and was recaptured. He gave his guard the slip at the depot, but was captured again. He was placed in confinement, but succeeded in getting out; search high and low was made for him until he was found by one of the other inmates in the top of a tree late in the evening. After attempting to escape day after day, he was finally transferred to the penitentiary.

Testimony of Officers as to his Conduct. Yardman: "B' is a good boy; gets along with me very well. I let him wear a tie of mine one Sunday for being a good boy. I have to trust the boys a great deal ; 'B' has not stolen but a few things; he does not feel like taking from me.'

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Hallman: He gets into a room and steals without any one seeing him; I seldom see him steal. He is a good boy to work; when bad he wants to go here and there; he won't stay at his work, roves around; he has been under me six or eight months; he disobeyed at first, but afterwards with a little pressure he would mind better; he likes to fight; I never saw him cry; he learns quickly; I saw him stealing beans and caught him."

A teacher: "I had him one or two weeks. He was very lazy; tried to get out of his work the best he could; talked to the boys in school a great deal; did not talk back very much; he got into my desk and took some lead pencils.'

Another teacher: 'He is a little villain; does not bother me much more than the other boys at table; a vicious kind of a boy; he turned upon me one time; he would not stop his talking; he kept muttering; I took him by the collar, and he kicked me when I took him out; I had hold of him with one hand."

Another officer: "He was under me, but never gave me any trouble; never stole anything from me."

A teacher: "He wrote to another boy about his teacher, and signed a boy's name whom the teacher liked very much. He tries to steal some

thing almost every day; I always find something in his pockets that he has stolen."

A teacher: "He has tried my patience very much; he is bright and peculiar, very stubborn and self-willed, and inclined to take anything in his reach; he never broke into my desk; he would take things from the boys and lie about it; he is disagreeable; he lies, is sulky, no matter how you treat him; he is a fighter; he is perfectly lawless, one of the worst boys I had; he never struck any boy; he is quiet at times; never saw him cry; I have seen him very angry; his face becomes red; he is a good scholar. Since his return his conduct is better the three days he has been under me; he has been absent three or four weeks; he won't talk much; he is a bright appearing boy, but he is stubborn and is a daring fellow."

Teacher in painting and graining: "I never saw him take anything. He has admitted everything I accused him of. At first he would say nothing; afterwards he would admit it. His actions were off-handed. He did not want to say anything then. Everything that had been taken was attributed to him. He hates to have any one question him. When I talked to him he cried, probably because he did not want to leave the shop. He has been under me about eight months. He will make a good workman. Is very accurate in mixing colors; has good taste. Decided in his answers after he knows a thing. He doesn't talk much. He thinks he knows all about badness and malignity. He has improved in his work. If he is going to deny a thing, he would do it at once. He never stole a thing from me, although it was easy for him. He never tried to escape."

Military instructor: "B' is a good soldier by nature, and a bad soldier, because indifferent. He has no enthusiasm for anything. I have punished him two or three

times. He has more nerve and pluck than any other boy I ever saw. Thought of punishment has no effect on him; he takes it indifferently; but the last time I gave him seven blows, and he said, 'Oh, Mr. let me go, and I won't do it again.' He denied it up and down the first and second stroke; the fifth or sixth time he admitted his guilt. After this I made him promise me not to steal for a straight month, and he accomplished it, and was taken out of

the scrubbing gang. He has an indomitable will and enthusiasm if you can get at him in the right way. I have never had any other particular trouble with him. He has not been impudent to me. I have known him to take a whipping in order to shield another boy. He never tells on other boys. He is a boy who would sacrifice to do you a favor." [Query Of what offense was he guilty when sentenced to the Reformatory ?]

As a study in education and criminology the following case of H is of interest, for he is an educated man, as the world goes, a doctor of medicine, graduate of a university, and a man above the average criminal in culture, appearance, and general intellectuality. The importance of studying such a man is to note the gradual steps that led him to his fate.1 . . .

Antecedents and Childhood. - One who knew his family well says in a letter: "I was born in P, N. H., in an adjoining town to the birthplace of H, which was G, N. H, and inasmuch as H and his parents were frequently attendants upon my father's preaching, and as he attended the district school taught by my wife's sister, and as his wife, and part of the time himself, were in the employ of an uncle of mine, I have a definite knowledge of his youth. His people were very upright, God-fearing citizens, living in a quiet, secluded section of the country. There is no trace or taint of open immorality or vice in the family history for at least three generations of which I have any knowledge. I am intimately acquainted with several of his cousins, and they are all upright men. boy, H was a quiet, studious, faithful lad, with refined tastes, not car

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ing to join to any extent in the rude and rough games of his companions at school, and easily standing as the first scholar in his class. He was a general favorite with the mothers in that community, because he was such a well-behaved lad. In his youth he was predisposed to a religious life; he was a faithful, painstaking student of the Scriptures, and rather excelled in his Sunday school class, and later in his Bible class, and my recollection is that he took an active part in the weekly prayer meetings, and was known as a religious youth."

Letter from his First Wife. — “In regard to his childhood days I cannot say much, as I did not know much of him until he was 17 years old. I always felt that he was pleasant in disposition, tenderhearted, much more so than people in general. He was of a very determined mind, at the same time quite considerate of others' comfort and welfare. In 1881 he was at B, Vt., for the year, and in the spring of 1882 he started for the University, and as far as I knew, was doing very well. I returned to N. H. the spring before he was to graduate, and have known very little of him since, but he has always been called very smart, well educated, and a man of refined ways. Before at

tending the medical school he taught school several terms and was very successful as much so as teachers in general and when the story came out people who had always known him said: "We cannot believe this. I would not have the heart or courage to do anything so terrible.' But of course he has worked himself up to it little by little, and I think, having done some little wrong, he had been driven to a greater one for a cover, and each one growing worse, of course it is easy or more easy to go in the wrong after the first few steps."

University Life. -Letters of inquiry were sent to his teachers and classmates, many of whom are now prominent physicians.

One of the professors in the university says: "It is true that while a student here he was for a year or two under my roof, but not in any such intimate relations with me as to justify him as looking upon me as his best friend; if so, his friends must be few. However, I am very sorry for him, even although he himself may be the direct cause of his present miseries and threatening punishments. He told me a few months ago, when I visited him in prison, that he and another classmate had worked up a scheme to defraud an insurance company a few months after they graduated in 1884 from the medical department here, but that the scheme fell through because of his friend's death, which occurred within a year after he graduated. I do not know whether he graduated in pharmacy or not. He certainly did not take that course here, as I find he was never entered as a pharmacy student. He may have taken the degree elsewhere, but if he did, it was after he graduated in medicine, as he made no claim to having had a pharmacy course when he was here. There were several things that occurred while he was here as a student that in the light of subsequent events show him to have been even

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at that time well practiced in criminal habits. Although he was married and had his wife here for a time doing work as a dressmaker and assisting in supporting himself and her, yet he got into trouble by showing some attention to a grass widow, who was engaged in the business of hairdressing. This woman made some complaints to the faculty during the latter part of his senior year, and the stories that she told, had they been confirmed, would have prevented him from graduating. But I had no reason to doubt his word at that time, and his friends lied for him so vigorously that I was wholly deceived and defended him before the faculty, and he was permitted to graduate. the afternoon of commencement day he came to me of his own accord, with his diploma in his hand, and said: 'Doctor, those things are true that that woman said about me.' This was the first positive evidence that I had received up until that time that the fellow was a scoundrel, and I took occasion to tell him so at that time. I subsequently learned, however, that he had made two attempts to enter my house in the character of a burglar, and also that he had, while occupying a room in a portion of my house, attempted to force a drawer in my library in which I had been in the habit of keeping some valuables. Three months after he had graduated in medicine, and knowing full well what opinion I entertained of him, he wrote me asking for a recommendation to assist him in getting an appointment as a missionary to Africa. This, I am satisfied, he did simply from the spirit of devilishness, and not that he had any serious intention of carrying out such a purpose. These, and many little incidents that I might relate to you, some of them personal experiences of my own with him, and others that have been told me by members of my family, serve to further illustrate these

traits in his character, but they are all of the same nature as those that I have mentioned."

Testimony of his Classmates. - (1) "Myself and family lived in the house with H and his family almost one school year. His family consisted of a wife and one child (a boy about 4 years old). His wife was a very pleasant woman and willing to make any sacrifice that she might help him along in his course. She finally went out to work and gave him her earnings. She was subject to convulsions of some kind, and while at work he gave her such quantities of bromide that her face broke out very badly. Every one thought it too bad for her. He must have been in very straitened circumstances, for he managed different ways of getting along. I remember he built a barn for a widow woman who was studying medicine in the homeopathy department at that time. She told me how H beat her on the barn. He was very dishonest and tricky any place you found him. He would borrow everything of the students that he could to save himself buying. I have no picture of H. Would never have recognized him by his picture in the papers. At that time he had a rather slender face, wore chin whiskers, not considered good looking; but I remember he had treacherous-looking eyes. Another piece of his wife's economy was to borrow our sewing machine and completely turn out a coat for him. He was not a graduate in pharmacy to my knowledge."

(2) "It happened that H acted as steward of a boarding house (only table boarding). It was his duty to keep the places at the table filled with students and collect the money weekly. My recollection of him is quite distinct. None of the boys ever knew much of him (further than that he admitted himself to be married), or had much to do with him. His associations with his fellow students amounted to but

little, because of his way of living. He had no money, at least that is what he always said. For his meals he conducted the club, while he slept at Dr. H's house. (Dr. H was then demonstrator of anatomy in the university.) This brought him to the boarding house only at mealtime. The money was collected by H regularly every Saturday evening. He was, as I remember, always punctual in performing his duties, and also regular at his meals. Even now I can see him sitting at the lower, dark end of the long table, saying but little and laughing seldom. He was of a remarkably taciturn disposition apparently very indifferent to his surroundings, coldly methodical, unresponsive to humor, and very brief in his statements. His topics of conversation were mainly concerning Dr. H's operations upon his private patients. H, as I have said, slept at Dr. H's house. He always accompanied Dr. H upon his night trips. We students, remarking the thing, always thought that H's quietness was due to his rest being broken and irregular, having always to hitch up the horse for the doctor's use, perhaps accompany him, and then stable the horse upon the doctor's return. I remember once of asking a medical student how H answered up in his 'quiz.' The answer I got was that he was not very reliable or exact in his knowledge."

(3) A classmate who is an alienist, says: "My recollection of him is that he was a quiet, unpretentious individual, not a brilliant student by any means, but rather plodding and perhaps below mediocre, but attentive to lectures and operations. My connection with this institution has been continuous since the day of my graduation, and in the light of the experience I have had in seeing a large number of insane and defective people, I cannot now recall anything about H that would warrant me in saying

that he was peculiar, degenerate, defective, or insane, or that he lacked the average mental or moral qualities." (6) "I was quite well acquainted with him. He always stated to me that he was born in England. He seemed always of a sullen disposition, not caring to talk much, a fair student, although not bright, and still he might be stated to be of average intelligence. We attended many lectures together, and occupied seats close to each other. He was not at all popular and seemingly had very few intimate friends, and the talk was that he would not be able to pass his final examinations, as, if I mistake not, he entered on advanced standing. If I mistake not, he stated that he was a married man, and complained frequently of lack of funds to complete his studies."

(8) "I know of nothing in his character during my acquaintance with him which would mark him as exceptional in any way. I remember he was identified with the Young Men's Christian Association of the university, and took sides with that society in a dispute between the society and one of the professors, and he told me at one time that after graduation he intended to go to New Zealand as a medical missionary. On the whole, his conduct was such as to breed sensation of dislike for him among his fellows. He appeared to be a good deal of a sneak, and I know as a matter of fact that he was a liar. He seemed to be fond of the uncanny things of the dissecting room, and told me at the beginning of one spring vacation that he intended to take home the body of an infant for dissection; that Dr. H had given him one for that purpose. He seemed to derive a good deal of pleasure from the fact. Neverthe

less, he was not an industrious worker in the dissecting room." (9) Classmate, president of State medical society, says:

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saw him daily. His appearance was very ordinary. He was of a meditative, unassuming disposition, willing to talk if approached, but his manner was retiring. He was apparently most inoffensive; then thought him stupid. In his difficulty with the dressmaker we, boylike, believed poor H was being sinned against, and selected a law student, now a member of Congress for Idaho, to intercede for him, with the result that the faculty was lenient and H was 'vindicated.' His bearing so little resembled that of one who sought the company of women that we regarded the incident as a great joke. Even at that time he was given to devising schemes for money making; speculating on projects that might be taken up after graduation. We did not regard them as of doubtful integrity, yet none of them were in line with the profession he was about to be graduated into. We looked upon them as visionary. He had no chums or associates, so far as I knew; always alone, of modest demeanor, and never aggressive. It was a serious struggle with him then for bare existence, and we pitied him without thought of his merit, for he was, as we saw him, a negative character."

(10) "He was a fellow to slide along without attracting any attention, and would be soon forgotten. There was an episode in which he acquired some notoriety, and if guilty, showed much foresight and caution on his part. The facts are as follows: A young widow was running a boarding house, he being one of her boarders. She obtained a letter to him from his wife; she brought her case before the faculty, claiming that he had promised to marry her, and in evidence produced some letters signed in his name. He denied the charge, and produced specimens of his handwriting, including notebooks, etc., which were not in the same hand as the letters produced by her. The evidence