strike.

strucken (struk'n). An old or dialectal past participle of strike.

structural (struk'tū-ral), a. [< structure + -al.] 1. Of or pertaining to structure; constructional. The structural differences which separate Man from the Gorilla and Chimpanzee.

Huxley, Man's Place in Nature, p. 123.

2. Concerned with structure or construction; constructive. [Rare.]

Chaucer... had a structural faculty which distinguishes him from all other English poets, his contemporaries. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 254. 3. In biol. (a) Of or pertaining to structure; morphological: as, structural characters; structural peculiarities. (b) Possessing or characterized by structure; structured; organized. -Structural botany. See botany (a).-Structural disease, a disease involving visible (gross or microscopic) changes in the tissues affected. Also called organic and contrasted with functional disease. Structural geology, that branch of geology which has to do with the position and arrangement of the materials composing the crust of the earth, from the point of view of their composition, mode of aggregation, and relations of position, as determined by physical conditions, without special reference to paleontological characters. Nearly the same as stratigraphical geology, or stratigraphy. Also called geotectonic geology. structuralization (struktu-ral-i-zā ́shon), n. [< structuralize+-ation.] A making or keeping structural; the act of bringing into or maintaining in structural form or relation. Also spelled structuralisation. [Rare.]

There is the materialisation of motives as the basis of future function, the structuralisation of simple function as the step of an advance to a higher function.

Maudsley, Body and Will, p. 30.

structurally (struk'tū-ral-i), adv. In a structural manner; with regard to structure. structure (struk'tūr), n. [< F. structure = Sp. Pg. estructura It. struttura, L. structura, a fitting together, adjustment, building, erection, a building, edifice, structure,<struere, pp. struc

tus, pile up, arrange, assemble, build. Cf. con-
struct, instruct, destroy, etc.]
building or constructing; a building up; edifi-
1. The act of
cation. [Obsolete or rare.]

This doon, the sydes make up with structure,
And footes VIII it hold in latitude.

Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 176.
His son builds on, and never is content
Till the last farthing is in structure spent.

J. Dryden, Jr., tr. of Juvenal's Satires, xiv. 116. 2. That which is built or constructed; an edifice or a building of any kind; in the widest sense, any production or piece of work artificially built up, or composed of parts joined together in some definite manner; any construction.

There stands a structure of majestic frame.
Pope, R. of the L., iii. 3.

The vaulted polygonal chapter-house is a structure pe-
C. H. Moore, Gothic Architecture, p. 168.

culiar to England.

3. An organic form; the combination of parts in any natural production; an organization of parts or elements.

A structure which has been developed through long-continued selection. Darwin, Origin of Species, p. 131. There can be no knowledge of function without a knowledge of some structure as performing function. H. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 265. 4. Mode of building, construction, or organization; arrangement of parts, elements, or constituents; form; make: used of both natural and artificial productions.

Thy House, whose stately Structure so much cost. Congreve, Imit. of Horace, II. xiv. 3. The antistrophic structure [of Eschylus's odes] being perhaps a concession to fashion. Quarterly Rev., CLXII. 174. Specifically-(a) In biol, manner or mode of organization; construction and arrangement of tissues, parts, or organs as components of a whole organism; structural or organic morphology; organization: as, animal or vegetable structure; the structure of an animal or a plant; the structure of the brain, of a coral, etc.

Though structure up to a certain point [in the animal organism) is requisite for growth, structure beyond that point impedes growth. H. Spencer, Study of Sociol., p. 64. (b) In geol., various characteristic features, considered collectively, of rocks and of rock-forming minerals, which features differ much in their nature and origin. Stratification, jointing, cleavage, and foliation are among the principal

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structural peculiarities of rock-masses, which are chiefly to be studied in the field. Some geologists would limit the term structure to petrographic phenomena of this kind, which have been designated as macroscopic rock-structures. The minuter structural details of rocks and their components are in part included under the name structure, and in part under that of texture. Thus, a rock may have a crystalline, granular, spherulitic, perlitic, etc., structure, or a flinty, earthy, glassy, etc., texture. But the usages of geologists differ in the employment of terms of this kind, and there can be no precise limit drawn separating textures from structures. In general, which specially interest the geologist; the textural behowever, the structural peculiarities of a rock are those long more properly to the mineralogist. Microstructures, or those details of structure belonging to the constituents of rocks which are in general not to be satisfactorily studied without the aid of the microscope, are peculiarly the field of observation of the lithologist. For macrostructures, see breccia, cleats, cleavage, 3, concretionary, fragmentary, foliation, 6, joint, 2, schist, slate2 and slaty, amygdaloidal, cryptocrystalline, crystalline, felsophyre, and stratification; for microstructures and textures, see globulite, granitoid, granophyre and granophyric, holocrys talline, massive, 5, microcrystalline, microlith and microlithic, ocellar, pegmatitic, perlitic, porphyritic, scoriaceous, spherulitic, trachytic, vesicular, vitreous, and vitrophyre. Viewed broadly, there are two leading types of structure among rocks-crystalline or massive, and fragmental. A. Geikie, in Encyc. Brit., X. 229. Banded, columnar, concentric, epidermal, fibrous, fluidal structure. See the adjectives.-Centric structure. See ocellar structure, under ocellar.-Flow-andplunge structure. See flow1.-Fluxion-structure. Same as fluidal structure.-Globulitic structure, a structure characterized by the predominance of those minute drop-like bodies called by Vogelsang globulites, which are the earliest and simplest forms of the devitrifi cation process in a glassy component of a rock-Granitoid structure, the structure of granite; a holocrystal

line structure.-Tabular structure. See tabular. structure (struk'tūr), v. t.; pret. and pp. structured, ppr. structuring. [<structure, n.] To form into a structure; organize the parts or elements of in structural form. [Rare.]

What degree of likeness can we find between a man and a mountain? the one has little internal structure, and that irregular, the other is elaborately structured internally in a definite way. H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 186. structureless (struk'tür-les), a. [< structure + -less.] Without structure; devoid of distinct parts; unorganized; unformed; hence, lacking arrangement; informal; specifically, in biol., having no distinction of parts or organs; not histologically differentiated; not forming or formed into a tissue; homogeneous; amorphous. structurely (strukʼtūr-li), adv. [< structure + tion. [Rare.] -ly 2.] In structure or formation; by construc

These aggregates of the lowest order, each formed of physiological units united into a group that is structurely single. H. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 181. structurist (struk'tür-ist), n. [< structure + -ist.] One who makes structures; a builder. [Rare.]

struggle (strugʻl), v. i.; pret. and pp. struggled, ppr. struggling. [Early mod. E. also stroggell, strogell; ME. struglen, stroglen, strogelen; perhaps a weakened form of *strokelen, which may be a var. of *stroukelen, the supposed ME. orig. of E. stroll, MD. struyckelen, D. struikelen = LG. strükeln MHG. strucheln, G. straucheln, stumble: see stroll.] To put forth violent effort, as in an emergency or as a result of intense excitation; act or strive strenuously against some antagonistic force or influence; be engaged in an earnest effort or conflict; labor or contend urgently, as for some object: used chiefly of persons, but also, figuratively, of things.

Everie Merchant, viewing their limbs and wounds, caused
other slaves to struggle with them, to trie their strength.
Capt. John Smith, True Travels, I. 29.
How nature and his honour struggle in him!
Beau. and Fl., Knight of Malta, ii. 5.

A brave man struggling in the storms of fate,
And greatly falling with a falling state!

Addison, Cato, Prol.
So saying, he took the boy, that cried aloud
And struggled hard.
Tennyson, Dora.
The light struggled in through windows of oiled paper,
but they read the word of God by it.

Emerson, Hist. Discourse at Concord. So on and on I struggled, thro' the thick bushes and over logs. Grace Greenwood, Recollections of Childhood, p. 28. =Syn. Strive, etc. (see attempt); toil. struggle (strug'l), n. [< struggle, v.] A violent effort; a strenuous or straining exertion; a strenuous endeavor to accomplish, avoid, or escape something; a contest with some opposing force: as, a struggle to get free; the struggle of death; a struggle with poverty.

strumstrum

The long and fierce struggle between the Crown and the Barons had terminated. Macaulay, Hallam's Const. Hist. =Syn. Endeavor, Effort, Exertion, Pains, Labor, Struggle. See strife. The above are in the order of strength.

struggler (strug'lèr), n. [< struggle + -er1.] One who or that which struggles; one who strives or contends with violent effort. struldbrug (struld'brug), n. [A made name.] In Swift's "Gulliver's Travels" ("Voyage to Laputa"), one of a small class of immortals or indicative sign in the forehead, who after fourdeathless persons in "Luggnagg," born with an score live on at public expense in the imbecility of extreme age. strull (strul), n.

[Origin obscure; cf. E. dial. stroil, strength, agility; cf. strut2, a brace.] A bar so placed as to resist weight. Loudon. strumming. [Prob. a var. of thrum with intenstrum (strum), v.; pret. and pp. strummed, ppr. sive prefix s (as in splash, plash, etc.): see thrum, drum.] I. intrans. To play unskilfully, or in a vulgar, noisy manner, on a stringed musical instrument of the lute or harp kind, as a guitar, banjo, or zither, or (by extension) on a pianoforte; thrum.

"Ah, there is Fred beginning to strum! I must go and hinder him from jarring all your nerves," said Rosamond. Fred, having opened the piano, . was parenthetically performing "Cherry Ripe!" with one hand. George Eliot, Middlemarch, xvi.

II. trans. 1. To play upon carelessly or unskilfully, as a stringed instrument; produce by rough manipulation of musical chords.-2. To produce a specified effect upon by strumming on a musical instrument.

To be stuck down to an old spinet to strum my father to sleep. Sheridan, School for Scandal, ii. 1. strum (strum), n. [<strum, v.] A strumming; a careless or discordant performance on a stringed instrument.

We heard the occasional strum of a guitar. The Century, XXXIX. 487. struma (strö ́mä), n.; pl. strumæ (-mē). [NL., <L. struma, a scrofulous tumor, < struere, pile Scrofula. (b) Goiter.-2. In bot., a cushionup, build: see structure.] 1. In pathol.: (a) like swelling or dilatation of or on an organ, as that at the extremity of the petiole of many leaves, or at one side of the base of the capsule in many mosses.

=

strumatic (strö-matʼik), a. [<LL. strumaticus, pertaining to struma, L. struma, struma: see struma.] Same as strumose. strumiferous (strö-mif'e-rus), a. [< NL. struma, q. v.,+L. ferre E. bear1.] In bot., bearing strume; strumose. strumiform (strö'mi-fôrm), a. [< NL. struma + L. forma, form.] In bot., having the form or appearance of a struma. strummer (strum ́ér), n. [< strum +-er1.] One who strums; a careless or unskilful player on a stringed instrument. W. Black, House-boat, vi. strumose, strumous (strö'mōs, -mus), a. [= OF. strumeus, estrumeux, < L. strumosus, characterized by the presence of struma, or of strumæ, <struma, struma: see struma.] 1. Scrofulous; of, pertaining to, resembling, or affected with struma.-2. In bot., bearing strumæ. strumousness (strö’mus-nes), n. character of being strumose or strumous. strumpet (strum'pet), n. [< ME. strumpet, strompet, strumpett; origin unknown; perhaps orig. *stropete or *strupete, < OF. *strupete, vernacularly strupee, < L. stuprata, fem. pp. of stuprare, debauch; cf. OF. strupe, stupre, debauchery, concubinage, < L. stuprum, debauchery, stuprare (> It. strupare, stuprare Sp. estrupar Sp. Pg. estuprar), debauch; cf. Gr. orvoeite, maltreat (see stuprum, stuprate). Cf. Ir. Gael. striopach, strumpet. The E. dial. strum, strumpet, is prob. an abbr. of strumpet.] A prostitute; a harlot; a bold, lascivious woman: also used adjectively.

The state or

Shamelesse strumpets, whose vncurbèd swing Many poore soules vnto confusion bring. Times' Whistle (E. E. T. S.), p. 83. The scarfed bark puts from her native bay, Hugg'd and embraced by the strumpet wind. Shak., M. of V., ii. 6. 16. strumpet (strum'pet), v. t. [< strumpet, n.] 1. To make a strumpet of; bring to the condition of a strumpet. Shak., C. of E., ii. 2. 146. [Rare.] -2. To call or treat as a strumpet; give an ill name to; slander scurrilously.

Massinger.

the cover on again.

strumstrum

musical instrument with strings. See the quotation.

The Strumstrum is made somewhat like a Cittern; most of those that the Indians use are made of a large Goad cut in the midst, and a thin board laid over the hollow, and which is fastened to the sides; this serves for the belly, over which the strings are placed. Dampier, Voyages, I. 127. strumulose (strö'mu-los), a. [Dim. of strumose.] In bot., furnished with a small struma. strung (strung). Preterit and past participle of string.

strunt1 (strunt), v. i. [Prob. a nasalized form of strut.] To walk sturdily; walk with state; strut. [North. Eng. and Scotch.]

strunt2 (strunt), n. [Origin obscure.] A bird's tail; also, the tail of any animal. Halliwell. [North. Eng.]

strunt3 (strunt), n. [Origin obscure.] 1. Spirituous liquor, or a drink partly consisting of such liquor.

Syne wi' a social glass o' strunt
They parted aff careerin'.

Burns, Halloween.

2. A sullen fit; a pet. Ramsay. [Scotch in both uses.] strut1 (strut), v.; pret. and pp. strutted, ppr. strutting. [Early mod. E. or dial. also strout, stroot; ME. strouten, strowten, struten, < Dan. strutte, strut, = Sw. strutta, walk with a jolting step, MHG. G. strotzen, swell, strut; cf. MHG. Struz, G. strauss, a fight, contention, MHG. striuzen, contend, struggle. See strut, n., and cf. strunt1.] I. intrans. 1t. To swell; protuberate; bulge or spread out.

=

Crul was his heer and as the gold it shoon,
And strouted as a fanne, large and brode.
Chaucer, Miller's Tale, 1. 129.

The mizens strooted with the gale.

Chapman, Iliad, i. 464. The bellying canvas strutted with the gale. Dryden. 2. To stand or walk stiffly with the tail erect and spread, as the peacock, the turkey, and various other birds. It is characteristic of the male in the breeding-season. See showing-off, 2, and cuts under peafowl and turkey. 3. To walk with a pompous gait and erect head, as from pride or affected dignity. Does he not hold up his head,

and strut in his gait? Shak., M. W. of W., i. 4. 31.

Meanly to sneak out of difficulties into which they had

proudly strutted.

Burke, American Taxation.

II. trans. 1. To cause to swell; enlarge; give more importance to.

I will make a brief list of the particulars themselves in an historical truth noways strouted nor made greater by language. Bacon, War with Spain.

2. To protrude; cause to bulge.

Or else [the lands] lifting vp themselues in Hills, knitting their furrowed browes, and strouting out their goggle eyes to watch their treasure, which they keep imprisoned in their stonie walls. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 829.

strut1 (strut), n. [< ME. strut, strout, strot: see strut1, v.] 1. A proud step or walk, with the head erect; affected dignity in walking.

Stynst of thy strot & fyne to flyte,

& sech hys blythe ful sweste & swythe. Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), i. 353.

2. Stubbornness; obstinacy. [Prov. Eng.] 3. Dispute; contention; strife. Havelok, 1.

1039.

strut1t, p. a. [Contr. pp. of strut1, v.] Swelling out; protuberant; bulging.

full.

=

=

He beginneth now to return with his belly strut and Holland, tr. of Ammianus Marcellinus, p. 213. (Trench.) strut2 (strut), n. [Cf. Icel. strutr, a hood jutting out like a horn, Norw. strut, a spout, nozle, Sw. strut, a paper cornet; cf. LG. strutt, stiff, rigid; from the root of strut1: see strut, v.] A brace or support for the reception of direct thrust, pressure, or weight in construction; any piece of wood or iron, or other member of a structure, designed to support a part or parts by pressure in the direction of its length. Struts may be either upright, diagonal, or horizontal. The struts of a roof extend obliquely from a rafter to a king post or queen-post. Diagonal struts are also used between joists, in gates, etc. Also called stretching-piece. See cuts under roof, queen-post, and floor. strut2 (strut), v. t.; pret. and pp. strutted, ppr. strutting. [strut2, n.] To brace or support by a strut or struts, in construction of any kind; hold in place or strengthen by an upright, diagonal, or transverse support. strut-beamt (strut'bēm), n. A collar-beam. struthian (strö'thi-an), a. [< Struthio-an.] Same as struthious. Struthidea (strö-thid'e-ä), n. [NL. (J. Gould, 1836), Gr. Grpovoóc, a small bird, a sparrow, +

6002

eidos, form.] An Australian genus of jay-like birds, belonging to the family Corvida, having the wings short, the tail moderately long and

eyes.

Struthidea cinerea.

graduated, the nostrils exposed, and the bill stout and conical. The only species is S. cinerea, 12 inches long, gray with black bill, feet, and tail, and white Also called Brachystoma and Brachyprorus. struthiiform (strö'thi-i-fôrm), a. Same as struthioniform. Struthio (strö'thi-o), n. [NL. (Brisson, 1760; Linnæus, 1766), < L. struthio, <Gr. orpoveiwv, the ostrich, <orpoutós, a sparrow, ouéyaç or povós, 'the big sparrow,' the ostrich: see ostrich.] The only genus of Struthionidæ, having but two toes, and so many other important structural characters that in some systems it is made the sole representative of an order Struthiones. S. camelus, the African ostrich, is the only established species; there are nominally two others, S. australis of South Africa, and S. molybdophanes of Somali-land. The genus formerly included some other struthious birds, as the American ostriches, now called Rhea. See cut under ostrich. Struthiocamelus (strö'thi-o-ka-me'lus), n. [NL., L. struthiocamelus, for *struthocamelus, Gr. Orрovokáάunos, the ostrich, Karpovós, sparrow, káunhos, camel: see camel.] Same as Struthio.

struthioid (strö'thi-oid), a. [< Gr. σrpovliov, the ostrich, + eidos, form.] Ostrich-like; struthious to any extent; especially, struthious in

the narrowest sense.

Struthiolaria (strö"thi-o-la'ri-ä), n. [NL. (Lamarck, 1812).] In conch., a genus of gastropods, typical of the family Struthiolariida: so called because the lip of the shell has been compared to the foot of an ostrich. Struthiolariidae (ströthi-o-la-ri'i-de), ". pl. [NL., Struthiolaria + -idæ.] A family of tænioglossate gastropods, typified by the genus Struthiolaria. The animal has slender tentacles with eyes at their external bases, an oval foot, and a characteristic dentition (the central tooth being squarish, the lateral wide, five marginal teeth falciform, and the supplementary ones very narrow). The shell is bucciniform with oval subcanaliculate aperture. The living species are confined to the southern Pacific.

Struthiolaria stra minea.

struthiolarioid (stro thi-ola'ri-oid), a. Of, or having characteristics of, the Struthiolariida. Struthiones (strö-thi-o'nez), n. pl. [NL., pl. of Struthio, q. v.] 1. The ostriches in a broad sense; the struthious or ratite birds. See Ratitæ, and cuts under cassowary, Dromæus, emu, ostrich, and Rhea.-2. An ordinal group restricted to the genus Struthio. A. Newton.

Struthionidæ (strö-thi-on'i-de), n. pl. [NL., Struthio(n-) + -idæ.] The ostrich family, variously restricted. (at) Containing the genera Struthio, Rhea, Casuarius, and Dromæus, and divided into Struthionine and Casuariina: same as Struthiones, 1. (b) Containing the genera Struthio and Rhea. Same as Struthionina (a). (c) Containing only the genus Struthio, or the twoThe differences between

toed African ostriches alone.

these ostriches and all other birds is about as great as those usually held to characterize orders in ornithology. The digits are only two, the hallux and inner digit being aborted, leaving the third and fourth digits with the usual ratio of phalanges (4, 5), and there are corresponding modifications of the lower end of the metatarsus. The leg-bones are greatly elongated, and there is a pubic symphysis. The fore limb is reduced, with the antebrachium not half so long as the humerus; and the manus has three digits, two of which bear claws. The wings are useless for flight. There are thirty-five precaudal vertebræ, and the bodies of the sacral vertebræ ankylose with the fore ends of the pubes and ischia. The sternum is doubly notched on each side behind. There are important cranial and especially palatal characters. The

plumage is not aftershafted.

Strychnos struthioniform (strö-thi-on'i-fôrm), a. [Also irreg. struthiiform; NL. struthioniformis, < L. struthio(n-), an ostrich, + forma, form.] Resembling an ostrich in the sense of being dromæognathous, as a tinamou; of or pertaining to the Struthioniformes. Struthioniformes (strö-thi-on-i-fôr'mēz), n. pl. [NL., pl. of struthioniformis: see struthioniform.] In ornith., in Sundevall's system of classification, a cohort of Gallinæ, composed of the South American tinamous, or Crypturi, and coextensive with the Dromæognathæ of Huxley: so called from their resemblance in some respects (notably palatal structure) to struthious birds.

Struthioninæ (strö'thi-o-ni'nē), n. pl. [NL., < Struthio(n-)+-inæ.] The ostriches, variously restricted. (a) A subfamily of Struthionida (a), containing the genera Struthio and Rhea, or the African and American ostriches, thus contrasted with Casuariina, the cassowaries and emus. (b) A subfamily of Struthionidae (b): contrasted with Rheine. (c) The only subfamily of Struthionidæ (c), conterminous therewith. struthionine (strö'thi-o-nin), a. [< NL. struthioninus, L. struthio(n-), an ostrich: see Struthio.] Resembling or related to an ostrich more ing to the Struthionine; in a wide sense, struor less closely; in a narrow sense, of or pertainthious; ratite.

struthious (strö'thi-us), a. [< NL. Struthio + ous.] Ostrich-like; resembling or related to the ostriches; struthiiform; ratite. strutter (strut'èr), n. [< strut +-er1.] One who struts; a pompous fellow. Imp. Dict. strutting (strut'ing), n. [Verbal n. of strut2, v.] In carp., diagonal braces between joists, to prevent side deflection. A collarstrutting-beamt (strut'ing-bēm), n. beam. struttingly (strut'ing-li), adv. In a strutting manner; with a proud step; boastingly. Same as strutting-piece (strut′ing-pēs), n. bridging. struvite (strö'vit), n. [Named after Struve, a Russian statesman.] A hydrous phosphate of ammonium and magnesium, often occurring in connection with guano-deposits. It is found in orthorhombic crystals, often hemimorphic, and has a white or pale-yellow color and vitre

ous luster.

struyt, v. t. A Middle English form of stroy. stry (stri), v. t.; pret. and pp. stried, ppr. strying. An obsolete or dialectal form of stroy. strychnia (strik'ni-ä), n. [NL., Strychnos, q. v. Same as strychnine. strychnic (strik'nik), a. [< NL. strychnia + -ic.] Of, pertaining to, obtained from, or including strychnine: as, strychnic acid. strychnina (strik-ni'nä), n. A form of strych

nia.

strychnine, strychnin (strik'nin), n. [< NL. Strychnos +-ine2, -in2.] A vegetable alkaloid (C21H22N2O2), the sole active principle of Strychnos Tieuté, the most active of the Java poisons, and one of the active principles of S. Ignatii, S. Nux-vomica, S. colubrina, etc. It is usually obtained from the seeds of S. Nux-vomica. It is colorless, inodorous, crystalline, unalterable by exposure to the air, and extremely bitter. It is very insoluble, requiring 7,000 parts of water for solution. It dissolves in hot alcohol, although sparingly, if the alcohol be pure and not diluted. It forms crystallizable salts, which are intensely bitter. Strychnine and its salts, especially the latter from their solubility, are most energetic poisons. They produce tetanic spasms, but are used in medicine especially in conditions of exhaustion and certain forms of paralysis. See cut under nur vomica.- Hall's solution of strychnine. See solution.

strychninism (strikʼni-nizm), ". [< strychnine +-ism.] The condition produced by an excessive dose of strychnine. strychnism (strik'nizm), n. [< strychnia + -ism.] The hyperexcitable state of the spinal cord produced by strychnine. strychnized (strik'nizd), a. Brought under the influence of strychnine. Strychnos (strik'nos), n. [NL. (Linnæus, 1737),

L. strychnos, <Gr. orpixvos or rpvxvos, a plant of the nightshade kind.] A genus of gamopetalous plants, of the order Loganiacea and tribe Euloganicæ, type of the subtribe Strychneæ. It is characterized by flowers with valvate corolla-lobes, and a usually two-celled ovary which becomes in fruit an indehiscent berry, commonly globose and pulpy with a hardened rind. About 65 species have been described, widely scattered through tropical regions. They are trees or shrubs, often vines climbing high by stiff hooked and recurved tendrils, in a few species armed with straight spines. They have opposite membranous or coriaceous three- to five-nerved leaves, and small or rather long salvershaped flowers in terminal or axillary cymes, usually white and densely aggregated. Many species yield powerful poisons, sometimes of great medicinal value. For species

vated.

Strychnos

yielding strychnine, see strychnine; for S. Nux-vomica, see also nur vomica, brucine, and Angostura bark (under bark2); for S. Tieut, chettik; for S. colubrina, snakewood; for S. Ig natii, St. Ignatius' beans, under bean. For S. torifera, see curari; for S. Pseudo-quina, copalche, 2; for S. potatorum (also called water-filter nut), see clearing-nut. The root of West African species is used in ordeals. Although the seeds are usually poisonous, the fruit of several species, as in India of S. potatorum, in Java of S. Tieuté, and in Egypt and Senegal of S. innocua, contains a pulp which is an article of food. S. psilosperma, the Queensland strychninetree, is an evergreen shrubby climber, sometimes cultistrynet, v. t. An obsolete variant of strain1. stuardt, stuart, n. Old spellings of steward. Stuartia (stu-är'ti-ä), n. [NL. (Linnæus, 1753), named after John Stuart, Marquis of Bute, a patron of botany.] 1. A genus of polypetalous plants, of the order Ternstræmiaceæ and tribe Gordonica. It is characterized by flowers with nearly equal sepals, and an ovary which contains two ascending ovules in each of its five cells, and ripens into a loculici dal and somewhat woody capsule with lenticular seeds, little albumen, and a straight embryo with a slender inferior radicle. There are 6 species, natives of North America and Japan. They are shrubs with membranous deciduous leaves, and short-peduncled flowers solitary in the axils, often large and showy, each usually of five imbricated petals, and numerous stamens with versatile anthers. Two handsome white-flowered species, from the mountains of Virginia, Kentucky, and southward, are sometimes culti vated under the name of stuartia-S. Virginica with a single style, and S. pentagyna with five styles and larger leaves. S. Pseudo-Camellia, from Japan, is also in cultivation in ornamental grounds.

2. [l. c.] A shrub of this genus. stub (stub), n. [< ME. stub, stubbe, < AS. styb = D. stobbe - LG. stubbe Icel. stubbi, stobbi, also stubbr Norw. stubbe, stubb Sw. stubbe, stubb Dan. stub, a stump, stub. Cf. Gael. stob, a stake, stub, Lith. stebas, an upright pillar, mast, L. stipes, a post, Gr. arúños, a stump, Skt. stambha, a post, v stambh, make firm, set fast. Cf. stump and stubble.] 1. The end of a fallen tree, shrub, or plant remaining in the ground; a stump; now, especially, a short stump or projecting root of inconspicuous size. Here stands a drie stub of some tree, a cubite from the ground. Chapman, Iliad, xxiii. 305. 2. A projection like a stump; a piece or part of something sticking out: as, a dog with only a stub of a tail; the stub of a broken tooth.

The horn [of the buffalo] at three months is about 1 inch in length, and is a mere little black stub,

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stubbed (stub'ed or stubd), a. [< stub + -ed2.] 1. Resembling a stub; short and blunt; truncated.

2.

They turned in their stubble to sow another croppe of wheate in the same place. Coryat, Crudities, I. 151.

2. Something resembling or analogous to stubble, especially a short rough beard, or the short hair on a cropped head. See stubbly. stubbled (stub'ld), a. [< stubble + -ed2.] 1. Covered with stubble; stubbly.

A crow was strutting o'er the stubbled plain, Just as a lark, descending, clos'd his strain. Gay, To the Right Hon. Paul Methuen. 2+. Stubbed. stubble-field (stub'l-feld), n. A field covered with stubble; a piece of ground from which grain has been cut. stubble-goose (stub'l-gös), n. [< ME. stubbelgoos; stubble + goose.] 1. The graylag goose, Anser cinereus. Also called harvest-goose.

Of many a pilgrym hastow Crystes curs,
For of thy percely yet they fare the wors
That they han eten with thy stubbel goos.
Chaucer, Prol. to Cook's Tale, 1. 27.

W. T. Hornaday, Smithsonian Report (1887), ii. 397. 3. A short remaining piece of something; a terminal remnant: as, the stub of a pencil or of a cigar; a stub of candle.-4. A worn horseshoe- 2. See the quotation, and compare green-goose. nail; a stub-nail; specifically, in the plural, nails, or bits of iron of the quality of old horseshoe-nails, used as material for gun-barrels or other articles requiring great toughness.

Every blacksmith's shop rung with the rhythmical clang of busy hammers, beating out old iron, such as horse-shoes, nails, or stubs, into the great harpoons.

Mrs. Gaskell, Sylvia's Lovers, xvi. 5. Something truncated, resembling a small stump, or constituting a terminal remnant. (a) A blunt-pointed pen; a stub-pen. (b) A stationary

stud in a lock, which acts as a detent for the tumblers when their slots are in engagement with it. (c) A short file adapted to working in and around depressions that cannot be reached by an ordinary file. (d) The unsawed butt-end of a plank. See stub-shot, 1.

6. The inner end of one of the duplicate numbered blanks in a check-book or the like, which is left in the book with a memorandum corresponding to the check or other blank which is

filled out and detached; counterfoil.-7t. Fig

uratively, a block; a blockhead.

Our dullest and laziest youth, our stocks and stubs. Milton, Education. Stub damascus. See damascus. stub (stub), v. t.; pret. and pp. stubbed, ppr. stubbing. [= Sw. stubba = Dan. stubbe, cut short, dock, curtail; from the noun.] 1. To grub up by the roots; pull or raise the stub of; pull or raise as a stub: as, to stub a tree; to stub up roots.

The other tree was griev'd, Grew scrubbed, died a-top, was stunted; So the next parson stubb'd and burnt it. Swift, Baucis and Philemon. 2. To clear of stubs; grub up stubs or roots from, as land. Nobbut a bit on it's left, an' I mean'd to 'a stubb'd it at fall. Tennyson, Northern Farmer (Old Style). A large fenced-in field, well stubbed, on which the manure from the cattle is spread. Harper's Mag., LXXVIII. 424. 3. To make a stub of; cut to a stub; give a truncated or stubbed appearance to; truncate: as, to stub off a post or a quill pen.-4. To ruin by extravagance. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]5. To strike against something projecting from a surface; stump: as, to stub one's foot. [U.S.]

So stubble-geese at Michaelmas are seen Upon the spit; next May produces green. W. King, Art of Cookery, 1. 77. stubble-land (stub'l-land), n. Land covered with stubble; a stubble-field. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., i. 3. 35.

stubble-plow (stub'l-plou), n. A plow especially adapted for turning up stubbly ground. stubble-rake (stub'l-rāk), n. A rake for gleaning a reaped field.

stubble-turner (stub'l-tèr nėr), n. A wing at-
tachment to a plow to turn down stubble, etc.,
in advance of the plowshare.
stubbly (stub'li), a. [< stubble + -y1.] 1.

Covered with stubble; stubbled.
He... rubbed his stubbly chin with a sort of bewil-

dered thoughtfulness.

Harper's Mag., LXXX. 357.

2. Resembling stubble; short and stiff.

hair stood out from his head. The Century, XXXVII. 600. stub-book (stub'bük), n. A book containing only stubs, and serving as a record of the checks or other papers detached from them. The filed stub-books of stamps, now occupying a very large and rapidly increasing space in the files rooms. Rep. of Sec. of Treasury, 1886, p. 700. stubborn (stub'orn), a. [Early mod. E. also stubburne, stoburne; ME. stoburn, stoburne, styburne, stiburn, stiborn, stibourne; prob. orig. *stybor, *stibor (the final n being due to misdividing of the derived noun stybornesse taken as *stybornnesse (E. stubbornness), or a mere addition as in bittern1, slattern), appar. < AS. styb, a stump, stub, + adj. formative or as in AS. bitor, E. bitter, etc.] 1. Sturdy; stout; strong.

A young man of aggressive manners, whose stubbly black

I was yong and ful of ragerye,
Stibourne and strong and joly as a pye.
Chaucer, Prol. to Wife of Bath's Tale, 1. 456.

2. Fixed or set in opinion or purpose; obstinately determined; inflexibly resolute; not to be moved by persuasion; unyielding.

The queen is obstinate,
Stubborn to justice, apt to accuse it, and
Disdainful to be tried by 't.

Shak., Hen. VIII., ii. 4. 122.

stub-iron

Some of them, for their stubborn refusing the Grace he had offered them, were adjudged to Death, and the rest fined. Baker, Chronicles, p. 172.

3. Persistently obdurate; obtuse to reason or right; obstinately perverse. [This sense depends upon the connection, and is not always clearly distinguishable from the preceding, since what is justifiable or natural persistence from one point of view may be sheer perversity from another.]

And he that holdithe a quarel agayn right, Holdyng his purpos stiburn ageyn reason. Lydgate, Order of Fools. They ceased not from their own doings, nor from their stubborn way. Judges ii. 19. Sirrah, thou art said to have a stubborn soul, That apprehends no further than this world. Shak., M. for M., v. 1. 485.

From the necessity of bowing down the stubborn neck of their pride and ambition to the yoke of moderation and virtue. Burke, Rev. in France.

4. Persistently pursued or practised; obstinately maintained; not readily abandoned or relinquished.

Stubborn attention, and more than common application. Locke. Proud as he is, that iron heart retains Its stubborn purpose, and his friends disdains. Pope, Iliad, ix. 742. Stout were their hearts, and stubborn was their strife. Scott, The Poacher. to deal with or handle; not easily manipulated; 5. Difficult of treatment or management; hard refractory; tough; unyielding; stiff.

In hissing flames huge silver bars are roll'd, And stubborn brass, and tin, and solid gold. Pope, Iliad, xviii. 546. While round them stubborn thorns and furze increase, And creeping briars. Dyer, Fleece, i. 107. Not Hope herself, with all her flattering art, Can cure this stubborn sickness of the heart.

Crabbe, Works, I. 140. Stubborn marble is that which, on account of its excessive hardness, is very difficult to work, and is apt to fly off in splinters. Marble-Worker, § 35. 6t. Harsh; rough; rude; coarse in texture or quality.

Like strict men of order,
They do correct their bodies with a bench
Or a poor stubborn table.

Beau. and Fl., Scornful Lady, iv. 2.
Their Cloth [made from bark]. . . is stubborn when new,
wears out soon.
Dampier, Voyages, I. 315.
If Hector's Spouse was clad in stubborn Stuff,
A Soldier's Wife became it well enough.

Congreve, tr. of Ovid's Art of Love. =Syn, 2 and 3. Refractory, Intractable, etc. (see obstinate); wilful, headstrong, unruly, inflexible, obdurate, ungovernable, indocile, mulish. stubborn (stub'orn), v. t. [< stubborn, a.] To make stubborn; render stiff, unyielding, enduring, or the like. [Rare.]

Slaty ridge

Stubborn'd with iron.

Keats, Hyperion, ii.

stubbornly (stub'orn-li), adv. In a stubborn
manner; inflexibly; obstinately.
E. stubbernesse; < MË. styburnesse, stibornesse,
stubbornness (stub'orn-nes), n. [Early mod.
etc.: see stubborn.] The state or character of
being inflexible or stubborn; obstinate per-
sistence, obduracy, or refractoriness.
stubborn-shafted (stub'orn-shåf ted), a. Hav-
ing a stiff or unyielding shaft or trunk. [Rare.]

Before a gloom of stubborn-shafted oaks,
Three... horsemen waiting.
Tennyson, Geraint.

stubby (stub'i), a. [< stub + -y1.] 1. Abound-
ing with stubs.-2. Short, thick, and stiff;
stubbed: as, stubby bristles; stubby fingers.
stub-damask (stub'dam" ask), n. A kind of
damaskeened iron made of stubs, used for shot-
See stub-twist.
gun barrels.
Stub damask is made from the same materials as stub
twist, but the rods after the first drawing are subjected
to a high degree of torsion, and two or three of them are
then welded laterally to form the ribbon.

Amer. Cyc., VII. 356. stub-end (stub'end'), n. In mach., the enlarged rectangular end or prism of a pitman or counecting-rod, over which the strap of a strapjoint passes, forming with the end of the prism a rectangular inclosure which holds the brasses or boxes fitted to a crank-wrist or to a crosshead pin. Compare strap-joint.

The keyway is the butt or stub end of the rod. Joshua Rose, Practical Machinist, p. 403. One of the short feathers left on a fowl after it has been Halliwell. plucked; a pin-feather. stub-iron (stub'i'èrn), n. Iron formed from stubs, used principally for making fine gunbarrels.

stub-feather (stub'ferн'èr), n.

stub-mortise

stub-mortise (stub'môr tis), n. A mortise which does not pass through the entire thickness of the timber in which it is made. stub-nail (stubʼnāl), n. An old or worn horseshoe-nail; any short and thick nail; a stub. stub-pen (stub'pen), n. A pen having a blunt or truncated nib, usually short and broad. stub-short (stub'shôrt), n. Same as stub-shot, 1. stub-shot (stub'shot), n. 1. In a saw-mill, the butt or unsawed part at the end of a plank, separated from the log. Also called stub-short. -2. In turning, the unworked part on a piece turned in a lathe, where it is secured to the center. It is removed when the work is fin

ished.

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D.

stub-tenon (stub'ten on), n. In carp., a short tenon, as at the end of an upright. E. H. Knight. stub-twist (stub'twist), n. A material for fine shot-gun barrels, as those of fowling-pieces, wrought from stubs, and brought into form by twisting or coiling round a mandrel or by welding; also, a gun-barrel made of this material. The wood-sorrel, stubwort (stub' wert), n. Oxalis Acetosella: so called from its growing about stubs or stumps. [Prov. Eng.] stucco (stuk'ō), n. [Formerly also stuck,< F. stuc =Sp.estuco = Pg.estuque D.stuc G.Sw.stuck = Dan. stuk; <It. stucco, stucco, <OHG. stucchi, MHG. stücke, G. stück, a piece, a patch, stuk OS. stukki= AS. stycce Icel. stykki, a piece; connected with stock1.] 1. Plaster or cement, of varying degrees of fineness, used as a coating for walls, either internally or externally, and for the production of ornamental effects and figures. Stucco for decorative purposes, as the cornices and moldings of rooms and the enrichment of ceilings, usually consists of slaked lime, chalk, and pulverized white marble, tempered in water, or of calcined gypsum or plaster of Paris mixed with glue, and sometimes also gelatin or gum arabic, in a hot solution. The stucco employed for external purposes is of a coarser kind, and variously prepared, the different sorts being generally distinguished Some of these take a surface by the name of cements. and polish almost equal to those of the finest marble. The stucco used for the third coat of three-coat plaster conIn a species called bastard sists of fine lime and sand. stucco a small quantity of hair is used. Rough stucco is merely floated and brushed with water, but the best kind is troweled.

2. Work made of stucco. The ornamenting of cornices, etc., with garlands, festoons, fruits, and figures in stucco was carried to great elaboration by the ancient Romans, and by the Italians under Raphael's guidance in the sixteenth century.

stucco (stuk'ō), v. t. [< stucco, n.] To apply stucco to; cover with stucco or fine plaster. [<stucco +-er1.] One stuccoer (stukʼộ-ėr), n. who stuccoes; one who applies stucco to walls, etc.; one who works or deals in stucco. stucco-work (stuk ́ō-wèrk), n. work composed of stucco. stuck (stuk). Preterit and past participle of

stick and stick2.

Ornamental

stuck2 (stuk), n. [A var. of stock2. Cf. tuck2.] A thrust.

stuck3 (stuk), n. and v. A dialectal variant of stook.

stuck4+ (stuk), n. [<F.stuc, < It. stucco, stucco: see stucco.] Stucco. Imp. Dict. The stoccade. stuck-int (stukʼin), n.

I had a pass with him, rapier, scabbard, and all, and he gives me the stuck in with such a mortal motion that it is inevitable. Shak., T. N., iii. 4. 303. stuckle (stuk’l), n. [Dim. of stuck3, stook.] A number of sheaves set together in a field; a stook. [Prov. Eng.]

stuckling (stuk'ling), n. [Origin obscure.] A thin apple pasty; a fritter. _ [Prov. Eng.] stuck-up (stuk'up'), a. and n. I. a. Offensively proud or conceited; puffed up; consequential.

[Colloq.]

He [the true gentleman] is never stuck-up, nor looks down upon others because they have not titles, honors, or social position equal to his own.

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W. Matthews, Getting on in the World, p. 144. II. n. Same as strap-oyster. E. Ingersoll. stud1 (stud), n. [Early mod. E. also studde; < ME. stode, AS. studu, stuthu, a post, Icel. stodh = Sw. stöd, a post, = Dan. stöd, stub, stump, = MHG. G. stütze, a prop, support; cf. Skt. sthuna, a post. Cf. stooth, a doublet of stud1. Hence ult. studdle.] 1. A post; an upright prop or support; specifically, one of the small beams or scantlings in a building, of the height of a single story, which, with the laths nailed upon them, form the walls of the different rooms. See cut under siding.

It is a gross mistake in architecture to think that every small stud bears the main stress and burthen of the building, which lies indeed upon the principal timbers. Jer. Taylor (?), Artif. Handsomeness, p. 11. (Latham.)

Spenser, Shep. Cal., March.

3. A transverse piece of cast-iron inserted in each link of a chain cable to prop the sides apart and strengthen it. See cut under chain. -4. A nail, boss, knob, or protuberance affixed to a surface, especially as an ornament.

Crystal and myrrhine cups, emboss'd with gems And studs of pearl. Milton, P. R., iv. 120. The armour of the legs consists of a chausson of chainmail, and chausses lacing behind, which appear to be formed of studs rivetted on cloth or leather. J. Hewitt, Ancient Armour, I. p. xvii. 5. A piece in the form of a boss or knob for use as a button or fastener, or in some other way. A stud for a bolt is a rounded nut to be screwed on to the projecting end. A stud for lacing is a button set in an eyelet-hole and having an ear round which the lace is passed. A shirt-stud is an ornamental button commonly with a tang or a spire by which it can be inserted in and removed from an eyelet-hole or small buttonhole in

the front of the shirt.

The grate which (shut) the day out-barres, Those golden studdes which naile the starres. Dekker, Londons Tempe (Works, IV. 122). The stud itself, called the anvil, is connected to the sending battery, and the other pole of this battery is to

earth.

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studied

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[= F. étudiant = Pr. Sp. estudiante = Pg. estudante D. G. Sw. Dan. studiante, studiente, studente: student, a student, L. studen(t-)s, ppr. of studere, be eager, zealous, or diligent, apply one's self, study; perhaps (with alteration of sp- to st-) Gr. oTevdew, be eager, hasten. Hence also study, studious, etc.] 1. A studious person; one who practises studying or investigation; one given to the study of books or the acquisition of knowledge: as, a student of sci

ence or of nature.

Keep a gamester from the dice, and a good student from his book, and it is wonderful. Shak., M. W. of W., iii. 1. 38. 2. A person who is engaged in a course of study, either general or special; one who studies, especially with a view to education of a higher kind; an advanced scholar or pupil: as,

an academical or college student; a student of theology, law, medicine, or art.

A greater degree of gentility is affixed to the character of a student in England than elsewhere. Goldsmith, English Clergy. Student or students' lamp. See lamp1. See student-parsnip (stū ́dent-pärs"nip), n. parsnip. [< student + -ry.] studentry (student-ri), n. Students collectively; a body of students. Kingsley, Hypatia. [Rare.] studentship (stu'dent-ship), n. [< student + -ship.] 1. The state of being a student. [Rare.] -2. An endowment or foundation for a student; a provision for the maintenance of a person in a course of study.

She [George Eliot] . . . founded to his memory the "George Henry Lewes studentship." Dict. Nat. Biog., XIII. 221.

studerite (stö'dėr-it), n. [Named after Bernhard Studer, a Swiss geologist (1794-1887).] A mineral from the canton of Valais in Switzerland, closely related to tetrahedrite. A tract of land destud-farm (stud'färm), n. voted to the breeding and rearing of horses. studfish (stud'fish), n. A kind of killifish, Fundulus (Xenisma) catenatus, 6 or 7 inches

Studfish (Fundulus (Xenisma) catenatus).

long, locally abundant in the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers. It is one of the largest and handsomest of the cyprinodonts. A related species is the spotted studfish, F. (X.) stellifer, of the Alabama river. These represent a section of the genus with the dorsal fin beginning nearly above the anal.

stud-flower (stud' flou èr), n. A name proposed by Meehan for the plant Helonias bullata, translating the specific name. A groom (generstud-groom (studʼgröm), n. Nineteenth ally the head groom) of a stud. Century, XXVI. 782. stud-horse (stud ́hôrs), n. [< ME. *stodhors, < AS. stodhors (= Icel. stödhhross), ‹ stöd, stud, +hors, horse.] A horse kept in the stud for studied (stud'id), p. a. 1. Informed or qualibreeding purposes; a stallion. fied by study; instructed; versed; learned.

The natural man, . . . be he never so great a philoso pher, never so well seen in the law, never so sore studied In the Scripture, yet he cannot understand the things of the Spirit of God. Tyndale, Ans. to Sir T. More, etc. (Parker Soc., 1850), p. 6. 2. Studiously contrived or thought out; premeditated; deliberate: as, a studied insult.

The flattering senate
Decrees him divine honours, and to cross it
Were death with studied torments.

Massinger, Roman Actor, i. 1.

studiedly

studiedly (stud'id-li), adv. In a studied manner; with study or deliberation; deliberately. Life of Mede, prefixed to his Works, p. 39. (Latham.) studier (stud'i-ér), n. [< study1 + -er1.] One who studies; an examiner or investigator. Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, ix. studio (stu'di-ō), n. [ It. studio, a study: see study.] A room especially arranged for painting, drawing, photographing, or other art-work. It is usually fitted with windows for securing a pure skylight, or light free from cross-reflections, and is so placed, when possible, as to receive light from the north side. studious (stū'di-us), a. [= F. studieux Sp. Pg. estudioso It. studioso, < L. studiosus, eager, assiduous, studium, eagerness, zeal, study: see study1.] 1. Given to study or learning; inclined to learn or investigate; seeking knowledge from books, inquiry, meditation, or by other means: as, a studious pupil or investigator; a studious

reasoner.

Let the studious of these things search them in their proper Authors. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 319.

2. Exercising study or careful consideration; attentively mindful or considerate; thoughtful; heedful; intent; assiduous.

I am studious to keep the ancient terms.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 157.
One at least studious of deserving well.

B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, v. 3. 3. Manifesting study or deliberation; planned; studied. But yet be wary in thy studious care. Shak., 1 Hen. VI., ii. 5. 97. 4. Devoted to or used for the purposes of study; serving as a place of study or contemplation. [Rare.]

Some to the wars, to try their fortune there; . . .
Some to the studious universities.
Shak., T. G. of V., i. 3. 10.

But let my due feet never fail To walk the studious cloisters pale. Milton, Il Penseroso, l. 156. =Syn. 1. Studious, Scholarly. Studious represents a fact in conduct; scholarly, a fact in taste or predilection, or a similar result: as, he was very studious, but not really of scholarly instincts, nor likely ever to produce a scholarly treatise.

studiously (stū'di-us-li), adv. In a studious manner; with reference to study or learning; as a student; in a studied manner; with studious consideration or care; studiedly; heedfully; deliberately: as, to be studiously inclined; to investigate a subject studiously. studiousness (stū'di-us-nes), n. The character of being studious; diligence in study; addictedness to books or investigation. Studite (stū'dit), n. [< LGr. Erovdirne, Erovdióc, Studius, a Roman who built a monastery (thence known as the Studium) for the order.] A member of the order of Acometi. The most famous of the order was St. Theodore the Studite (died 826), confessor against the Iconoclasts and hymnographer.

studwork (stud'werk), n. [< stud+work.] 1. Brickwork interspaced with studs; construction with alternating bricks and studs.-2. That which is made or held by means of studs, especially in armor; brigandine-work, jazerantwork, or other process for producing garments of fence by means of ordinary textile fabrics or leather set with studs. See cut under brigandine. study1 (stud′i), n.; pl. studies (-iz). [Early mod. E. also studie; ME. study, stody, studye, studie, < OF. estudie, estude, F. étude Sp. estudio Pg. estudo It. studio, < L. studium, eagerness, zeal, exertion, study, studere, be eager, zealous, or diligent, study: see student.] 1. Eagerness; earnestness; zeal. [Obsolete or archaic.] They do thereby [by the burning of the books] better declare the study of their godliness.

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In continuall studie and contemplation. Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 4. When the mind with great earnestness, and of choice, fixes its view on any idea, considers it on all sides, and will not be called off by the ordinary solicitation of other ideas, it is that we call intension or study.

Locke, Human Understanding, II. xix. 1. 4. An exercise in learning or the pursuit of knowledge; an act or course of intellectual acquisition, as by memorizing words, facts, or principles: as, the actor's study was very rapid; also, an effort to gain an understanding of something; a particular course of learning, inquiry, or investigation: as, to pursue the study of physics or of a language; to make a study of trade, of a case at law, or of a man's life or character.

The chiefe citie is Hamsa, sometime called Tarsus, famous for the studies of learning, herein (saith Strabo) surmounting both Athens and Alexandria. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 334. His [Calvin's] bringing up was in the study of the civil law. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, Pref., ii. 5. That which is studied or to be studied; a branch of learning; a subject of acquired or desired knowledge; a matter for investigation

or meditation.

Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Bacon, Studies (ed. 1887).

The proper study of mankind is man.

Pope, Essay on Man, ii. 2. "Twas, in truth, a study,

To mark his spirit, alternating between A decent and professional gravity And an irreverent mirthfulness. Whittier, Bridal of Pennacook, Int. Personally I think that Shakespeare is almost the easiboy to see Shakespeare's plays. est study; perhaps because of my being accustomed as a Lester Wallack, Scribner's Mag., IV. 720. 6. A state of mental inquiry or cogitation; debate or counsel with one's self; deep meditation; a muse; a quandary.

Pandarus, that in a stodye stod,
Er he was war, she tok hym by the hood.
Chaucer, Troilus, ii, 1180.

I haf gret stody til I haf tydings fro zow.

Paston Letters, 1. 78. The king of Castile, herewith a little confused, and in a studie, said, That can I doe with my honour. Bacon, Hist. Hen. VII., p. 224. 7. Theat., one who studies or learns; a studier; specifically, a memorizer of a part for the theater; an actor as a memorizer.

I've got a part of twelve lengths here which I must be up in to-morrow night, and I haven't had time to look at it yet. I'm a confounded quick study, that's one comfort. Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby, xxiii.

8. In music, a composition, usually instrumental, having something of the instructive and gymnastic purpose of an exercise combined with a certain amount of artistic value; an étude. An elaborate work of this class, combining great technical difficulty with decided artistic interest, is often called a concert study. 9. Something done as an exercise in learning, or in special study or observation; specifically, in art, a sketch or performance executed as an educational exercise, as a memorandum or record of observations or effects, or as a guide for a finished production; as, the story is a study of morbid passion; a study of a head for a painting.-10. A room in a dwelling-house or other building set apart for private study, reading, writing, or any similar occupation; by extension, the private room or office of the master of a house, however it may be used.

Get me a taper in my study, Lucius. Shak., J. C., ii. 1. 7. There is a gold wand, Stands in King Cornwalls study windowe. Ballad of King Arthur (Child's Ballads, I. 242). Academy study. See academy. Brown study. See brown. Syn. 3. Research, inquiry, investigation.-6. Reflection.

It is my study

[I. 354).

To seem despiteful and ungentle to you. Shak., As you Like it, v. 2. 85. As touching your Graces diligence and singulier good studie and means for the eyde of thEmperors affayres. R. Sampson, To Wolsey (Ellis's Hist. Letters, 3d ser., This is a cruelty beyond man's study. Fletcher, Beggars' Bush, iv. 6. 3. The mental effort of understanding, appreciating, and assimilating anything, especially a book; the earnest and protracted examination of a question, by reflection, collection and scrutiny of evidence, and otherwise; the pursuit of learning.

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study1 (stud'i), v.; pret. and pp. studied, ppr. studying. [<ME. studyen, stodyen, < OF. estuSp. estudiar Pg. estudar It. studiare, < ML. studiare, study, L. studium, eagerness, zeal, study: see study1, n.] I. intrans. 1. To exercise the mind in learning; apply one's self to the acquisition of knowledge; acquire knowledge and mental training, as by memorizing words, facts, or principles.

So much, dear liege, I have already sworn: That is, to live and study here three years. 2. To exercise the mind in considering or conShak., L. L. L., i. 1. 35. triving; deliberate upon or about something;

ponder.

Al this maketh me on meteles to studie,
And how the preest preuede no pardon to Do-wel.
Piers Plowman (C), x. 317.

stuff

I found a moral first, and then studied for a fable.

Swift. 3. To muse; meditate; cogitate; refleci; revolve thoughts or ideas: used absolutely. [Archaic or colloq.]

Which made the butchers of Nottingham

To study as they did stand,

Saying, "Surely he is some prodigal." Robin Hood and the Butcher (Child's Ballads, V. 35). Brer Fox, he come up, en dar lay Brer Rabbit, periently cole en stiff. Brer Fox he look at Brer Rabbit, en he sorter study. J. C. Harris, Uncle Remus, xv.

4. To endeavor studiously or thoughtfully; use studied or careful efforts; be diligent or zealous; plan; contrive: as, to study for peace or for the general good.

With that he departed from his moder and yede into a chamber, and be-gan to stodye howe he myght spede to go to the kynge Arthur. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 178. Study [give diligence, R. V.] to shew thyself approved unto God. 2 Tim. ii. 15.

5. To prosecute a regular course of study, as that prescribed to prepare one for the exercise the church or ministry.-To study up, to make a of a profession: as, to study for the bar, or for special study; bring up or refresh one's knowledge by study. [Colloq.)

II. trans. 1. To seek to learn by memorizing the facts, principles, or words of; apply the mind to learning; store in the memory, either generally or verbatim: as, to study a book, a language, history, etc.; to study a part in a play or a piece for recitation.

Kath. Where did you study all this goodly speech? Pet. It is extempore, from my mother-wit. Shak., T. of the S., ii. 1. 264. 2. To seek to ascertain or to learn the particulars of, as by observation or inquiry; make a study of; inquire into; investigate: as, to study a man's character or the customs of society; to study the geology of a region, or a case of disease.

I'll... entertain some score or two of tailors, To study fashions to adorn my body. Shak., Rich. III., i. 2. 258. 3. To consider in detail; deliberate upon; think out: as, to study the best way of doing something; to study a discourse or a compliment.

I will still study some revenge past this. B. Jonson, Sad Shepherd, i. 2. 4. To regard attentively or discriminatingly; consider as to requirements, character, quality, use, effect, or the like; pay distinguishing attention to: as, to study one's own interests; to study the effect of one's actions; to study a person; to study a drapery or a model in art.5. To look at musingly, as in a brown study.

He was studying the toe of his foot, visible through a rift in his well-worn brogan. The Century, XXXVIII. 85. 6. To apply the mind to learning (a specific science or branch of science), especially with the object of preparing for the exercise of a profession: as, the one is studying medicine, the other theology.-7. To subject to study; carry through a course of learning; educate; instruct.

The State of Avignion,. . . being visited with such of the French Preachers as had been studied at Geneva, the people generally became inclined unto Calvin's doctrines.

Heylin, Hist. Presbyterians, p. 54. (Davies.) To study out. (a) To find out by study or consideration; get at the bottom of; unravel: as, to study out a person's meaning; he has studied out the mystery. (b) To think out deliberately; arrange definitely in the mind; determine the details of: as, I have studied out a plan; to study out a set of rules. To study up. (a) To learn by special study or investigation; get up a knowledge of, as for a particular purpose or occasion: as, to study up a law. case, or a subject for an examination; to study up routes of travel. (b) To seek or get a knowledge of by observation or consideration; observe or reflect upon critically; make up one's mind about: as, to study up a person or a man's character; to study up arguments or reasons. =Syn. 2. To scrutinize, search into.-3. To reflect upon, meditate, ponder.-4. To contemplate.

study2 (stud'i), n.; pl. studies (-iz). Another spelling of stiddy1, a variant of stithy. [Prov. Eng. and Scotch.] stufa (stö'fä), n.; It. pl. stufe (-fe), E. stufas (-fäz). [It.] A jet of steam issuing from a fissure of the earth in volcanic regions.

Italians stufas, issue from fissures at a temperature high

In many volcanic regions jets of steam, called by the above the boiling-point.

Lyell, Prin. of Geol. (11th ed.), i. 391.

stuff (stuf), n. and a. [Early mod. E. stuffe; < ME. stuf, stuff, stuffe (= D. LG. Dan. stof = G. Sw. stoff; ML. estoffa), < OF. estoffe, F. étoffe

Sp. Pg. estofa, quilted stuff, = It. stoffa,< L. stuppa (ML. prob. also Germanized stupfa, stuffa), earlier stupa, the coarse part of flax, hards, tow: see stupe1. Cf. stop. The sense of