and gives earnest testimony to the goodness of disposition from which they proceeded:

"He was fond of assisting persons in distress, but chiefly young persons of ability struggling with difficult circumstances. Thus the niece of Corneille, left in a destitute condition, was invited, about the year 1760, to Ferney, where she remained for several years, and received her education. But above all, he was the protector of the oppressed, whether by political or ecclesiastical tyranny. His fame rests on au imperishable foundation as a great writer,-certainly the greatest of a highly polite and cultivated age; but these claims to our respect are mingled with sad regrets at the pernicious tendency of no small portion of his works. As the champion of injured virtue, the avenger of enormous public crimes, he claims a veneration which embalms his memory in the hearts of all good men; and this part of his character, untarnished by any stain, enfeebled by no failing, is justly to be set up against the charges to which other passages of his story are exposed, redeeming those passages from the dislike or the contempt which they are calculated to inspire for their author."

One short passage more from the essay of Carlyle:

"To the help-needing he was at all times a ready benefactor; many were the hungry adventurers who profited of his bounty, and then bit the hand that had fed them. If we enumerate his generous acts, from the case of the Abbé Desfontains, down to that of the widow Calas, and the Serfs of Saint Claude, we shall find that few private men have had so wide a circle of chary, and have watched over it so well. ... Voltaire was not without his experience of human baseness; but he still had a fellow feeling for human suffering; and delighted, were it only as an honest luxury, to relieve them. His attachments seem remarkably constant and lasting, &c.

At all events it will be granted that, as a private man, his existence was beneficial, not hurtful, to his fellowmen; the Calases, the Sirvens, and so many orphans and outcasts whom he cherished and protected, ought to cover multitude of sins. It was his own sentiment, and, to all appearance, a sincere one:

'J'ai fait un peu de bien; c'est mon meilleur ouvrage.' Perhaps there are few men, with such principles and such temptations as his were, that could have led such a life; few that could have done his work, and come through it with cleaner hands. If we call him the greatest of all Persifleurs, let us add that, morally speaking also, he is the best; if he excels all men in universality, sincerity, polished clearness of mockery, he perhaps combines with it as much worth of heart, as in any man that habit can admit of."-Carlyle, Foreign Review, 1829.

Few had enjoyed better opportunities of forming a correct judgment of Voltaire than De La Harpe. Read his Précis Historique on the character of his friend :

"Nul écrivain n'a tant fait aimer l'humanité, et tant fait haïr les deux plus grands ennemis qu'elle ait, le fanatisme et la tyrannie.

"Cette sensibilité vive et prompte qui anime tous ses ouvrages, a dû le dominer aussi dans sa conduite. Il n'a jamais résisté à l'impression, du mérite, ni au ressentiment d'un outrage. Il a répandu ses bienfaits, même sur des ingrats, et exercé des vengeances, même sur des hommes vils. Après la gloire de pardonner à ses ennemis, la plus grande est de s'en être fait craindre.

"Il a élevé le premier sa voix en faveur du sang innocent que l'erreur venait de répandre; et il est entré dans

l'heureuse destinée de cet homme unique, de tirer de l'oubli et de l'indigence la postérité de Corneille, et de sauver de l'oppression et de l'ignominie la postérité de Calas.”Euvres de De la Harpe, tom. iii. p. 81.

The witty phrase cited by P. A. L. ("Pour être heureux il faut avoir un bon estomac et un mauvais cœur") — has long been familiar to me, and I shall now feel much obliged by a reference to the work of Voltaire in which it is to be found. Even if he ever said or wrote itwhich I doubt-I should draw from it an inference exactly opposite to that which it has given rise to in the mind of your correspondent. The man who enjoys happiness is content; while he who does not, seeks to discover the causes which promote or destroy it. Among the calumnies heaped upon the memory of Voltaire, I do not remember to have seen the statement that he had a good digestion; or his right questioned to the title of the "vieux malade" of Ferney. "Scarce a page of his latter productions," says Goldsmith, in the essay I have quoted from, "that does not betray the agonies of a heart bleeding under the scourge of unmerited reproach." And yet we are now told that this heart was bad as well as his stomach;-as we have been told that he was "a shallow fellow,"-but, as Byron adds, "by some of the same school who called Dryden's ode 'a drunken song.'

These pages are the repository of facts, rather than opinions. But the opinions of great men, upon great men, assume the importance of facts; and a few of these I have ventured to string together in defence of Voltaire, leaving my own to be inferred from the trouble which I have taken. These opinions are founded upon facts, which no one has attempted to challenge or depreciateupon facts, in allusion to one of which, Byron indignantly proclaims that the "school" which he treats with such withering contempt,-" in the record of their accumulated pretences to virtue can produce no actions (were all their good deeds drawn up in array) to equal or approach the sole defence of the family of Calas, by that great and unequalled genius-the universal Voltaire."

Birmingham.

WILLIAM BATES.

TOBY JUGS: THE SONG, "DEAR TOM, THIS BROWN JUG" (3rd S. xii. 523; 4th S. i. 160, 615.) Your correspondent A. S. is quite mistaken in his supposition that this song "could not have been written so early as even 1796." I am unable to state at what period it was written, but I can supply the following facts, which prove it to have been in existence at least thirteen years earlier than the date given by your correspondent, and that it was not, even then, a new song.

It was introduced by O'Keeffe into his comic opera, The Poor Soldier, first played at Covent

Garden Theatre on November 4, 1783, and was then sung by John Johnstone, at that time the favourite tenor singer of the theatre, but who afterwards became more celebrated for his masterly delineation of Hibernian characters, and was known as "Irish" Johnstone. I have before me two different editions of the music of the opera, "composed and selected by William Shield": one nearly, if not quite, coeval with the production of the piece, and in both which the song is contained, and is stated to be "sung by Mr. Johnstone." On September 17, 1790, a singer whose name is almost indissolubly associated in the minds of our oldest living play-goers with "Dear Tom, this brown jug" "Charles Incledon-made his first appearance in London at Covent Garden Theatre in The Poor Soldier, in the character originally played by Johnstone. The earliest edition of the drama of The Poor Soldier which has fallen under my notice now lies before me. It is one of the Dublin piracies, "printed for the booksellers"; has no place of publication; bears date 1786, and purports to give the piece "as it is acted at the Theatre, Smoke (sic) Alley, Dublin." It contains the song of which we are treating, with the note appended: "This song not written by Mr. O'Keeffe." The first and third verses only of the song as printed in the music are given, as is the case in more modern editions of the piece. All these things indisputably prove the song to be of at least as early a date as 1783; and it doubtless was written still earlier. Can any one say when? I should incline to the opinion that the form of the jug suggested the song, and not the song the jug. W. H. HUSK.

"To MY NOSE" (4th S. i. 316, 403, 463.)-As the song of "Jolly Nose" referred to may not be accessible to many of the country readers of "N. & Q.," the first verse is here given from

66

people in the village that I knew, I came upon that of Osborne. Ah," she said, some people calls us Husband, and some calls us Osborne, but I calls us Husband." H. C. W.

LUTHER'S AUTOGRAPH (4th S. i. 591, 613.) — Your correspondent is unable to prevent the eccentricities of his ways of looking at things from creeping out, even in what he sends to you to print.

In his last note (p. 613) he begins with repeating some of his transgressions, goes on to deny all of them, and ends with apologising for the remainder.

In his first note (p. 591) he gives a core from the calibre of his capacity for his dogmatic judgments. He cautions collectors against mistaking extracts from an author, followed by his quoted name, for sentences written and signed by that author's own hand-a caution which could only be written by a novice, thinking he had novices

for his readers.

THREE WORDS OF A SORT (4th S. ii. 43.)-In the western counties this mode of speaking is commonly applied to "a dispute or angry altercation." A short time since, a poor person in my parish in Wilts, wishing to mark the date of some particular occurrence, used this identical phrase"It was that very day when you and I had two or three words of a sort": in fact, when a warm reprehension on the one part had been as warmly replied to on the other. E. W.

NAME OF LINGARD (3rd S. xii. 195, 279.) — In Glencanniel, in Ross-shire, there is a lake, seven miles long, named "Loch Lingard," there pronounced Lingard, the emphasis being laid on the first syllable. Vide Black's Picturesque Tourist of Scotland (ed. 1867), pp. 555-6. When lately travelling in that neighbourhood, the name was explained to me as being derived from two Gaelic R. R. L. words meaning "long" and "high."

SOILED HORSE (4th S. i. 30.)—

"It has been known for centuries that even in Southern Europe, where the temperature in summer is much higher than with us, horses in good condition, and especially those that are fat, enjoy walking in deep water.

"Horses not used for other purposes are very commonly kept during the entire summer in loose boxes,

where they are supplied with green food, and corn and hay. This process is termed soiling hunters.". - Plain Rules for the Stable, by Professor Gamgee, pp. 25, 56, edit. 1866.

A hunter is not necessarily a stallion. In my time σraròs was rendered "stalled" (vide Proverbs xv. 17), as a horse stands at livery in a stall. Is λούεσθαι passive or middle? Does it mean "be washed or "wash himself"-i. e. bathe? Does ἐϋῤῥεῖος necessarily mean deep"? Does it not rather mean 66 quickly" or "clearly-flowing"?

do not still waters run deep?

Ακοστήσας, confer the Æschylian-σειράφορον κριθῶντα πῶλον—alluding to a horse of whose diet barley or spelt formed a considerable portion. The term "corn-fed," as applied to sheep or bullocks, does not mean that they are only fed with corn to the utter exclusion of hay and roots.

J. WILKINS, B.C.L.

The following definition of this term has the advantage of having been published during the life of our great national poet, and possibly about the period when the play of Lear was written. It is given by Halliwell in his Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words, as an extract from Topsell's Four-Footed Beasts, 1607, p. 330:—

*

"In the spring time give your young horsses bullimung for many daies together, for that will not only make them fat but also purge their bellies; for this purgation is most necessary for horsses, which is called soyling, and ought to continue ten daies together without any other meat, giving them the eleventh day a little barley, and so forward to the fourteenth; after which day continue them in that diet ten daies longer and when as they sweat annoint them with oyle, and if the weather be colde keepe a fire in the stable; and you must remember when the horse beginneth to purge, that he be kept from barly and drinke, and give him greene meat or bullimung whereof that is best that groweth near the sea side."

Bayswater.

C. PETTET.

poem,

"TELL THEM ALL THEY LIE" (4th S. i. 529, 590; ii. 45.)-See the last reprint of this called "The Soul's Errand," with the editor's note on it, in Archbishop Trench's recent work, Household Book of English Poetry, p. 6. LYTTELTON.

RAPPACHINI'S DAUGHTER (4th S. ii. 37.)Should be written "Rappacini's." This tale is by Nathaniel Hawthorne; it is included in one of his well-known series of tales-I think the volume named Mosses from an Old Manse.

W. M. ROSSETTI. Low SIDE WINDOWS (4th S. i. 618.)- I do not think the term "hagioscope" is ever applied to the low side windows; in most cases it would be utterly unmeaning; it is generally applied to the sloping cuts or perforations in the inner walls of churches, the object of which was to give a view

Bullimung. A mixture of oats, peas, and vetches.Tusser's Husbandry.

of the altar to the part of the congregation occupying the aisles. F. D. H.

BUZWINGS (4th S. ii. 35.)- Not entomological, I should say, but convivial; a development of Freemasonry, via "Oddfellow." It appears to me derived from the "bee's wing" of good port wine; "buzz, buzz," was a challenge to drink. (Vide Brand's Popular Antiquities, ii. 210.) A. H.

JOHN SNARE'S WRITINGS ON VELASQUEZ (4th S. ii. 39.)-I cite the following as one of the publications in relation to this affair, though it may be the same as the one given as The Velasquez Cause:

"SNARE (John, Bookseller, Reading) v. The Trustees of the Earl of Fife, for wrongful Seizure and Detention of the Celebrated Portrait of Charles the First, by Velasquez, 8vo. 1851."

The picture seems recently to have visited America. In a recent volume of Essays, I read that

"The missing Charles the First of Velasquez was lately exhibited in this country, and the account its possessor gives of the mode of its discovery, and the obstacles

which attended the establishment of its legal ownership in England, is a remarkable illustration both of the tact of the connoisseur and the mysteries of jurisprudence."The Collector, by Henry T. Tuckerman, 8vo, 1867, p. 106.

I possess Mr. Snare's original pamphlet, and was much interested by his account of the discovery and identification of the picture. I should be very glad to see a succinct account of the whole subsequent proceedings, if some contributor, posted up in the controversy, would have the kindness to furnish it. WILLIAM BATES. Birmingham.

In reply to your correspondent in Madrid, I beg to subjoin the particulars he is in want of as to my old friend Mr. Snare of Reading and his pubcations, viz.:

1. "A Brief Description of the Portrait of Prince Charles, painted at Madrid in 1623 by Velasquez,” 8vo, (12 pages), 1847.

2." The Reviews of the Press on the History and Pedigree,' and Proofs of Authenticity,' of the Portrait," 8vo (24 pages), 1849.

3. "The Spanish Match; with the romantic Adventures of Prince Charles and the Duke of Buckingham in 1623," folio (16 pages), 1850.

4. "An Abstract of Proceedings in a Summons of Damages against the Trustees of the Earl of Fife," 8vo (26 pages), 1851.

Mr. Snare is now residing in New York, U. S. America; and the fine picture is still in his posTHOMAS GEORGE STEVENSON.

session.

A TOMBSTONE EMBLEM (4th S. ii. 37.)-Might I suggest a Greek form of the letter R (rho), used as the initial of the word Resurgam? I have some Runic forms of R, called Reid or Ridhr, which approach it very closely; but I find the mark exactly in some early Greek alphabets.

A. H. CIGARS, SEGARS (4th S. i. 553; ii. 16.) - Your correspondents who believe the smoking of tobacco to be of great antiquity appear to me to be under a mistake, and proof is needed to show that the practice existed before the discovery of America. Sale (Koran, Prelim. Discourse, v.) says,—

"At present the use of coffee is generally tolerated, if not granted, as is that of tobacco, though the more religious make a scruple of taking the latter, not only because it inebriates, but also out of respect to a traditional saying of their prophet (which, if it could be made out to be his, would prove him a prophet indeed)-that in the latter days there should be men who should bear the name Moslems, but should not be really such; and that they should smoke a certain weed, which should be called tobacco."

*

pro

The practice of smoking opium in China is bably of great antiquity; but the whole of the performance and effects, and the materials, differ extremely from tobacco-smoking. There is no trace of the latter practice in the history and monuments of Egypt, Ethiopia, Chaldea, Syria, Arabia, or India. In Persia, besides tobacco, they smoke mountain and Syrian dookkan and hemp (hashish). (Lane, Mod. Egypt. i. 187.) The mere resemblance of sound in a few words in different languages is delusive, if unsupported by historical evidence. No mention is to be found of tobacco or of its use in the Hebrew or Chaldee languages, nor in the ancient Sanskrit books. Wilson's and

The blow-pipe must not be mistaken for the tobaccopipe. (Wilkinson, iii. 224.)

=

many words, as they find names in modern Sanscrit not only for pipes and tobacco, but for rum, brandy, gin, and champagne. In the next editions we shall have new Sanscrit for crinoline and chignon. The word ", written more correctly D, cheres, means the sun, from its heat. (Judg. viii. 13; Job, ix. 7). The Heliopolis (city of the sun) in Isaiah (xix. 18) is D, Ir cheres (city of the sun). In the Masoretic text, and our translation, D, Ir heres (city of destruction). The Hebrew word D is the Coptic Pn, re, sun, with the aspirate, Hpn, the sun, which is identical with "Hpn=Juno heat, as wife or fertile companion of the atmosphere=Zeus Jupiter. The Greek mythology is chiefly derived from Egypt. The word D, cheres, also means (2) scabies, and (3) a shell, as in Arabic,, cheres, from cheresh, to scratch, which applies to Job's case. But this word can have no possible connection with cigars or sagar pots. The word cigar or segar is exclusively of Spanish derivation cigarro, from cigarra, the sauterelle, balm-cricket, cicada in Latin, a four winged chirping insect with a conical abdomen. The word tobacco means, in Caribee, a pipe; but the Spaniards misapplied the word to the herb. Tobacco, cigars, snuff, and pig-tail cannot be traced in Europe earlier than A.D. 1560.

Wiltshire Road, Stockwell, S.W.

T. J. BUCKTON.

THE DOUGLAS HEART (4th S. ii. 17, 63.)—If ANGLO-SCOTUS will turn to Nisbet, vol. i. p. 77, he will find in the text of the work the statement that the "winged heart" is the crest of the Queensberry family. There is no doubt that the peerage is comparatively recent, the first creation as Viscount Drumlanrick being in 1628, but the family was founded in the fourteenth century by a son of the hero of Otterburn.

I have great doubts whether at this time its crest was ornamented by the Annandale wings; indeed, I suspect that they were assumed after the destruction of the primary branch of the Douglas family, the proud lords of Galloway and Annandale, at the battle near Lochmaben in 1484, when Sir James Douglas of Drumlanrick was killed fighting on the side of the king. I in the year 1553, when the grandson of the said am inclined to date the assumption of the wings Sir James was appointed warden of the western marshes, with full powers of justiciary by the Regent Arran.

ANGLO-SCOTUS is quite correct in supposing that the Danish element in the Annandale names came from the west, not the east. In the thirteenth century, the Danes, sweeping round by the Orkneys, held the Hebrides, the Isle of Man, and had settlements on the east coast of Ireland, while it was not until the great defeat they sustained in 1263 from Alex. III. at Largs in Ayrshire that their incursions were put an end to, and it was not till the 20th July, 1266, that their possessions in Scotland, with the exception of Orkney or Shetland, were resigned by treaty.

I do not mean to assert that Annandale was ever subjected to the Danish crown, but merely that a number of colonists of that nation settled in the district, superseding the earlier inhabitants (see the oft-quoted Inquisition of Prince David), and gave a Scandinavian character to the names in the dale with the cognizance of the wings, which afterwards became the symbol of the comital office therein.

The charge of misquotation which ANGLOScorus brings against me is more applicable to himself, as I took the phrase "his great ancestor" from the first line of Mr. Cuming's paper in the British Archæological Journal for March, 1868, p. 35.

GEORGE VERE IRVING.

GREEK MOTTO: Tôρ кal báλaσσα (4th S. i. 604; ii. 42.)-When gasworks were first established at Stockton-on-Tees, one of the partners requested a good classical scholar to give a motto for the works. "I can think of none," was the reply, "unless you take that passage of Pindar" (for which it would be fruitless to search the authorised works of that poet), rûp K Tĥs yâs, “which," he added, "may be rendered either "Fire out of water," or "Pure gas out of the Tees."

Not many months since, brewers at Burtonupon-Trent, having successfully brought water from the river Dove to answer important purposes, for which their precious wells were too valuable to be applied, offered a handsome prize for any one who should suggest a good classical motto to be put upon the waterworks, implying that they had supplied silver to spare gold.

It does not appear that any answer was given to their appeal.* T. C.

Durham.

Your correspondent MR. TEW is, I believe, perfectly correct with regard to the individual to whom he ascribes the first suggestion of this; but not so as to the passage in Virgil, which was a quotation made by the late Dean of Christ Church, Dr. Gaisford, to his friend and brotherin-law, Dr. Jenkyns; the latter of whom being better acquainted with Aristotle's Ethics than the treatise of Xenophon Teρì iniкns, had one day the

[Five were suggested in "N. & Q." 3d S. v. 116, 269. -ED.]