under the charge of a shepherd and his dogs, and the former are moved to different grounds almost every day; being sometimes as much as 150 miles from their owner's house. Cattle are kept nearer at home, and generally coralled near the house every night.

Cattle are reared almost exclusively for market, though some oxen are broken to work. The calves consume nearly all the milk. No butter is manufactured, although it brings fifty cents a pound in the markets of the territory. Cheese is never manufactured, though the Mexicans make a curd which is kept until it sours, and is then eaten without salt. Cattle are uncommonly healthy, and heifers usually have calves at two years of age. It is safe to calculate upon one calf for every cow of two years and upwards, each year, so that a herd of cattle will double itself in two years and a half. There are many excellent bulls in the territory, but the native cattle are very fine fleshed, though too heavy in the fore quarters. But I have already written too long for one letter, and must close.

J. G. KNAPP.

Stock-Raising-Horses.

Spike Harrow in Germantown Telegraph,

says:

This, if not the most important, is one of the most important branches of stock raising. Every body likes to drive good horses, yet how few take much pains to raise them.

kind of service desired of the offspring. If the colt is wanted for a common farm horse, for working and driving, then choose the horse accordingly; if the mare be narrow chested, then choose a wide chested horse; if she is short legged, choose a long legged horse.

After selecting your horse, little can be done until the mare is nearly ready to foal. This is a critical period both for the mare and foal. Moderate work will not injure even within twelve hours of foaling time; but unless it is absolutely necessary, it should be avoided for a

day or two. As the time of foaling approaches, if the mare is worked, she should have more generous feed, for she has not only herself to support, but also her colt.

"In warm weather a cool, airy place is best; but in cold weather, warm shelter but not close, should be provided. A little extra care and feed at this stage will be amply repaid.After this, nature should be allowed to perform her task. As soon as the colt can stand, let it be handled and petted and even haltered. It is much easier to handle now than when one or two years old. It is better to allow it to follow the mare when she is at slow work; the exercise will be of use to it, and it can obtain its food whenever it is hungry.

Let the colt be accustomed to have its feet it be led about with a halter or by the forelock. raised and struck with a hammer or stone; let At this age punishment should never be resorted to, but rewards should be given often.

This petting and handling could be continued until the colt is two or two and half years old, then he may have the bits and surcingle. At three years old the gears may be put on him, a piece at a time, taking care never to frighten him with them. Before hitching him to the wagon, let him become accustomed to It costs little or no more to raise a good the gears and straps hanging about him. Let horse than a poor one. Any one who owns a Let him smell everything about the wagon good sound mare may raise good colts; they that he is afraid of. Place him alongside of a may not be Flora Temples, but, if a little care quiet horse, and if his former education has is exercised, will be good and may be excel- been properly conducted, there will be little or Let him be petted and rewarded lent. Henry William Herbert truly said when no trouble. speaking of the horses of this country, that, with a handful of corn or oats occasionally. "If a horse will carry his rider without kick- Patience and good temper are now very iming him on his head, or draw him in his wag-portant items, and if the breaker lacks these on or buggy without kicking it to shivers; if he will go off at a walk, increase his speed to the top of his gait, and stop again when pulled upon without running away; if he will hold back going down hill; and more particularly if he will stand at a door without tying-he is held to be fully broken, and is willingly received, credited, and paid for as such."

I will suppose that the farmer owns a mare and wishes to raise colts. Too many will procure the services of the nearest or lowest priced (not cheapest) horse. This is a grand mistake with any kind of stock, and none more so than with the horse. The stallion should be chosen with regard to the mare, and

two qualities, the colt stands a good chance of being spoiled. Learn him to walk fast, for whatever habit he now acquires will mostly be permanent, or very hard to eradicate.

Let him first draw the empty wagon down a slight grade; then up it; then with a load gradually increased; but care should be taken not to continue the first lesson too long, or he will become tired and worried.

One thing is certain, that care and patience at this stage, will amply repay itself in the future.

Do not put him to hard work while young; a year's exemption from hard labor will add four or five to a horse's life.

The first things to be considered in the selection of a male animal are the indications by which it may be possible to form a judgment as to his constitution. In all animals a wide there can be no doubt that this is the point of chest indicates strength of constitution, and shape to which it is most material for the breeder to look in the selection either of a bull of these animals is wide, it is not sufficient to In order to ascertain that the chest observe that they have wide bosoms; but the width which is perceived by looking at them in front should be continued along the brisket, which ought to show great fullness in the part which is just under the elbows; it is also neIcessary that they should be what is called thick through the heart.

Hydrophobia.

THE HORTICULTURIST.

There are many specifics for the cure of hy- A. G. HANFORD, drophobia, but we have yet to meet a well authenticated case in which any nostrum has proved efficacious in this horrid disease. Here is one, however, given by an eminent French Physician, and reported by Galignani:

: CORRESPONDING EDITOR.

"Low Heads."

FRIEND HOYT:-Should your space allow the following brief thoughts as they may be hurriedly penned, you may use them in some corner of the March number of your deserv

ticle is not designed to open a controversy with any of your able and gifted correspondents, but to present a few thoughts relating to Horticulture.

Dr. Sodet, late Chief Surgeon of the Antiquaille, at Lyons, having remarked that a so-ly popular and interesting monthly. The arlution of perchloride of iron, applied as a tonic, was extremely useful in the treatment of certain disorders, was induced to try it also in the cowpox, and found, as he suspected, that the perchloride destroyed that virus completely. Encouraged by these results he determined to try its effect on the virus of hydrophobia and with this view a series of experiments was made at the Veterinary School at Lyons, from which it appears that the solution of perchloride of iron destroys the virus of hydrophobia with certainty, if applied within two hours of the infliction of the bite. It is highly probable that the effect would be the same if the remedy were applied four, six, or even eight hours later, but this requires confirmation by further experiment."

And here is another:

A Saxon forester, named Gastell, now of the venerable age of eighty-two, unwilling to take to the grave with him a secret of so much im

tors.

It is expected that farmers and amateurs will renew their grounds with fruit trees of such varieties as are recommended by your paper, sanctioned by its experienced contribuThis being a fact and bearing directly upon a class of reading men and women throughout this and the adjoining States, it seems to me essential that just and true premises should be laid down in meeting the increasing hope and confidence of the community in Wisconsin as to ultimate success in fruit

portance, has made public in the Leipsic Jour-raising. The article headed "Low heads the nal, the means which he has used for fifty best winter protection for Trees" particularyears, and wherewith he affirms he has res-ly attracted my attention. Admitting the full cued many human beings and cattle from the fearful death of hydrophobia. Take immediately wafm vinegar or tepid water, wash the wound clean therewith, and then dry it; then pour upon the wound a few drops of hydrochloric acid. Mineral acids destroy the poison

of the salvi.

BREEDING FROM YOUNG ANIMALS.-We have often been surprised at the early age to which animals of almost every species are put to breeding by our American farmers. Indeed nothing is more common than to find ewes and sows under one, heifers under two, and mares under three years bearing young-a practice, which, however advantageous it may seem to be at the time, is nevertheless directly opposed to the dictates of physiological science, common sense and the experience of every careful observer. Something may possibly be gained in numbers, but much more is lost in quality.

import and inference contained in that article, and Wisconsin possesses naturally all the advantages for successful fruit growing. Is that really so? or are there certain conditions of climate, soil, aspect, with the extremes of cold and heat peculiar to the West, which really are a barrier to the unlimited cultivation of fruit?

"Low heads" are what are recommended for

fruit trees as well in Egypt, New York and New England as in Wisconsin.

The fact of a winter protection in low headed trees is a secondary consideration which should be allowed its full force so far as fruit trees are affected. Allow me to say, my imagination is unimpaired, I think; still I am unable to conceive of very much shade being produced by bare limbs and twiggs of a fruit tree in winter. When I say to a man coming to my nursery for his 100 apple trees, that the low heads which he says, will be so much

trouble to him in plowing around, that they Restoring Plants which have been affected by are the best winter protection it is quite likely that the annual mulching of short manure around the tree will be neglected and that when one of those snowless winters again visits Wisconsin, his trees will suffer more or less according to the varieties, regardless of the tops being high or low.

er; oftentimes because the trees while young are not killed back or made black-hearted by the severity of the cold. No one conversant with the facts on this point will Hence if it be an object to

if any, above the freezing point, or as cold as can be procured, so that the temperature of the plant should rise from 28° to 32°, not by the application of a warmer substance so much as the converting of latent into perceptible heat. It is also of very great consequence that the leaves or no part of the plant should be moved deny this. when in a frozen state, as the cellular tissue of plant perfectly sound trees they are more which they are in a measure composed, being certain to be found South than North. Havof a very delicate texture, each cellule being filled with watery juice, which becomes frozen, ing superior, or say equal soundness, would the least bending of that part of the plant they be likely to maintain it? If of equally would rupture the membranes, which are only hardy sorts and shape, they would, and by the (and in many cases not quite) elastic enough to allow of the expansion of the water by freez- very law stated in the second argument by us ing; it is, therefore, obvious that, instead of conceded. Transplanted in the spring, by the the water being laid on by a heavy hose, it next fall they would be adapted to their new should be done by a very fine syringe like a shower of dew.

I have put the above idea in as condensed a shape as possible; I hope not too much so to be understood.—Horticulturist.

home and become to all intents Northern-as we have repeatedly verified in practice. The second argument correctly applied can only disprove the propriety of making great and

The Hardiness of Trees not determined by the trying changes, as of soil, climate and expense Locality where they were Grown.

by fall planting which we by no means advise.

Error is hurtful. But recently the delusion Were our own experience admissible we obtained that no good trees or fruit could be would say that contrary to expectation we procured in Western nurseries! Another quite find soil, climate, hardiness and growth here, as wide spread is, that trees grown North of a latitude 40°, 30′ after eight years experience given point are necessarily and permanently almost identical with that of 42° 40' in Wismore hardy than those grown South of it. If consin where we grew trees 13 years-so that this be so it must be in two, or one of two re- if there were radical differences against Southspects the varieties grown must be hardier ern trees for the North, it could not be estabor the growth of substance of the trees them-lished between these parallels. selves must be tougher and more enduring. The There is really much more difference beformer is wholly accidental, and hence scarce- tween Eastern and Western grown trees. For ly worth noticing because nobody pretends instance, the former grown on a coarser soil, but that the hardy Northern sorts, if included in a moister air and more sheltered localities in a Southern collection will grow as well as have more perpendicular roots, more slender, at the North. The only point would be wheth-upright growth with darker bark, more inclier they were to be found in any given col- nation to become mossy and firmer, grittier lection.

wood.

Nevertheless as we have seen above it Is then the growth and substance of a North- matters not where a tree is grown so it is right. ern tree hardier and more enduring? It will Let us not be understood however as underbe urged that it is so because 1st, the growth valuing in the slightest degree, local establishis slower. 2d, that as nature fits the growth ments and well directed efforts in any quarter. and tissues of every tree during the growing On the contrary with the present popular misseason for the coming winter, and as a North-apprehensions so lamentably current on the ern winter is more severe, therefore the growth one hand and the innumerable and most outwould be hardier exactly in the same ratio.To the fruit argument we reply that the Southern growth is not always faster except as the season is longer; or if it be really more vigorous it is also more mature, in fact really sound

rageous deceits and impositions still practiced on the other, there should be the highest confidence and the most substantial encouragement bestowed on all really worthy, permanent experiments at nurserying, especially under diffi