of chief importance, namely, that they would "start on tomorrow 26th April 1848 for Back's Fish River." A briefer record has never been told of so tragic a story. Thus it was reserved for the latest effort of Lady Franklin to develop not only the fate of her husband's expedition, but also the steps of its progress up to crowning success, mingled indeed with disaster almost unprecedented. All of the party had without doubt been greatly reduced through want of sufficient food, and the injurious effects of three winters in these regions. They had greatly overrated their strength in attempting to drag with them two boats, besides heavily laden sledges, and doubtless had soon been compelled to abandon much of their burden, and leave one boat on the shore of King William's Island, where it was fouud, near the middle of the west coast, by M'Clintock; it contained two skeletons. From the Eskimo we learn that the men dropped down as they walked, and often had to be left unburied. Although many relics were found in possession of the Eskimo, there seems no reason to believe that the retreating crews met with foul play. From all that can be gathered, one of the vessels must have been crushed in the ice and the other stranded on the shore of King William's Island, where it lay for years, forming a mint of wealth for the neighbouring Eskimo. M'Clintock examined all the shores of the island with the greatest care, but found no trace of a stranded vessel. This is all we know of the fate of Franklin and his brave men. His memory is cherished as one of the most conspicuous of the naval heroes of Britain, and as one of the most successful and daring of her explorers. He is certainly entitled to the honour of being the first discoverer of the North-West Passage; the point reached by the ships brought him to within a few miles of that attained from the westward by the explorations of earlier years; he had indeed all but traversed the entire distance between Baffin's Bay and Behring's Strait. On the monument erected to Franklin by his country, in Waterloo Place, London, the honour of discovering the passage is justly awarded to him and his companions, a fact which was also affirmed by FRANKS, THE. When, in the year 241 A.D., the soldiers of Aurelian, who just before had been on the north German frontier, marched out of Rome on their way to the Persian war, they sang (Vopiscus in Aureliano, c. 7) a rough barrack song— "Mille Sarmatas, mille Francos, semel et semel occidimus; Mille mille mille mille mille Persas quærimus;" and the words, caught up by the admiring mob, became a street boys' ballad in those days of debased imperialism. Unless we give to Peutinger's Itinerary an earlier date than is probable, this street song marks the first appearance in history of the Frankish name. Cæsar, Tacitus, Ptolemy, are alike silent as to it, although they often speak of other tribes which occupied the very districts in which we afterwards find the Franks. It is therefore probable, though Jacob Grimm (Geschichte der Deutschen Sprache, p. 518) says that the view has "only a moderate value," that Frank is the newest of all German names, and represents, somewhat vaguely, a group of tribes who dwelt about the lower and middle Rhine. The Frank lived in districts previously occupied by tribes bearing other names; nor have we proof of any incursion of a strange tribe called Franks from north or east. The old Frankish legend that they came from the Danube to the Rhine probably arose from the fact that a colony of the Sicambrian cohort was planted by the Romans on the spot where Buda-Pesth now stands; nor need we seriously consider the usual annalist statement that they were "reliquiæ Troianorum." The meaning and origin of the term also lends itself to the view above stated,-the words "frank and free," usually grouped together, are in fact the same in origin and meaning (fri, frech, M.H.G.; frekkar; Scand.; friks, Goth - audax, avidus; then, by insertion of n, cp. linquo from root of liqui, we get frank). The two words thus grouped together form an epithet rather than a proper name: the "free Franks" are those tribes whose freedom suffered most attack; the name probably came into being in the 3d cen 1 The first portion of this notice is mainly from Sir John Richard son's article in last edition, and the whole has been revised by Mi Cracroft, Sir John Franklin's niece. tury A.D. as a part of the resistance of northern and northwestern Germany to the ceaseless attempts of Rome. "Francus habet nomen a feritate sua," says Ermoldus Nigellus (i. 344); and the word carries the sense of boldness, defiance, freedom. As it did not lend itself well to Latin verse-endings, and as its origin was late, we find the silver and leaden poets delighting to call the Franks Sicambri, as in the famous speech of St Remi to Hlodowig, "Depone mitis colla, Sicamber," &c. When their history begins, the Franks are in three groups, mostly on the left bank of the Rhine, from Mainz to the sea. It is, however, quite clear that in earlier days they dwelt also on the right or German bank; for if at first the Romans pressed on them, ere long they began to press on the Romans in return. The oldest Frankish land was then on the Rhine; some of it lay to the north of the Betuwe (the island between Meuse and Rhine), having the river Yssel as its eastern limit, and a line drawn through Durstede, Utrecht, and Muyden as it western boundary. The Franks of this district, afterwards called Salians (a name derived either from Sala, an inheritance, or from the river Saal, or Yssel), filled the parts called the Veluwe and the territory of the Sicambri; south-east of these was a with them he drove their brethren across the Khine and made Cologne his capital. By degrees they filled the whole district from the Moselle to the Betuwe, occupying the lands of the Ubii and Tungri, that is, from the Ardennes to tlie Rhine and Meuse. These Franks are known to history as the Ripuarians, receiving, as was not unnatural, a partly Latin name (Ripuarii, Riparii, bank-men; or pos-, sibly Rip-wehr-ii, bank-defenders). About the same time the Salian Franks also moved southward, crossing the Rhine, which in those days was slow and shallow in its lower course, the main waters having been diverted into the Meuse. They occupied the whole Betuwe, and spread down to the sea, inhabiting the marshy delta of the rivers ("paludicola Sigambri," or "Franci inviis strati paludibus," circa 280 A.D.); and presently (287) they took part in naval expeditions down the coast of Gaul. Then, passing the Meuse also, they seized on Toxandria, which was given over to them in 358 by the emperor Julian, who defeated them, and admired their bravery and independent spirit. Henceforth we find plenty of Franks taking service under the empire: Frankish chiefs, like Bald, Mellobald, Arbogast, rise to high places in court and army; their names appear even in the Consular Fasti; they make or unmake emperors. By the end of the 4th century the frontiers of the empire to the north had permanently receded: Andernach was the outmost Rhine station held by the Romans; Tournay was still theirs; they had a fleet on the Sambre; all beyond was Frankish land. Before long the Franks advanced again: in 429 we hear (in Gregory of Tours) that the Salians, coming "from Dispargum (Disiburg, the city of the goddesses), in Tor ingia," won a great battle at Cambrai under Chlodion their king, and penetrated even as far as the Loire. This Toringia is probably a confusion with Tongria, a little district on the Meuse; the Franks were never in Thuringia. With their two capitals, the Salians at Dispar gum, the Ripuarians at Cologne, the Franks now became the bulwark of the Romans: they resisted the barbarians who crossed the Rbine at Mainz in 406; and in 451 again joined the legions to repel at Chalons the hideous invasion of Attila. Thus feeling their strength, it was not long before, under their young king Hlodowig, or Clovis, the Salian Franks became masters of northern Gaul, while their brethren the Ripuarians remained for the time near the Rhine. And "as the son of Childerich, following in tho steps of his kinsfolk, pressed southwards, in mid career of victory he met the Christians' God. The Disi, the wild goddesses, abandoned him; he trusted in the god ci Hlotehild, and conquered all his foes" (Watterich, Die Germanen des Rheins, p. 238). These Christianized Salians, under the Merwing house, became in time lords of all Gaul, and gave it a new name, Francia Occidentalis, or Interior, or Latina, to distinguish it from the older Francia Orientalis, the Germany of the middle Rhine; the latter The Salians and Ripuarians, cir. 400. second group, the Chamavi, Bructeri, Attuarii, also at first on the right bank of the Rhine; beyond these, a group of Chatti and Suevi, from a little above Cologne to the Main, filling up all the country between the Taunus hills and the Rhine. It is to this group of tribes, says Watterich (Germanen des Rheins, p. 166), that the title Frank was first given. This view of their geographical distribution is supported by the evidence of Peutinger's Itinerary, in which Francia stands on the right bank of the Rhine from just above Nimwegen to a little below Coblentz ; and though this famous map is a road-chart rather than a record of ethnology and tribal distribution, still it may fairly be urged that its author would not have placed the Franks on the very outside of his map had their home been on the left bank of the Rhine. In the middle of the 3d century these Franks began to press into the First and Second Germany, two tracts of land on the left bank of the Rhine from Alsace to the sea. In 240 the Chatti crossed at Mainz; in 258 Franks are in the army of Postumus as well as opposed to him; name drifted off towards the east, and has found a home in that central district of Franconia, which lies far away from the true Frankish land. Henceforth the history of the Franks falls under that of France; while their institutions were mainly those of all Germans (See FRANCE and GERMANY.) Their physical features were also those of the race in general: the fierceness of their looks; the wrinkled scowl about their brows, "torvi Sicambri;" their wild blue eyes; their large limbs, which contrasted with the little stature of the Romans; their long fair hair, which was a choice commodity at Rome, being bought eagerly by the ladies of fashion in those late imperialist days,-all these things had little in them that was specially Frankish. Their weapons were more characteristic, being their own and connected closely with their name. They fought either with the "framea" (a word which is almost certainly a copyist's error for "frança"), which was a light javelin, tipped with iron sharpened on either side, a weapon fit for casting or smiting, and sometimes spoken of as a little axe; or with the francisca, which was a heavy battle-axe. It is to the Franks that the great Siegfried Saga properly belongs; and their early history is hopelessly mixed up with legend. It is not till the days of Hlodowig that any light is thrown on their institutions,-the Lex Salica, the law of the Salian Franks, and the Lex Ripuaria, of which the origin was a little later, belonging probably to the end of the 5th and the early part of the 6th centuries. The Lex Salica was afterwards enlarged and altered; in its earliest form it presents to us the Franks in their Toxandrian or Tongrian time, before Christianity had touched them This law shows no trace of a feudal nobility or a "feudal system" of any kind; as Waitz (Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte: Das alte Recht der Salischen Franken,. p. 103) says, “Das Salische Gesetz kennt keinen Adel; auch nicht die leiseste Spur desselben findet sich." The tribes had chiefs or kings, elected by the whole body of free men from one family (as Hlodowig from among the Merwings); there were also sundry officers of justice and administration, rachimburgs or grafs, but these are no more noble than the rest of the free Franks, who formed a republic of fighting men, each man's voice being as potent in the mall as his arm was in the battle. The "læti," or the "pueri regis," the king's "damsels," and the antrustions belong to the later editions of the law. King, free Frank, and slave of war,-these are the only grades. The code endeavours, always by imposition of carefully graduated fines, to protect the sauctity of the Frank's family, to determine his duties towards the king, the graf, and the tribal council or mall, to provide for the security of his property, whether personal or landed. It is in this last part of the code that we find the famous clause (Lex Salica, lix., De Alodis, § 5; Waitz, p. 266) on which the so-called Salic law of France was afterwards based: "De terra vero nulla in muliere hereditas est, sed ad virilem sexum qui fratres fuerint tota terra perteneat." This special limitation as to the inheriting of Salic land (the Stamm-land as the Germans call it, the Odal of the Icelanders) is but a scanty basis on which to build a great law of royal succession, which lasted in France as long as the monarchy continued, and might still reappear, were the present republic to prove untrue to itself. Up to the time of the Revolution, the French noblesse prided themselves on being the "proud descendants of the conquerors;" but though it is possible, in earlier times, to trace or to fancy distinctions of feature and character, marking off the noble from the roturier or the peasant, still in the later days of the monarchy the "noble race of conquerors" was so much changed, so many old houses had become extinct, so many had been diluted with foreign blood, so many new patents of nobility had been issued, that it would require no small ingenuity and imagination to see in the courtiers of Louis XVI. the representatives of the Franks of Hlodowig or Charles the Great. The chief authorities for the Franks are Jakob Grimm, Geschichte der deutschen Sprache, Leip., 1848; Waitz, Das alle Recht der Salischen Franken: Beilage zur deutschen Verfassungsgeschichte, Kiel, 1846; Gohm, Fränkische Reichs- und Gerichts-Verfassung, Weimar, 1871; Watterich, Die Germanen des Rheins, Leip., 1872. There is also an ingenious lecture by Giesebrecht. In modern days not much has been written on the Franks, except in connexion with the history of institutions. (G. W. K.) 1801 he became professor of history and ethics, and in 1808 was elected a member of the Swedish Academy. On the cession of Finland to Russia Franzén removed to Sweden, where he was successively appointed parish priest of Kumla in the diocese of Strengnäs (1810), minister of the Clara Church in Stockholm (1824), and bishop of Hernösand (1831). He died at Säbrå parsonage, 14th August 1847 From the autumn of 1793, when his Till en ung Flicka and Menniskans unlete were inserted by Kellgren in the Stockholmspost, Franzén grew in popular favour by means of many minor poems of singular simplicity and truth, as Till Selma, Den gamle knekten, Riddar St Göran, De Små, Blommorna, Modren vid vaggan, Nyårsmorgonen, and Stjernhimmelen His songs Goda gosse glaset töm, Sörj ei den gryende dagen förut, Champagnevinet, and Bevaringssång were widely sung, and in 1797 he won the prize of the Swedish Academy by his Sung öfver grefve Filip Creutz. This noble lyric is the turning-point of Franzén's poetic life. Henceforth his muse, touched with the academic spirit, grew more reflective and didactic. His longer works, as Emili eller en afton i Lappland, and the epics Sven Sture eller mötet vid Alvastra, Kolumbus eller Amerikas upptäckt, and Gustaf Adolf i Tyskland (the last two incomplete), though rich in beauties of detail, are far inferior to his shorter pieces. Franzén was a true lyric poet, fixing with masterly art the fleeting traits of common life in a glorified and fascinating form. At a time when revolution shrieke against every traditional bond of society, the lyre of Franzén breathed innocence and peace: With gentle earnestness and naiveté he sang the sweetness of love and family lifehis highest human type the prattling child, the flowery meadows his elysium. His innocence is his peculiar charm; "his very espièglerie," says Malmström, "is but the laugh of children's lips." The poetical works of Franzén are collected under the title Skaldestycken (7 vols., 1824-61; new ed., Samlade dikter, with a biography (1871). His prose writings, Om svenska drottningar (1823), Skrifter by A. A. Grafström, 1867-69). A selection is published in 2 vols. i obunden stil (vol. i., 1835), Predikningar (5 vols., 1841-45), and Minnesteckningar, prepared for the Academy (3 vols., 1848-60), are marked by faithful portraiture and purity of style. See Malmström, Intradestal i Svenska Akademien (1850); Hollander, Minne af F. M. Franzén (1868); Cygnæus, Teckningar ur F. M. Franzéns lefnad (1872); and Gustaf Ljunggren, Svenska vitterhetens häfder efte Gustaf III.'s död, vol. ii. (1876). FRANZENSBAD, KAISER-FRANZENSBAD, EGERBRYNEN, and formerly SCHLADAER SÄUERLING, a well-known Bohemian watering-place which owes its most popular name to the emperor Francis II. It is a little over three miles N.W. of Eger, at a height of about 1500 feet above the sea, in the neighbourhood of the Fichtelgebirge, the Böhmerwald, and the Erzgebirge. There are altogether eight mineral springs, of which the first known was the Franzensquelle or Francis's fountain. The Poltersbrunnen gives off carbonic acid gas, which is utilized for medical purposes in a building erected in 1826. Besides the great cursaal or pump-room, the village contains several bathing establishments, one of which belongs to the town of Eger. In the park, which is also the property of the Eger municipality, there is a bronze statue of Francis I. by Schwanthaler. The mineral waters are saline aud alkaline, and act as mild aperients and tonics. They have a great reputation, and have given rise to a considerable literature. See the works of Cartellieri (1869), Hamburger (1873), and Klein (1874). FRANZEN, FRANS MICHAEL (1772-1847), Swedish FRASCATI, a town of Italy, in the province of Rome poet, was born at Uleåborg in Finland, 9th February 1772. and about 10 miles south of the city, with a station at the At thirteen he entered the university of Åbo, where he terminus of a branch railway from the main line between graduated in 1789, and became "eloquentiæ dorens" in Rome and Naples. It is the seat of a bishop, and a favour1792. Three years later he started on a tour through Den-ite summer residence of the Roman nobility. Among the mark, Germany, France, and England, returning in 1796 public buildings are the old cathedral of S. Rocco, datto accept the office of university librarian at Åbo. In ing from the beginning of the 14th century; the new The cathedral of San Pietro, founded about 1700 by Innocent XII.; the church of Santa Maria, of the 9th century; and seven old conventual establishments. But the interest of the place is due rather to its palatial villas. The villa Aldobrandini takes its name from Cardinal Pietro Aldobrandini, was designed by Della Porta, contains frescos by Arpino, and now belongs to the Borghese family. villa Ruffinella or Tusculana dates from the 16th century, was for some time in the possession of Lucian Bonaparte, and afterwards passed into the hands of King Victor Emmanuel. In the chapel are the tombs of Lucian Bonaparte, his wife, his father, and his son Joseph. The villa Mondragone, the largest of all, was erected by Cardinal Altemps in the 16th century, now belongs to the Borghese family, and is partly occupied by a Jesuit school. The villa Conti, formerly known as the Ludovisi, is the property of the Torlonia family. The villa Falconieri, having been founded in 1550 by Cardinal Ruffini, ranks as the oldest in Frascati; and the villa Piccolomini is interesting as the place where Baronius composed part of his Annals. About 3 miles from Frascati is the Greek monastery of Grotta Ferrata, interesting mainly for the frescos of Domenichino in the chapel of St Nilus, the best of the Greek manuscripts formerly contained in its library having been removed to Rome. The extensive gardening operations of the people of Frascati have rendered the name "Frascatese almost equivalent to gardon-girl. In 1871 the population was 7045. For Roman remains and history see TUSCULUM. FRASER, JAMES BAILLIE (1783-1856), Scottish diplomatist, traveller, and author, was born at Reelick or Relig in the county of Inverness, in June 1783. He was the eldest of the four sons of Edward S. Fraser of Reelick, all of whom found their way to the East, and gave proof of their ability. When Reza Kooleé Murza and Nejeff Kooleé Murza, the exiled Persian princes, visited England, he was appointed to be their mehmindar, and on their return he accompanied them as far as Constantinople. He was afterwards sent to Persia on a diplomatic mission by Lord Glenelg, and effected a most remarkable journey on horseback through Asia Minor to Teheran. His health, however, was impaired by the fatigue and exposure; and he consequently retired to his estate in Scotland. In 1823 he married a daughter of Lord Woodhouselee, and sister of Patrick Fraser Tytler. He died at Reelick in January 1856. Fraser is said to have displayed great skill in water-colours, and several of his drawings have been engraved; and the astronomical observations which he took during some of his journeys did considerable service to the cartography of Asia. The works by which he attained his literary reputation were accounts of his travels and fictitious tales illustrative of Eastern life. In both he employed a vigorous and impassioned style, which was on the whole wonderfully effective in spite of minor faults in taste and flaws in structure. Some of his tales have not yet altogether lost their popularity. In 1820 there appeared a Journal of a Tour through part of the Snowy Range of the Himala Mountains; in 1825, a Narrative of a Journey into Khorasan in the years 1821 and 1822, including an Account of the Countries to the North-East of Persia; and in 1826, Travels and Adventures in the Persian Provinces on the Southern Banks of the Caspian Sea. The first part of The Kuzzilbash, a Tale of Khorasan, was published in 1828, and the second part or continuation in 1830, under the title of the Persian Adventurer. These were followed in 1888 by The Rhan's Tale, of which the scene is laid in Khorasan. In 1834 appeared a History of Persia (in the Edinburgh Cabinet Library), and in 1838 a Narrative of the Residence of the Persian Princes in London, 1835-6, and A Winter Journey (Tatar) from Constantinople to Teheran, with Travels through various parts of Persia. Next came Travels in Koordistan and Mesopotamia, 1840; The Highland Smugglers, 1842; Allee Neemroo, 1842; The Dark Falcon, a Tale of the Altruck, 1844; Mesopotamia and Assyria (Edinburgh Cab. Lib.), 1847; Military Memoirs of Lieut.-Col. Skinner, 1851. FRASER, SIMON. See LOVAT FRASERBURGH, a seaport town of Scotland, Aber deenshire, on the south side of Kinnaird's Head, 42 miles north of Aberdeen. It is built nearly in the form of a square, and most of the streets cross each other at right angles The cross is a fine structure of a hexagonal form, covering an area of 500 feet, and surmounted by a stone pillar 12 feet high, ornamented by the British arms and the arms of Fraser of Philorth. Fraserburgh is one of the chief stations of the herring fishing in Scotland, the number of herring boats engaged by the curers of the port averaging about 900. During the herring season, the increase to the popula tion of the town is upwards of 10,000. In 1877 the number of barrels of herrings cured in Fraserburgh was 180,000, and the value of the herring landed was about £280,000. The harbour, originally constructed as a refuge for British ships of war, is one of the best on the east coast of Scotland, and has lately been improved by the widening of the piers, and the extension of the breakwaters. The total sum expended on the harbour from 1857 to 1877 was £87,485. It has an area of upwards of six acres, is easy of access, and affords anchorage for vessels of every size. Still further improvements are proceeding, which, when completed, will afford outside the harbour an area of 8 acres of sheltered water, with a depth of from one to two fathoms at low tide. The population of Fraserburgh in 1871 was 4268. Fraserburgh takes its name from Sir Alex. Fraser of Philorth, who in 1613 obtained for it a charter as a burgh of regality, and whose representative, Lord Saltoun, is now superior of the town.' The same Sir A. Fraser obtained in 1592 a charter for the institu tion and endowment of a college and university here; and at the west end of the town is a quadrangular tower of three stories, which formed part of the building designed for this seminary. The inten tion was subsequently abandoned, probably from want of funds. Their FRATRICELLI was a common name given to a number of obscure medieval sects who flourished in the 13th and 14th centuries. They were also called Bioschi, Bighini, Bocasoti, Frérots, &c., and included such sects as the Brethren of the Full Spirit, the Brethren of the Free Spirit, the Beghards, the Brethren of the Common Life, &c. The history of these medieval sects is very obscure; but it seems now made out that while they had some relation to and sympathy with the older Cathari and other Manichæag heretics, they had a distinct origin in the Franciscan order and that their real aim was to carry out the principles of St Francis even in defiance of the court of Rome. origin has been traced to Peter of Macerata and Peter of Fossombrone, who put themselves at the head of certain malcontent Franciscans, who, having been condemned by Pope Celestine in 1294, declared that the rule of Francis wag of more authority than any pope, and that papal opposition only showed that the pope himself might become antiChristian. They soon began to teach opposition to the pope, the clergy, and the church. They held millenarian views, and preached and practised communism after the fashion, they said, of the early Christians. Their opinion soon spread among the Franciscan Tertiaries, and the common people everywhere favoured them. Boniface VIII. ordered the Inquisition to look after them, and on a report of Matthew of Chieti they were condemned in 1297 and handed over to the Inquisition. This only roused opposition. They held a general meeting in Rome, elected a pope of their own, organized themselves, spread over Europe, and by preaching missions made converts everywhere. Their ranks were continually recruited from the malcontent friars, especially from the Franciscans. Pope John XXIL condemned them under the names of Fratricelli,' Fratres de them in 1322 and 1331 paupera vita, Bizochi, and Bighini, and issued briefs against They gave great trouble to the church in Strasburg, Cologne, and the Rhineland. In Italy their headquarters were in the Mark of Ancona and in Turin, |