121 The Caledonians reconquer from the Romans all the fouthern parts of Scotland; upon which the emperor Adrian builds a wall between Newcastle and Carlisle; but this alfo proving ineffectual, Pollius Urbicus, the Roman general, about the year 144, repairs Agricola's forts, which he joins by a wall four yards thick.

135 The fecond Jewish war ends, when they were all banished Judæa.

139 Juftin writes his firft Apology for the Chriftians.

141 A number of herefies appear about this time.

152 The emperor Antoninus Pius ftops the perfecution against the Christians.

217 The Septuagint faid to be found in a cask.

222 About this time the Roman empire begins to fink under its own weight. The Barbarians begin their irruptions, and the Goths have annual tribute not to moleft the empire.

260 Valerius is taken prifoner by Sapor, king of Perfia, and flayed alive.

274 Silk first brought from India: the manufactory of it introduced into Europe by fome monks, 551; first worn by the clergy in England, 1534.

291 The emperors, and two Cæfars, march to defend the four quarters of the empire. 306 Conftantine the Great begins his reign.

308 Cardinals first began.

313 The tenth perfecution ends by an edict of Constantine, who favours the Christians, and gives full liberty to their religion.

314 Three bishops, or fathers, are fent from Britain to affift at the council of Arles.

325 The firft general council at Nice, when 318 fathers attended, against Arius, where was compofed the famous Nicene Creed, which we attribute to them.

328 Conftantine removes the feat of empire from Rome to Byzantium, which is thence-forwards called Conftantinople.

331

orders all the heathen temples to be destroyed.

363 The Roman emperor Julian, furnamed the Apoftate, endeavours in vain to rebuild the temple of Jerufalem.

364 The Roman empire is divided into the eaftren (Conftantinople the capital) and weftern (of which Rome continued to be the capital) cach being now under the government of different emperors.

400 Bells invented by bishop Paulinus, of Campagnia.

404 The kingdom of Caledonia, or Scotland, revives under Fergus.

406 The Vandals, Alans, and Suevi, fpread into France and Spain, by a conceffion of Honorius, emperor of the West.

410 Rome taken and plundered by Alaric, king of the Vifi-Goths.

412 The Vandals begin their kingdom in Spain.

420 The kingdom of France begins upon the Lower Rhine, under Pharamond.

426 The Romans, reduced to extremities at home, withdraw their troops from Britain, and never return: advifing the Britons to arm in their own defence, and truft to their own valeur.

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446 The

446 The Britons, now left themselves, are greatly haraffed by the Scots and Picts, upen which they once more make their complaint to the Romans, but receive no affistance from that quarter,

447 Attila (furnamed the Scourge of God) with his Huns, ravages the Roman empire. 449 Vortigern, king of the Britons, invites the Saxons into Britain, against the Scots and

Picts.

455 The Saxons having repulfed the Scots and Picts, invited over more of their countrymen, and begin to establish themselves in Kent, under Hengift.

476 The weitern empire is finished, 523 years after the battic of Pharfalia; upon the ruins of which feveral new ftates arife in Italy and other parts, confifting of Goths, Vandals, Huns, and other Barbarians, under whom literature is extinguished, and the works of the learned are destroyed

496 Clovis, king of France, baptized, and Chriftianity begins in that kingdom. 508 Prince Arthur begins his reign over the Britons.

513 Conftantinople befieged by Vitalianus, whofe fleet is burned by a fpeculum of brass. 516 The computing of time by the Chriftian æra is introduced by Dionyfius the monk. 529 The code of Juftinian the castern emperor, is published.

557 A terrible plague all over Europe, Asia, and Africa, which continues near 50

years.

531 Latin ceafed to be spoken about this time in Italy.

596 Auguftine the monk comes into England with forty monks.

606 Here begins the power of the popes, by the conceffions of Phocas, emperor of the caft.

622 Mahomet, the falfe prophet, flies from Mecca to Medina, in Arabia, in the 44th year of his age, and 10th of his miniftry, when he laid the foundation of the Saracen empire, and from whom the Mohometan princes to this day claim their descent. His followers compute their time from this era, which in Arabic is called Hegira, i. e. the Flight.

637 Jerufalem is taken by the Saracens, or followers of Mahomet.

640 Alexandria in Egypt is taken by ditto, and the grand library there burnt by order of Omar, their caliph or prince.

653. The Saracens now extend their conquefts on every fide, and retaliate the barbarities of the Goths and Vandals upon their posterity.

664 Glafs invented in England by Benalt a monk.

635 The Britons, after a brave struggle of near 150 years are totally expelled by the Saxons, and driven into Wales and Cornwall.

713 The Saracens conquer Spain.

726 The controverfy about images begins, and occafions many infurrections in the eastera empire.

713 Computing of years from the birth of Chrift began to be used in hiftory.

749 1 he race of Abbas became caliphs of the Sarzeens, and encourage leathing

764 The

762 The city of Bagdad upon the Tigris is made the capital for the caliphs of the house of Abbas.

800 Charlemagne, king of France, begins the empire of Germany, afterwards called the western empire; gives the prefent names to the winds and months; endeavours to reftore learning to Europe; but mankind are not yet difpofed for it, being folely engroffed in military enterprizes.

826 Harold king of Denmark, dethroned by his subjects, for being a Christian. 828 Egbert, king of Weffex, unites the Heptarchy, by the name of England.

836 The Flemings trade to Scotland for fish.

838 The Scots and Picts have a decifive battle, in which the former prevail, and both kingdoms are united by Kenneth, which begins the fecond period of the Scottish history.

867 The Danes begin their ravages in England.

396 Alfred the Great, after fubduing the Danish invaders (against whom he fought 56 battles by fea and land), compofes his body of laws; divides England into counties, hundreds, and tythings; erects county courts, and founds the univerfity of Oxford, about this time.

915 The university of Cambridge founded.

936 The Saracen empire is divided by ufurpation into feven kingdoms.

975 Pope Boneface VII, is depofed and banished for his crimes.

979 Coronation oaths faid to be firft used in England.

991 The figures in arithmetic are brought into Europe by the Saracens from Arabia. Letters of the Alphabet were hitherto used.

996 Otho III. makes the empire of Germany elective.

999 Boleflaus, the first king of Poland.

1000 Paper made of cotton rags was in ufe; that of linnen rags in 1170: the manufactory

introduced into England at Dartford, 1588.

1005 All the old churches are rebuilt about this time in a new manner of architecture. 1015 Children forbidden by law to be fold by their parents in England.

1017 Canute, king of Denmark, gets poffeffion of England.

1040 The Dancs, after feveral engagements with various fuccefs, are about this time driven out of Scotland, and never again return in a hostile manner.

1041 The Saxou line reftored under Edward the Confeffor.

1043 The Turks (a nation of adventurers from Tartary, ferving hitherto in the armies of contending princes) become formidable, and take poffeffion of Perfia.

1054 Leo IX. the first pope that kept up an army.

1057 Malcolm III. king of Scotland, kills the tyrant Macbeth at Dunfinane, and marries the princess Margaret, fifter to Edgar Atheling.

1065 The Turks take Jerufalem from the Saracens.

1066 The battle of Haftings fought, between Harold and William (furnamed the Bastard)

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duke of Normandy, in which Harold is conquered and flain, after which William becomes king of England.

1070 William introduces the feudal law.

Mufical notes invented.

1075 Henry the IV. emperor of Germany, and the pope, quarrel about the nomination of the German bishops. Henry, in penance, walks barefooted to the pope, towards the end of January.

1076 Juftices of peace first appointed in England.

1080 Doomsday-book began to be compiled by order of William, from a furvey of all the eftates in England, and finished in 1086.

The Tower of London built by ditto, to curb his English fubjects; numbers of whom fly to Scotland, where they introduced the Saxon or English language, are protected by Malcolm, and have lands given them.

1091 The Saracens in Spain, being hard preffed by the Spaniards, call to their affiftance Jofeph, king of Morocco; by which the Moors get poffeffion of all the Saracen dominions in Spain.

1096 The first crufade to the Holy Land is begun under several Chriftian princes, to drive the infidels from Jerufalem.

1110 Edgar Atheling, the latt of the Saxon princes, dies in England, where he had been permitted to refide as a fubject.

1118 The order of the Knights Templars inftituted, to defend the Sepulchre at Jerufalem, and to protect Chriftian ftrangers.

1151 The canon law collected by Gratian, a monk of Bologna.

1163 London bridge, confifting of 19 fmall arches, first built of stone. 1164 The Teutonic order of religious knights begins in Germany.

1172 Henry II. king of England (and firft of the Plantagenets) takes poffeffion of Ireland; which, from that period, has been governed by an English viceroy, or lordlieutenant.

1176 England is divided, by Henry, into fix circuits, and juftice is difpenfed by itinerant judges.

1180 Glafs windows began to be used in private houses in England.

1181 The laws of England are digefted about this time by Glanville.

1182 Pope Alexander III. compelled the kings of England and France to hold the stirrups of his faddle when he mounted his horfe.

1186 The great conjunction of the fun and moon, and all the planets in Libra, happened in September.

1192 The battle of Afcalon, in Judæa, in which Richard, king of England, defeats Saladine's army, confifting of 300,000 combatants.

1194 Dieu et mon Droit first used as a motto by Richard, on a victory over the French. 1200 Chimnics were not known in England.

Surnames now began to be used; firft among the nobility.

1208 Londen

1208 London incorporated, and obtained their first charter, for electing their Lord Mayor and other magiftrates, from king John.

1215 Magna Charta is figned by king John and the barons of England,

Court of Common Pleas eftablished.

1227 The Tartars, a new race of heroes, under Gingis-Kan, emerge from the northen parts of Afia, over-run all the Saracen empire, and, in imitation of former conquerors, carry death and defolation wherever they march.

1233 The Inquifition, begun in 1204, is now trufted to the Dominicans.

The houfes of London, and others cities of England, France, and Germany, ftill thatched with ftrav.

123 The famous aftronomical tables are compofed by Alonzo, king of Caftile.

1258 The Tartars take Bagdad, which finishes the empire of the Saracens.

1263 Acho, king of Norway, invades Scotland with 160 fail, and lands 20,000 men at the mouth of the Clyde, who are cut to peices by Alexander III. who recovers the weftern iflands.

1254 According to fome writers, the commons of England were not fummoned to parliament till this period.

1269 The Hamburgh company incorporated in England.

1273 The emperor of the prefent Auftrian family begins in Germany.

1282 Llewellyn, prince of Wales, defeated and killed by Edward I. who unites that principality to England.

1284 Edward II. born at Carnarvon, is the firft prince of Wales.

1285 Alexander III. king of Scotland, dies, and that kingdom is difputed by twelve candidates, who fubmit their claims to the arbitration of Edward, king of England; which lays the foundation of a long and defolating war between both nations. 1293 There is a regular fucceffion of English parliaments from this year, being the 22d of Edward I.

1298 The prefent Turkish empire begins in Bithynia under Ottoman.

Silver-hafted knives, fpoons, and cups, a great luxury.

Tallow candles fo great a luxury, that splinters of wood were used for lights.
Wine fold by apothecaries as a cordial.

1302 The mariner's compafs invented, or improved, by Givia, of Naples.

1307 The beginning of the Swifs cantons.

1308 The popes remove to Avignon, in France, for 70 years.

1310 Lincoln's Inn fociety established.

1314 The battle of Bannockburn, between Edward II. and Robert Bruce, which eftablishes

the latter on the throne of Scotland.

The cardinals fet fire to the conclave, and separate. A vacancy in the papal chair for

two years.

1320 Gold first coined in christendom; 1344, ditto in England.

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