Perry Russett.---(Syn. Golden Russett.) This most valuable of all the russett tribe for the Northwest is now in season, just taking on its golden hue of maturity. Fruit above medium size; nearly round, often little flattened conical; color yellow, evenly russeted with many specks and occasional russett patches; stem short; cavity medium, thickly russeted; calyx small, closed; basin regular, narrow and deep; core small, seeds few; flesh yellowish white, compact but tender, juicy, mild sub-acid. setts, it is liable to wilt unless kept in a cold place. Tree moderate grower, with redish, brown wood, forming a beautiful spreading orchard tree, but good nursery tree as it loses nothing by going backward, and has no waste wood if properly summer-pruned by the hand. It was formerly introduced into this State from Western New York, under the above names, but seems to have been lost sight of by Eastern fruit-growers. It finds a congenial home in the rich prairie soils of the Northwest, to which, its extreme hardiness and uniformity of growth seem adapted. Forty standard three years trees set three years since on our grounds, in one block, are now most beautiful uniform specimens of orchard trees. The specimen from which we make the above drawing was grown by Wm. Bartholomew of Lodi, a very extensive and successful fruit-grower, who has fifty trees of this variety, two to six years set, and who says, "three year old trees come into bearing about three years from setting, and are every way among the best." J. C. PLUMB. Vine Hill Nurseries, Madison, Wis. Varieties of the Apple-Brief Descriptive List of such as may be planted in all Ordinary Localities. Believing that much of the difficulty in growing the apple in climates not the most favorable arises from ignorance of the most suitable varieties, we have ever been cautious about recommending such as have not been fully and satisfactorily tested for a series of years. It is less saccharine than the Eng. Golden Russett, much finer in appearance, nearly twice as large, more tender fleshed, and more valuable as a dessert fruit than the latter, and equally hardy. In common with all the rus-localities in the same latitude further West; Nothing is more certain than that there are varieties which will flourish in Wisconsin and nothing truer on the other hand, than it is the sheerest folly for us to try to raise every kind 13. Red Romanite-Tree very vigorous, hardy and productive, fruit small, 3d rate in quality, mostly red, and when well grown and for which we may happen to have a fancy.-ripened on the tree a very saleable apple. Its The following list is taken from a new Price List just published by Messrs. Plumb, Willey & Co., of Madison: grower, 1. Fall Stripe-vigorous, beautiful extremely hardy, great and early bearer, fruit medium size, nearly round, uniformly fair, tender, aromatic, sub-acid flavor, which takes everywhere; season, Aug. and Sept.; for family and market; unequalled in all qualities of tree and fruit by any of its season. 2. Colvert-hardy, vigorous, and upright, forming a beautiful orchard tree; productive fruit, large greenish yellow, coarse sub-acid; cooking; Sept. to Nov. 3. St. Lawrence-hardy, spreading, open top, medium to large aromatic, sub-acid, moderately rich, pleasant; September to October. 4. Fameuse, or Snow-hardy, vigorous, spreading, early and constant bearer, medium size, tender, delicious aromatic, sub-acid;November to February. 5. Cider-resembles the St. Lawrence tree, very hardy, vigorous and productive, fruit oval, medium size, striped, white fleshed, excellent cooking and eating; from September to January. It promises to be one of the few, completely successful, in the rich soils of the west. May be identical with some old sort. 6. Sweet Wine-Tree very hardy, upright strong, grower, with wine colored bark; good bearer with age; medium size, round dull red on greenish yellow, flesh white, tender, good eating, cooking and stock apple in use through the winter. of " many excellent qualities have given it the title 15. Herefordshire Pearmain-Upright medium grower, fruit small, mostly red, firm fleshed, rich and delicious; in use during winter.This with the latter named are old varieties of excellent character, and promise well on dry ridges or light sandy soils. How to Move Trees in Winter. One great difficulty in transplanting trees of considerable size so that they may continue to flourish as though nothing had happened, lies in the breaking of the little rootlets which supply the tree with moisture. No matter how great the care used, it is quite impossible to avoid this in the spring, when the earth is soft 7. Westfield Seek-No-Further-hardy, vigor- and crumbles away from the roots on being ous, productive, medium, tender, aromatic, pe-jarred, however slightly, in the necessary handculiar, a general favorite. Elliot says, "For all qualities of trees and fruit, has no superior.ling. November to March. 8. Winter Wine Sap-(Wine Sap of Elliot) very vigorous, hardy, spreading grower, dark wood, successful on all soils; medium to small; conical, mostly bright red; flesh tender, juicy, sub-acid. January to March. 9. Pomme Gris-A delicious little apple, suited to garden culture and the rich prairie soils of the North west; good and early bearer; round and pretty; sub-acid. December to March. 10. Perry Russet-Vigorous, hardy, productive, large, spicy, excellent. Best of all the Russets, and invaluable to the western nurseryman and fruit grower. December to May. 11. Golden Russet-Hardy, productive, medium, mild, sub-acid. December to May. 12. Northern Spy-Hardy, vigorous, not productive when young, medium to large, juicy, texture and flavor almost unequalled. January to June. On this account some are in the habit of moving their trees in the winter, when the earth is frozen so hard that a large mass of earth, enclosing multitudes of the essential rootlets, may be removed with them. In this manner the tree actually remains in the very soil where it has been accustomed to grow, and when spring returns, it hardly knows that anything has happened. If the tree is very large, requiring a mass of earth deeper than the frost has descended, it may be necessary to dig a trench about it and thus allow the frost to penetrate to the required depth. For removal to a short distance we know of no better contrivance-except for very heavy trees requiring horse power-than the one illustrated above. The bent bands, with hooks at the ends for the poles, 'are iron and may be made of any old wagon tire. If more hands are necessary than can easily take hold of the two poles shown in the cut, others may be placed under and across the ends of these so as to afford an opportunity for any number of men to join in carrying off the tree to its destined place. Beautiful Japanese Lilies. However far behind us in the progress of the industrial arts, the Japanese have the decided advantage of us in some branches of the fine arts and in the exquisite beauty of many of their cultivated flowers. The Lily is a remarkable instance of this floral superiority. They have three species, which, for superbness of flowers, delicacy of tint, and richness and yet delicacy of perfume, are perfectly royal. We refer to the Japonicum, Speciosum, and Lancifolium. The first (Japanese Lily) has a stem nearly 5 feet high, and the flowers 7 inches long, white, with a tinge of purple down the back of each petal. The second (the Showy Japan Lily) "has clear, deep rose-colored flowers, which, as Dr. Lindley expresses it, seem all rugged with rubies and garnets and sparkling with crystal points.' It is also very sweet-scented. There are several varieties; one of which is pure white. The petals curl back."-Loudon. The third species (the lanceolate-leaved Japan lily) is also a very beautiful plant with very large flowers, the petals of which are not reversed in the same manner as those of the L. speciosum but open widely, bending back from the pistil, yet without curling in. There are several varieties, the most beautiful of which lancifolium rose um, excels almost any flower with which we are acquainted in the exquisite beauty of its rose tinting and in the delicious fragrance with which it fills the room where it is kept. We had a large and beautiful plant of this variety in the Agricultural Rooms last season, which for a long time was the delight of visitors. Its flowers were about four to five inches in diameter, most charmingly tinted with rose and spotted near the base with deep crimson. All the Japan lilies with which we are acquainted, are perfectly hardy, flourishing in the outdoor world with as little embarrassment from the weather as the common lily or peony. They are almost always propagated by offset bulbs; though new varieties may be raised from the seed, which, in most soils, ripens in the early autumn. Being treated properly, the young buds will flower the fourth and fifth years. Would it not be well for more of our cultivators of flowers to take some pains to supply their gardens with these beautiful lilies of Japan? A THORNY HAWTHORN.-A new variety of the English Hawthorn, called Cretagus oxyacantha horrida, has been introduced in the Belgian Gardens, with thorns as large and as formidable as our Honey Locusts. MECHANICAL & COMMERCIAL. The Manufacturing Interests of Wisconsin. This journal has repeatedly, in times past, urged the importance of some measure or measures for the special encouragement of our manufacturing interests; exemptions from taxation, for a term of years' being the policy each time recommended. Twice also has the Executive of the State called the attention of the Legislature to the subject and recommended this very measure. Nothing has been done, however, by the law-making power; and as the reasons in favor of such a policy remain in full force, we shall make no apology for again urging the propriety of such exemption upon the industrial public, and those political economists whose aim it is to shape the policy of the State. Wisconsin has again and again been styled pre-eminently agricultural; and so it is. But it is none the less true, that it may become a manufacturing State. Indeed there is scarcely a State in the Union which possesses superior natural advantages in this respect. What more could providence do for us than He has done? what clearer indication give of our destiny as a State and of the means to be employed for the fulfillment of that destiny? A people may live and flourish on agriculture alone; even though a large proportion of the products of the soil must be shipped to distant markets; instances are not wanting to prove this. But it is nevertheless certainly demonstrable that a home market for such products is more desirable, and that a country so rich in the economical minerals and timbers must find it more profitable, so long as the means are at hand, to do its own manufacturing, and thus save to itself not only the profits on the business of manufacture but likewise that dead loss which now comes of the transporta tion of much useless material and the re-transportation of the manufactured article from distant portions of the country for the use of its now merely agricultural, mining and lumbering population. Millions of dollars are lost every year to the farmers of Wisconsin by their remoteness from the great grain markets. They work like heroes to produce their great crops of wheat, and then practically give to ship owners and transportation companies three-fourths-if not, indeed a larger proportion-of all the profits of their toil. But this is not all: after selling their wheat for less than it cost, they then buy back of Eastern manufacturers, their cloths, leathers, hardware, paints, oils, &c., &c., at a price including cost of manufacture, profits on manufacture, profits on handling by the whole We have immense stores of mineral-lead, iron, zinc and copper-susceptible of the most economical mining and preparation for manufacture. In many districts there are almost inexhaustible supplies of timber of the best quality and of the varieties mostly required in the arts. Our soils are adapted to the growth of flax and other staples used in the manufacture of cloth, cordage, &c., and to the supply of an immense home demand, with a large sur-sale dealer, cost of and profits on transportation, plus for exportation to other States and foreign countries. Nature has provided us, moreover, with any amount of the most available water-power. And finally, our State, sur-erable extent, can be practically accomplished rounded on all sides, but one, by great navigable waters, is at the same time to a very unusual extent supplied with natural internal channels for the easy transportation of all the products of Agriculture, the Mining and the Mechanic Arts to those great boundary waters which directly connect us with all the markets of the new and old world. and lastly the profits of the retailer at home. What they need therefore, is that New York be brought to their doors; and this to a consid by the establishment of factories where wool, flax, flax-seed, hemp, &c., &c., could find a market; where a large amount of the breadstuffs now exported might be sold for consumption by the operators, their families and the large population which would naturally cluster about extensive manufacturing establishments, (and which, as time advances, would make large and flourishing villages and eities in the manufacturing districts) where also many of the substantial articles essential in domestic life could be purchased at new York prices, the cost of double transportation deducted. Large amounts of money are lost to the Lumbermen of Northern Wisconsin, in like manner, through the less demand for home use than there would otherwise be, if there were establishments for the manufacture of all kinds of farming implements and machinery, cabinet and other wooden wares. And to a still greater degree is it true, that the mining districts suffer loss, since the cost of transportation of the raw materials to the factories in the East and of the manufactured articles back again is necessarily heavier than for most other articles. But the need of manufactories may be considered as established without further argument. It remains to us to consider, first the natural facilities, and secondly, the question of capital. As to natural facilities, it may be said without fear of successful controversion, that there is scarcely a state in the Union, so well provided. We have no coal mines for fuel, but we have much of the finest water power in the world, and, as already remarked, we are provided with the means of producing the raw material of superior variety and quality and with comparatively little cost. turing business, we must adopt some course which will make it relatively profitable. The proposed exemption from taxation, for a period, of all capital invested in those branches of manufacture which the public good requires should be especially fostered and which cannot well be sustained, at first, without help, might not have the effect to immediately engage large amounts of capital, now foreign, in that class of business; but it certainly would have that tendency. And inasmuch as the capital thus directed into that channel, would chiefly come from without the State and hence be at once a clear gain to our wealth as a people, and a beneficent agency in all the communities where employed, there seems to be no good reason why the policy of exemption should not be adopted. Will not the present Legislature give to their measure the consideration it deserves, and if possible, give us a law that shall promote this important industrial interest? Cutting Files by Machinery. At a recent meeting of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, London, a machine for cutting files, the invention of M. Bernot, of Paris, was exhibited and described by Mr. Greenwood, of Leeds. He said the chisels could cut five times as many files as by hand, without being resharpened. The teeth cut on the files were raised with perfect regularity, and were fully better than those made on hand-made files. Twelve The question of capital therefore is, really the of such machines are now in operation at only one that requires to be settled. cents. Mr. Greaves, who was present, said he had been engaged in file cutting for twenty-five years, and he could state that these machines could cut as good files as those made by hand, if they were well attended. It was also stated that various machines had been tried both in America and England, none of which has been so successful as the one of M. Bernot.In most of the machines heretofore made, the idea eliminated in them was an iron hand Douai, France, one in Brussels, Belgium; and the relative cost for cutting files by them was The building of factories, and the furnish-eight cents per dozen; by hand sixty-four ing them with machinery, &c., necessarily involves heavy expenditures, and consequently none but men of heavy capital and corporations with large means in the aggregate can engage in the business. Nor will men of this class invest their money in manufacturing so long as the attractions of other branches of industry and of speculation in real estate are so much greater. Money has no endowment of either conscience, patriotism or philanthropy, and usually goes where it can increase its gains most rapidly and surely; it will not be holding a chisel, and an iron hammer striking blows on it. The vibration of the chissel, by this mode, caused irregularity in the teeth. In the new machine, the blow is given by the pressure of a flat steel spring pressing upon the top of a vertical slide, at the lower end of which the chisel is firmly fixed. This slide is actuated by a cam, which makes about a thouIt is clear, accordingly, that if we would in- sand revolutions per minute, and obviates all duce the investment of capital in the manufac-irregular vibrations. forced. |